chap07 respiratory

7/31/2019 Chap07 Respiratory

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Respiratory System


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Objectives

After studying this chapter, you will be ableto:

Name the parts of the respiratory system and

discuss the function of each part.

Define combining forms used in building words

that relate to the respiratory system and its parts.

Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.


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Objectives Part 2Name the common diagnoses, clinical

procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating

disorders of the respiratory system.

List and define the major pathological conditionsof the respiratory system.

Explain the meaning of the surgical terms related

to the respiratory system.


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Structure and Function

The respiratory system

performs two major tasks:

Exchanging air between the

body and the outsideenvironment known as external

respiration

Bringing oxygen to the cells

and removing carbon dioxide

from them referred to as

internal respiration


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External RespirationExternal Respiration

Air from the outside environment enters the nose

or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).

The Nose

Also called external nares

Divided into two halves by the nasal septum

Contains the paranasal sinuses where air iswarmed

Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering

out foreign bodies


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PharynxPharynxAlso known as the throat is a passageway for

both air and food

Three Sections of the Pharynx

Nasopharynx

-contains thepharyngeal tonsils(adenoids) which

aid in the bodys immune defense

Oropharynx

-back portion of the mouth that contains thepalatine

tonsilswhich aid in the bodys immune defense

Laryngopharynx

-bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract

divides into the esophagusand the larynx


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EpiglottisThe epiglottis, a movable flap ofcartilage that covers the opening to

the larynx(voice box) prevents food

from entering the larynx during

swallowing.

Occasionally, a person may swallow and

inhale at the same time so some food may

enter the larynx and choking occurs.

A technique called the has

saved many people from choking to death.


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LarynxLarynxServes as a passageway to the trachea and the

area where sounds are produced

Vocal Cords

Size and thickness

determine the pitch of

sound

Short and thin =

high pitch

Thick and long =

low pitch

Glottis

True

VocalCords

False

Vocal

Cords

Posterior

Portion ofTongue


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TracheaTrachea trachea

bronchi

Also known as the

windpipe

Connects the larynxto the right and left

bronchi

Point at which itdivides into the right

and left bronchi is

called the mediastinum

larynx


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Internal RespirationInternal RespirationAir from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles

then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect

to lung capillaries.

alveolus

Oxygen and carbon dioxideare exchanged and oxygen

is delivered to the body

cells.

capillaries


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LungsLungs

Consist of a right and left lobe

Covered by a double layer of membrane that

makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier.The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner

layer is the visceral pleura

The space between the two pleurae is called thepleural cavity

Consist of an apex (top section), hilum (middle

section) and base (lower section)


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Inhale/ExhaleThe passage of air from the

external environment to the

lung capillaries, bloodstream

and out consists of one

inhalation and one exhalation.


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Muscles for BreathingMuscles for BreathingThe major

muscles that

contract to

enlarge the

thoracic cavity

during inspiration

are the:

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

Note: The diaphragm

lowers itself when it

contracts during

inhalation

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Lungs

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

(windpipe)

Right andleft bronchi


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [adenoid(o)]

Combining Form Meaning

adenoid (o)

alveol (o)

bronch (o)

bronchiol (o)

capn (o)

epiglott (o)

laryng (o)

adenoid; gland

alveolus

bronchus

carbon dioxide

larynx

epiglottis

bronchiole


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [lob(o)]

Combining Form Meaning

lob (o)

mediastin (o)

nas (o)

or (o)

ox (o)

pharyng (o)

phon (o)

lobe of the lung

mediastinum

nose

mouth

oxygen

pharynx

voice, sound


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [phren(o)]

Combining FormMeaning

phren(o)

pleur(o)

pneum (o)

rhin (o)

spir (o)

steth (o)

thorac (o)

diaphragm

pleura

air

nose

breathing

chest

thorax


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [ABG]

Abbreviation Meaning

ABG

AFB

A&P

AP

ARD

ARDS

ARF

arterial blood gas

acid-fast bacillus

auscultation and percussion

anteroposterior

acute respiratory disease

adult respiratory distress

syndrome

acute respiratory failure


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [BS]Abbreviation Meaning

BS

COLD

COPD

CPR

CTA

CXR

DOE

breath sounds

chronic obstructive lung

disease

chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

clear to auscultation

chest x-ray

dyspnea on exertion


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [DPT]

AbbreviationMeaning

DPT

ENT

ET tube

FEF

FEV

FVC

HBOT

diptheria,pertussis, tetanus

ear, nose and throat

endotracheal intubation tube

forced expiratory flow

forced expiratory volume

forced vital capacity

hyperbaric oxygen therapy


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [MDI]

Abbreviation Meaning

MDI

PA

PCP

PEEP

PFT

PND

RD

metered dose inhaler

posteroanterior

pneumocystis cariniipneumonia

positive end expiratory pressure

pulmonary function tests

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea;

postnasal drip

respiratory disease


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [RDS]

AbbreviationMeaning

RDS

RLL

RUL

SIDS

SOB

T&A

TB

respiratory distress syndrome

right lower lobe

right upper lobe

sudden infant death syndrome

shortness of breath

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

tuberculosis


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Combining Forms &

Abbreviations [TLC]

AbbreviationMeaning

TLC

TPR

URI

VC

V/Q scan

total lung capacity

temperature, pulse, and

respirations

upper respiratory infection

vital capacity

ventilation/perfusion scan


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Diagnostic, Procedural &

Laboratory TestsMethods Used toDiagnose Respiratory

Disorders:

Auscultation

Assessing respiratory

rate

Percussion

Sputum analysis

Normal Adultrespiratory rate is 15

to 20 respirations per

minute.


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Pulmonary Function TestsPulmonary function tests measure themechanics of breathing.

Peak flow meter

measures the capacity for breathing

Spirometer

a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the

lungs volume and capacity

Forced Vital Capacity

Highest breathing

capacity following the

deepest breath

Forced Expiratory Volume

Shows breathing capacity at

different parts of the

respiratory cycle


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Abnormalities/Masses

Abnormalities such as

masses and

restricted blood flow

within the lungs canbe detected via:

Chest x-rays

MRI

Lung scans Structures of therespiratory system can

be observed via:

Endoscopy

Bronchoscopy


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Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests

Throat Cultures

Sputum Sample

Arterial Blood Gases

Sweat Test


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Pathology

Inflammatory

Conditions

adenoiditisbronchitis

epiglottitis

laryngitis

laryngotracheobronchitis

pharyngitis

rhinitis pneumonitis

sinusitistonsillitis


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Breathing PatternsBreathing Patterns

eupnea

bradypnea

tachypnea

hypopnea

hyperpnea

dyspnea

apnea

orthopneaOther Conditions

Cheyne Stokes Respiration

Hyperventilation

Hypoxemia


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Upper Respiratory InfectionUpper respiratory infection is a term thatcovers an infection of some or all of the

respiratory tract.

Other Conditions:

Croup

Diptheria

Epistaxis

Rhinorrhea

Pertussis


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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary

DiseaseChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) isa term for any disease with chronic obstruction of

the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:

Emphysema

Chronic Bronchitis

Asthma causes

narrowing of the bronchileading to dyspnea,

wheezing and coughing.Normal

bronchiole

Asthmatic

bronchiole,

showing

constriction


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HemoptysisHemoptysisLung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of

blood.

Cystic Fibrosis

Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of

abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.

Atelectasis

Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of alung.

Pneumonia

Acute infection of the alveoli.


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Environmental ConditionsConditions caused by environmental agents

PneumoconiosisCaused by dust in the lungs

Anthracosis

Caused by coal dust

Asbestosis

Caused by asbestos particles

released during construction

of ships and buildings

SilicosisCaused by the silica dust

from grinding rocks or glass


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Disorders of the PleuraDisorders of the Pleura

Pneumothorax

Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.

Empyema

Pus in the pleural cavity.

Hemothorax

Blood in the pleural cavity.

Pleural Effusion

Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.


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OtorhinolaryngologistsOtorhinolaryngologists are physicians thatspecialize in disorders of the upper respiratorytract.

Surgical Removal Conditions

Tonsillectomy Laryngectomy

Lobectomy

Adenoidectomy Pneumonectomy


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Surgical Repair

Surgical Repair

bronchoplasty

rhinoplasty

laryngoplasty

tracheoplasty

septoplasty


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Surgical IncisionsSurgical Incisions

Tracheostomy

tube

Laryngotracheotomy

Sinusotomy

Thoracotomy

Tracheotomy

Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a

tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx,

larynx and into the trachea to establish an

airway.


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Pharmacology

Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are

used for respiratory disorders just as with other

system disorders.

Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:

Bronchodilators

Dilate the bronchial walls

Expectorants

Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus


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Mechanical DevicesMechanical Devices that aid in Respiration

Ventilators

Actually serve as a

breathing substitute for

patients who can not

breathe on their own.

Nebulizers

Deliver medication

through the mouth or

nose to ease breathing

problems


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Agents to Treat Respiratory

Conditions

Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions

Antitussive

Decongestants

Expectorants(relieves coughing)

(decreases and

prevents mucus

buildup)

(promotes

coughing andexpelling of

mucus)


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Apply Your KnowledgeIdentify the followingrespiratory structures:

A. Trachea

B. Bronchi

C. Alveolus


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Apply Your Knowledge Part 2An obstruction in which of the following would beMOST fatal?

A. BRONCHIOLE

B. TRACHEA

C. BRONCHI

Answer: B. Trachea


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Apply Your Knowledge Part 4

Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions.

She visits a local pharmacy looking for something

to help her with her dry cough.

Which of the following types of medication

should Melissa consider taking?

A. Expectorant

B. Antitussive

Answer: A. Expectorant

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