Challenges in Photogrammetryand Remote Sensing

Norbert Pfeifer

Vienna University of Technology

Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing I.P.F.

Statements

„Photogrammetry is finished“Professor Rinner (bundle block formulation) 1960ies

„Remote Sensing has always been the method of the future“Saying in Forest Science

Old stuff, that never will work ?

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Economic Predictions

Mapping Opportunities, Gewin, 2004: Nature 427(6972)21st Century growth markets seen by US Bureau of Labour• Nano-technology• Bio-technology• Geo-technology

The economic value of the Dutch geo-information sector, Castelein et al., 2010: Int.J. Spatial Data Infrastructure Research Geo-Information sector is 0.25% of Dutch GDP

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Obvious Demands

Geoinformation for Disaster and Risk Management, Altan et al. (eds.), 2010: Presented at UNOOSA July 2010.

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Obvious Demands

Geoinformation for Disaster and Risk Management, Altan et al. (eds.), 2010: Presented at UNOOSA July, 2010.Climate Change and Adaptation• Earth Observation • Monitoring• Remote Sensing

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Obvious Demands

Resources• Forests is 25% of land mass• Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive• Megacities, space consumption• Cultural

Heritage

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natura2000.eea.europa.eu

Afghan Buddha Statues, TU Wien, Faculty of Architecture and Spatial Planning

to moving measurement platformsfrom single to multi-sensor systemsto higher autonomy and automationto new fields of applications

Presentation outline

the art and science of infering metric information from imagesPhotogrammetry, Remote Sensingand their neighboring disciplines

ChallengesSensors, Methods, and Applications

Photogrammetry

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Geo…Geometry the Earth

object-based area-based

Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nürnberg

Photogrammetry

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Geo…Geometry the Earth

object-based area-basedImage understanding

PhysicsProcesses

object based area based

Photo-grammetry

from States to Processes

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P & RS neighbor: Spatial Information Science

Geo-data infrastructures (GDI) and ubiquituos geo-informationVirtual Globes: NASA, Google, Microsoft, …

Navigation LBSWeb 2.0 geodata mash-ups

Omnipresent Geo-Data

Omnipresent Geo-data

Geo-data infrastructures (GDI) and ubiquituos geo-informationVirtual Globes: NASA, Google, Microsoft, …

Navigation LBSWeb 2.0 geodata mash-ups

Wiki mapping, collaborative mapping, crowd sourcing, …

• interest driven• update stream

Free global Geo-data• SRTM• CBERS, … open street map

Omnipresent Geo-data

Methods for collaboration not yet settledAcademic contribution to Open Source GDI very little

Free national Orthophotos, US-Lidar for the nationEuroSDR: Crowd sourcing for updating national databases

Commercial GDI „Open-Source“ GDI

National GDI

P&RS Mission

geo-data and modelsfor a sustainable development

of the natural and cultural environment

Exploit new sensor technologyIncrease automation in modelingAdopt new applicationsStrengthen Sensor – Method – Application feedback

Where‘s the challenge ?

geo-referencedand geo-physical

New Sensors

Vienna, July 4, 2010 17

Vexcel Patent

SPOT, Microsoft, Leica, Riegl

Standard Imaging Sensors

Texture sensors• Digital aerial camera: digital workflow• Digital semi-metric and consumer cameras• Hi-Res/Med-Res RBGNir Satellite Imager (hardly large image blocks!)

Radiometric and spectral sensors• Multispectral Satellite Imager• Airborne Imaging Spectroscopy• Microwave/SAR Satellite Imager• FLIR cameras

Range sensors• Aerial/Terrestrial Laser Scanner• Active Triangulation• Structured Light

Leica, Specim, Optech, Minolta, SMOS

After Gordon Petrie

Sensors Developments

Sensors combinationsRadiometric exploitation of digital aerial cameras (EuroSDR-Test, FGI)Full Waveform Laser ScanningMulti-spectral Laser ScanningTime-of-Flight CamerasSingle Lens Stepping FrameTerrestrial InSAR

Antonov of Geokosmos: Optech, Z/I, Rollei

© xsens, MEMS IMU

© u-blox GPS/Galileo chip

Challenges

Tighter sensor integration physically

Integrated processing of data streamse.g. of GNSS, INS, LiDAR, and imaging spectrometer

Corresponding features, orientation

Calibration: geometrically and geo-physically

Understanding measurement processes

Approach

Tigther integration of physical and geometrical views

Coupling of Orientation, calibration and primitive modeling

Improve Automation

Photogrammetry: Lack of AutomationRemote Sensing: Lack of Reliability / Transferability

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120 km2

SPOT Classification by Kressler, Kim, Steinocher

148,940,000 km2 Land

Improve Automation

Photogrammetry: Lack of AutomationRemote Sensing: Lack of Reliability / Transferability

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120 km2

SPOT Classification by Kressler, Kim, Steinocher

148,940,000 km2 Land

Efficientrepresenation and retrieval

of implicit and explicitknowledge and experience

Standardized Methods and Products

Satellite image classifications

Surface/terrain models, orthophotos, point clouds

3D city models (roof landscape, facades)

Challenges

Modeling from different sources: time, scale, observableReliability, correlated observations, quality controlRepresenation and retrieval of knowledge and experienceContradictory informationProcessing time

ApproachExploit redundancy, compressionAdvance from empirical to geo-physical process modelsExploit machine learning competence

What is a house ?Difference: mirror left – mirror right

Different sources example …

Forest inventory data and airborne laser scanningAirborne and terrestrial point clouds

© Doneus, Briese, Studnicka

W. Dorigo, M. Hollaus, W. Wagner, K. Schadauer: An application-oriented automated approach for co-registration of forest inventory and airborne laser scanning data; Int. J. of Remote Sensing, 31 (2010), 5; 1133 - 1153.

New Applications

Cartography, Urban Planning, GDIIndustry, Cultural Heritage, Hydrology

Quantification ProcessesGeography, Geomorphology, GeologyBiology, Ecology, Forestry

Vienna, July 4, 2010 Beyond the ISPRS Centenary 26

Simon Buckley, Norway

biodiversity, hydraulic resistance, timber volume, channel erosion, dead ice, grain size distribution, …

Sensors – Methods – Applications

Feedback – Feed Forward – Loops

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… be scientifically sustainable bypersistent development of methods …

Loads of interesting work & research aheadOpenness for applications & sensors essentialModeling of geo-physical (and geo-social!) processesIntegration of geometry and physics3D model → global dynamic geo-physical etc. etc. model