Democracy and Reform

Ch. 8 sec. 2&3/Ch. 10 Sec. 1

Nationalism

From 1100’s to 1800’s central Europe was a collection of kingdoms and free cities

Nationalism began to slowly build after Napoleonic wars (p.254)

ConservativesLiberalsRadicals

French Political Instability

Congress of Vienna reinstated Louis XVIII (1815)

Charles X overthrown in 1830 after trying to restore absolutism

Revolution of 1848 saw the abdication of Louis Philippe and rise of Louis Napoleon

2nd Republic

Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III Vastly improved French economic

infrastructure

Periods of War Crimean War pitted Russia against Great

Britain, France, and Sardinia over territory in Ottoman Empire (1854)

In 1870 France declared war on Prussia, but was defeated in 6 weeks (Franco-Prussian War)

Prussia severely punished the French and embarrassed them

Confusion again in France

Workers revolted and formed Commune of Paris (1871)

20,000 workers were killed by National Assembly armed forces

Third Republic was established Survived failed coup d’etat and

Panama Canal disaster

Dreyfus Affair

Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was set up as a traitor

This trial deeply divided France between anti-Semitic groups and those who supported Dreyfus

Proved the 3rd Republic could survive

Unification of Italy

Chapter 8 Sec. 3

Count Cavour’s Diplomacy In 1849, Victor Emmanuel II became king

of Sardinia Aided by Count Cavour

Supported France in the Crimean War Promised France Savoy and Nice if

French aided vs. Austria With French aide, Sardinia defeated the

Austrians at two major battles in 1859Napoleon III went back on his word and

made peace w/ Austria

A New Italy Giribaldi gained control of Sicily and

Naples and seceded them to Victor Emmanuel II, creating a constitutional monarchy in 1861

There were large cultural divisions between North and South Italy

Support during 7 Weeks War led Prussia to giving Venetia to Italy in 1866

Franco-Prussian war in 1870 gained Rome, completing Italian unification

Unification of Germany

Chapter 8 Sec. 3

Steps toward UnityCongress of Vienna in 1815 created

39 independent states, Prussia and Austria were largest

Prussia had a strong gov’t & military as well as a growing economy even though Austria controlled the German Confederation

Rise of Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia was Otto von Bismarck

Believed war could accomplish most goals and used realpolitik to build a large and strong army

His main objective was German Unification

Three WarsBismarck attacked Denmark to gain

northern kingdomsEnsured Prussia would control

unification by defeating Austria in the 7 Weeks War in 1866 after gaining foreign allies in Russia, Italy, & France

Easily defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870to gain support from all German states for unification

Formation of an Empire

In 1871, William I became kaiser and Bismarck became chancellor

The 25 German states still had own gov’ts, but they were under control of national gov’t

Bismarck’s Realm

The Rule of BismarckBecame chancellor in 1871Viewed Catholic Church as anti-

nationalist, expelled Jesuits from Germany, and passed May Laws

Bismarck compromised w/ Pope Leo XIII because he needed Catholic support to defeat Socialists

Effects of IndustrializationAfter unification, Germany moved

ahead industriallyCreated a rift between the poor

laborers and the middle classDespite anti-Socialist laws, the Social

Democratic party continued to gain popularity

Fall of BismarckKaiser William I died in 1888 and was

eventually succeeded by his grandson William II

Unlike his grandfather, William II wanted complete authority

Bismarck had often offered William I his resignation as a means to get his way, but William II accepted it in 1890

Austria-Hungary Decline

The Dual Monarchy

After the Revolutions of 1848, Francis Joseph began his 68 year reign

In 1848, Hungary tried to secedeAfter defeat in 7 Weeks war in 1866,

Joseph realized that he needed Hungary

In 1867, established the dual monarchy which kept them united

Austria and HungaryAustria and Hungary were dependent

on each other economicallyAustria-manufactured goodsHungary-Agriculture Industrialization led to urbanization in

Vienna and Prague

Powder Keg in BalkansDual monarchy excluded the slavs

(60% of population)Decline of Ottoman Empire in 1850’s

inspired revolutionaries in the BalkansSerbia, Montenegro, & Romania won

independence while others were under British and Austrian control

Led to continued conflict until 1913

Empire of the Czars

Autocracy in TroubleAfter Napoleonic Wars, many

believed change was needed in Russia

A military revolt after Alexander I’s death in 1825 led his successor, Nicholas I, to crush opposition harshly

Embarrassing loss in Crimean War led to more unrest and tension

ReformsAlexander II tried to reform the

autocracy by emancipating the serfsNew democratic system of local gov’t

called zemstvos in 1864Lessened military service from 25 to 6

yearsReforms did not slow revolutionary

sentiments, Alex II was killed in 1881

Alexander IIITo protect the autocracy from

anarchists & Nihilists, Alexander III implemented Russification

Encouraged pogroms against the Jews