chap14.ppt liquids and solids
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CHEMISTRYWorld ofZumdahl Zumdahl DeCoste
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Chapter 14
Liquids andSolids
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Figure 14.1: Representations of the gas, liquid, and solid states.
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Figure 14.2: Intermolecular forces exist between molecules. Bonds exist within molecules.
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Figure 14.3: (a)
Interaction of
two polar
molecules. (b)
Interaction of
many dipoles in
a liquid.
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Figure 14.4: Polar water molecules.
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Figure 14.4: Hydrogen bonding among water molecules.
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Figure 14.5: The boiling points of covalent hydrides.
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Figure 14.6: Atoms with spherical electron probability.
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14.6: The atom on the left develops an instantaneous dipole.
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Figure 14.6: Instantaneous dipole on A induces a dipole on B.
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Figure 14.7: The heating/cooling curve for water heated or cooled at a constant rate.
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Figure 14.8:
Both liquid
water and
gaseous water
contain H2O
molecules.
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Figure 14.9: Microscopic view of a liquid near its surface.
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Figure 14.10: Behavior of a liquid in a closed container.
i 14 11 ( ) i f li id b i i l b
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Figure 14.11: (a) Measuring vapor of a liquid by using a simple barometer.
(b) The water vapor pushed the mercury level down.
(c) Diethyl ether shows a higher vapor pressure than water.
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Figure 14.12: Water rapidly boiling on a stove.
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Figure 14.13: Bubble expands as H2O molecules enter.
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Figure 14.14: The formation of the bubble is opposed by atmospheric pressure.
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Figure 14.15: Sodium and chloride ions.
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Figure 14.17: The classes of crystalline solids.
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Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of diamond.
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Figure 14.18: Molecular representation of sodium chloride.
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Figure 14.18: A molecular solid.
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Figure 14.19: The packing of Cl and Na+ ions in solid sodium chloride.
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Figure 14.21: A representation of part of the structure of solid phosphorus.
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Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of brass.
Fi 14 22 M l l i f l
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Figure 14.22: Molecular representation of steel.