chad - unicef datachad. how widespread is the practice? nearly four in ten girls and women have...
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SELECTED STATISTICS ON WOMEN’S STATUS
30% of women 20-24 years were married orin union before age 15
67% of women 20-24 years were married orin union before age 18
51% of women 20-24 years have given birthby age 18
74%of women 15-49 years think that ahusband/partner is justified in hitting/beating his wife under certaincircumstances
23%of women 15-49 years make use of atleast one type of information media atleast once a week (newspaper, magazinemagazine, television or radio)
National decree/legislation banning FGM passed
Source: DHS 2014-15
Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to “all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.”1 While the exact number of girls and women worldwide who have undergone FGM remains unknown, at least 200 million girls and women have been cut in 30 countries with representative data on prevalence. FGM is a violation of girls’ and women’s human rights and is condemned by many international treaties and conventions, as well as by national legislation in many countries. Yet, where it is practised FGM is performed in line with tradition and social norms to ensure that girls are socially accepted and marriageable, and to uphold their status and honour and that of the entire family. UNICEF works with government and civil society partners towards the elimination of FGM in countries where it is still practised.1. World Health Organization, Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An interagency statement, WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNIFEM, OHCHR, UNHCR, UNECA, UNESCO, UNDP, UNAIDS, WHO, Geneva, 2008, p. 4.
STATISTICAL PROFILE ON FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
Data and Analytics SectionDIVISION OF DATA, RESEARCH AND POLICY
© UNICEF/UNI144402/Asselin
2003
CHAD
HOW WIDESPREAD IS THE PRACTICE?
Nearly four in ten girls and women have undergone FGM in Chad, with the practice being more common among some ethnic and religious groups than others
WHEN AND HOW IS FGM PERFORMED?
More than eight out of ten adolescent girls who underwent FGM were cut between the ages of 5 and 14
Notes: The boundaries and the names shown and the designations used on the map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Only categories with 25 or more unweighted cases are presented. Due to rounding, some of the data presented may not add up to 100 per cent. Data on the prevalence of FGM among girls and women with ‘animist’ are based on 25-49 unweighted cases. Prevalence data for girls aged 0 to 14 reflect their current, but not final, FGM status since some girls who have not been cut may still be at risk of experiencing the practice once they reach the customary age for cutting. Therefore, the data on prevalence for girls under age 15 is actually an underestimation the true extent of the practice. Since age at cutting varies among settings, the amount of underestimation also varies and this should be kept in mind when interpreting all FGM prevalence data for this age group. ‘Health personnel’ includes doctors, nurses, midwives and other health workers; ‘Traditional practitioner’ includes traditional circumcisers, traditional birth ttendants, traditional midwives and other types of traditional practitioners.
Source for all charts on this page: DHS 2014-15
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 yearswho have undergone FGM, by region Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have undergone FGM, by ethnicity and religion
Percentage distribution of girls aged 15 to 19 years who have undergone FGM, by age at which cutting occurred
Percentage distribution of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM, according to the type of person/
practitioner performing the procedure
Percentage distribution of girls aged 0 to 14 who have undergone FGM, by type of FGM performed
Percentage of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM (as reported by their mothers), by residence, mother’s education and household wealth quintile
Among daughters of cut girls and women, the percentage of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM (as reported by their mothers),
by mothers’ attitudes about whether the practice should continue
10% - 25%
26% - 50%
51% - 80%
Above 80 %
Less than 10 %
38
0.4
50 40
15
8
32
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Muslim Noreligion
Ethnic group with highest prevalence
Ethnic group withlowest prevalence
RomanCatholic
OtherChristians
Animist
92
30
19 17
0
20
40
60
80
100
Daughters whose mothers think FGM
should should continue
Daughters whose mothers who are
unsure
11
Daughters whose mothers think FGM
should stop
Daughters whose mother say it
depends
518 2 434
0 20 40 60 80 100
0-4 years
5-9 years
10-14 years
15+ years
Don’t know/Missing
82
12 Cut, flesh removed
Type not determined/Not sure/ Don’t know
Sewn closed
6
1
Traditionalpractitioner
Health personnel
Don’t know/Missing
2
96
0
20
40
60
80
100
10 910 124 3
11 8
Total Rural Urban Noeducation
Primarycomplete
Secondaryor higher
Poorest Richest
WHAT ARE THE PREVAILING ATTITUDES TOWARDS FGM?
Important variations in women’s support for FGM exist by ethnicity, wealth and education
IS THE PRACTICE OF FGM CHANGING?
There has been no significant decline in the prevalence of FGM
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have undergone FGM, by current age
Source: DHS 2014-15, unless otherwise noted
Notes: N/A = not available. Data on women’s attitudes cannot be directly compared with men’s attitudes since the data source for girls and women is more recent than that for boys and men.
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have undergone FGM and percentage of girls and women aged15 to 49 years who have heard about FGM and think the practice should continue
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years and boys and men aged 15 to 49 years who have heard about FGM, by their attitudes about whether the practice should continue
Among girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have heard about FGM, the percentage who cite specific benefits or
advantages for a girl to undergo the procedure
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have heard about FGM and think the practice should continue, by househo ld wealth quintile, education, ethnicity and age
Source: DHS 2014-15 for girls and women and DHS 2004 for boys and men Source: DHS 2004
45
49
29
41
26
10
0 20 40 60 80
Think FGM should continue Think FGM should stop Say it depends/are not sure
Girlsand women
Boysand men
100
No benefitsCleanliness/HygieneSocial acceptanceBetter marriage prospectsPreservation of virginityMore sexual pleasure for the manRequired by religionOtherDon’t know
375
31872
234
N/A
29 35
16
39
17 10
76
3
29 26
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Poorest Richest No education Primarycomplete
Secondaryor higher
Ethnic groupwith the
highest support
Ethnic groupwith the
lowest support
45-49 years 15-19 years
39 42 40 41 42 38 32
45-49 years 40-44 years 35-39 years 30-34 years 25-29 years 20-24 years 15-19 years 0
20
40
60
80
100
45 45 44
N/A
49
38
0
20
40
60
80
100
MICS 2000 EDS 2004 MICS 2010
Prevalence of FGM Think FGM should continue
38 29
DHS 2014-2015
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have undergone FGM
Percentage of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM (as reported by their mothers)
Percentage of girls and women aged 15 to 49 years who have heard about FGM and think the practice should continue
CHAD
Notes: Data on attitudes for Yemen refer to ever-married girls and women. In Liberia, girls and women who have heard of the Sande society were asked whether they were members; this provides indirect information on FGM since it is performed during initiation into the society. Egypt data refer to girls aged 1 to 14 years and Indonesia data refer to girls aged 0 to 11 years. An older source is used to report on the prevalence of FGM among girls aged 0 to 14 years for Gambia (MICS 2010) and Uganda (DHS 2011) since the latest source did not collect these data. MICS data for Ghana (2011) could not be used to report on attitudes towards FGM due to the fact that information is missing for girls and women with no living daughters; data from MICS 2006 are used instead. In Liberia, only cut girls and women were asked about their attitudes towards FGM; since girls and women from practicing communities are more likely to support the practice, the level of support in this country as captured by DHS 2013 is higher than would be expected had all girls and women been asked their opinion. Prevalence data on FGM for girls and women aged 15 to 49 years and data on attitudes towards FGM are not available for Indonesia.
Sources: DHS, MICS, Health Issues Survey, Population and Health Survey and RISKESDAS, 2004-2018.
Updated January 2019
FOR MORE INFORMATIONData and Analytics Section - Division of Data, Research and Policy
UNICEF, 3 UN Plaza, New York, 10017Website: data.unicef.org Email: [email protected]
INTER-COUNTRY STATISTICAL OVERVIEW
1 0.3 2 4 5 7 9 10 19
24 24 18 21
37 384544
67 65
76 75
87 86 83 83 8793 97 98
0
20
40
60
80
100
Somali
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Guinea
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EritreaMali
Sierra
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Gambia
Burkina
Faso
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Liberi
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Guinea
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Kenya
Nigeria
Seneg
al
Centra
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Repub
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United
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of Tan
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Togo
Ghana
Niger
Ugand
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Camero
on
Côte d’
Ivoire
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.2 0.4 310
29
45
33
73
Benin
Kenya
Chad
Guinea
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Eritrea
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United
Rep
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of Tan
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13
Burkina
Faso
1
Centra
l Afric
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Repub
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14
Egypt
16
Ethiop
ia
1
Ghana
0.3
Togo
1
Ugand
a
56
Gambia
49
Indon
esia
51
Maurita
nia
13
Nigeria
14
Seneg
al
8
Sierra
Leon
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30
Sudan
1
Iraq
10
Côte d'
Ivoire
1 2 3 3 3 6 6 7 9 9 11 12 13 14 15 1922
18
3729
3936
41
54
65 65 6875
67
Benin
Togo
Ghana
Niger
Iraq
Camero
on
Ugand
a
Burkina
Faso
Kenya
Côte d'
Ivoire
Seneg
al
Nigeria
Ethiop
ia
Guinea
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au
Djibou
ti Chad
Maurita
nia
Yemen
Sudan
Liberi
a
Eritrea
Egypt
Gambia
Somali
a
Sierra
Leon
e
Guinea
Mali
0
20
40
60
80
100
Centra
l Afric
an
Repub
lic
United
Rep
ublic
of Tanz
ania