Nationalism Nationalism Triumphs Triumphs in Europein Europe

Building a German NationBuilding a German Nation

Strengthening GermanyStrengthening Germany

Unifying ItalyUnifying Italy

Nationalism Threatens Old Nationalism Threatens Old EmpiresEmpires

Russia: Reform and ReactionRussia: Reform and Reaction

Group Group Instruction/PresentationInstruction/Presentation

ss• Chapter 10 – Each group will doChapter 10 – Each group will do– Outline their section– Identify Key Points– Create a Visual Aid– Create a worksheet for the class (provide Ms. Copp a

key)– Make a presentation– Write 2-3 multiple choice questions & 1 short

response question

• You will get today thru Tuesday 1/3 to do You will get today thru Tuesday 1/3 to do workwork

• Presentations begin on Wednesday 1/4Presentations begin on Wednesday 1/4

Groups – Period 2Groups – Period 2• Section OneSection One

• Paul, Laura, JD, Conner, Austin, Ryley

• Section TwoSection Two• Charlie, Riley C, Samuel, Jennifer, Kenson,

Brandon

• Section ThreeSection Three• Ashley, Nathan, Kevin, Natalie, Megan

• Section FourSection Four• Desi, John, Maria, Jandy, Matt

• Section FiveSection Five• Toby, Jamie, Tim, Kyle, Tabitha

Groups – Period 4Groups – Period 4• Section OneSection One

• Brennan, Kadejah, Morgan

• Section TwoSection Two• Ray, Chase, Adam

• Section ThreeSection Three• Orris, Shania, Kyle, Kortni

• Section FourSection Four• Eric, Hunter S, Andrew

• Section FiveSection Five• Joel, Hunter R, Celia, Samantha

Building a German Building a German NationNation

• Germany was many smaller states in early 1800’s• Napoleon made some major changes when he conquered the

region• Dissolved the “Holy Roman Empire”• Organized the states into the “Rhine Confederation”• Encouraged freeing the serf• Made trade easier,• Abolished laws against Jewish

• Many did not like the changes and fought French rule• When Napoleon defeated, a loose confederation (under Austrian

rule) created• Germany remained fragmented until Bismarck unified it (Prussia)• Prussia, led by Bismarck, moved to build up military• Bismarck then led Prussia in 3 wars, each increasing the strength

of the country and its military• Wars with Denmark and Austria * Franco-Prussian War

– Annexed both territories - Bismarck played up old rivalry between Prussia and France

– Divided up the “spoils” - Prussian troops smashed French military; France had to surrender

Control of “the Church” Control of “the Church” in the 1800’sin the 1800’s

Germany was made up of Germany was made up of many regional “states”many regional “states”

Prussia – a united Prussia – a united GermanyGermany

The German EmpireThe German Empire

• Kaiser William I (emperor) led the 2Kaiser William I (emperor) led the 2ndnd Reich Reich (empire) of Germany(empire) of Germany

• Kaiser William I set up governmentKaiser William I set up government• Bundesrat – appointed by rulers of German states (could Bundesrat – appointed by rulers of German states (could

veto Reichstag)veto Reichstag)• Reichstag – elected by male votersReichstag – elected by male voters

• Real power held by Kaiser William IReal power held by Kaiser William I and and Chancellor Otto van BismarckChancellor Otto van Bismarck

Kaiser William Kaiser William II(aka wilhelm I)(aka wilhelm I)

Otto von Otto von BismarkBismark

Strengthening GermanyStrengthening Germany

• The German Industrial GiantThe German Industrial Giant– Economic ProgressEconomic Progress

– Large iron and coal resourcesLarge iron and coal resources– Educated and disciplined workforceEducated and disciplined workforce– Capital to investCapital to invest

– Science, Government and IndustryScience, Government and Industry– Germans first to see value in science working with Germans first to see value in science working with

industryindustry– German government encouraged economic German government encouraged economic

development development

(single currency)(single currency)– Banking system set up to support economic growthBanking system set up to support economic growth

Bismarck, the Iron Bismarck, the Iron ChancellorChancellor

• Bismarck pursued strong foreign policy goalsBismarck pursued strong foreign policy goals• Keep France perpetually weak and isolated• Competed with Britain for colonies (land and resources)

• Bismarck’s campaign against the ChurchBismarck’s campaign against the Church• Distrusted Catholics (believed loyalty was to Rome not Germany)• Laws passed to limit influence of Catholic church in schools, civil life• Actions backfired, people stayed true to Church, Bismarck backed

down

• Bismarck’s campaign against SocialistsBismarck’s campaign against Socialists• Marxists called for socialist reforms• Feared workers would revolt• Passed laws that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their

newspapers, banned meetings• Repression, again, backfired. Workers revolted and Bismarck backed

down• Woed workers from socialists by passing laws protecting workers

(health ins)• Germany became leader in social reforms protecting workers, aged

Kaiser William IIKaiser William II• Believing his right to rule “came from God,” William II

pressured Bismarck to resign. “There can be only one master in the Reich”

• Bismarck’s educational system, the best in the world, taught loyalty to the emperor as well as reading, writing and mathematics

• William II spend HUGE money on military, to keep Germany as the dominant military in Europe

• Launched a program to build up Navy to challenge the British Empire around the world for colonies/resources

Europe in the Europe in the 1800’s1800’s

• Many “states”, ruled by Many “states”, ruled by regional/ethnic powersregional/ethnic powers

• Monarchies: King/Queen, Emperor, Monarchies: King/Queen, Emperor, etcetc

• Royal/Nobel class of the wealthy and Royal/Nobel class of the wealthy and the peasants (who were property of the peasants (who were property of the royals and were very poor)the royals and were very poor)

• Wars for control of land/power were Wars for control of land/power were commoncommon

NationalismNationalism• A strong feeling of pride in an A strong feeling of pride in an

devotion to one’s countrydevotion to one’s country• Factors in addition to the strength of Factors in addition to the strength of

Bismarck's Bismarck's Realpolitik (political (political realism) led a collection of early realism) led a collection of early modern policies to reorganize modern policies to reorganize political, economic, military and political, economic, military and diplomatic relationships in the 19th diplomatic relationships in the 19th century.century.

Germany – Quick Germany – Quick ReviewReview

• Major LeadersMajor Leaders• Kaiser Wilhelm II * Chancellor Otto von BismarckKaiser Wilhelm II * Chancellor Otto von Bismarck

• How they became a “How they became a “Major PowerMajor Power””• Capital * Natural ResourcesCapital * Natural Resources• Autocratic Power * Investments into science & industryAutocratic Power * Investments into science & industry

• Services provided to their peopleServices provided to their people• Social WelfareSocial Welfare * Cheap Transportation & Electricity* Cheap Transportation & Electricity• Public SchoolsPublic Schools * ‘Old Age’ Pensions * ‘Old Age’ Pensions

• Expanded Power of Expanded Power of Germany/PrussiaGermany/Prussia

• Military (Army & Navy) * Expand into neighboring statesMilitary (Army & Navy) * Expand into neighboring states

Unifying ItalyUnifying Italy• Frequent warfare and foreign rule led to loyalty to

region rather than country• In response to Austria’s intervention in Northern Italy,

local groups formed secret societies to expel the Austrians

1) Mazzini’s “Young Italy”• Goal of secret society was to “constitute Italy, one, free, independent,

republican nation.”• Mazzini was before his time. Italy not ready for unification yet

2) The Tide of Nationalism• Common language and culture as well as geography made a unified Italy a

natural idea• Economic concerns also made a united Italy a good idea to many

The Struggle for ItalyThe Struggle for Italy• Cavour

– 1852 – once elected, Cavour moved to improve the economy, agriculture, had railroads built and encouraged free trade economic changes

– His long-term goal was to push out Austria and annex Lombardy and Venetia

• Intrigue with France– 1855- Cavour joined France and England in Crimean War against Russia– Cavour gained favor with Napoleon. Cavour pushed war with Austria.

France helped and lands of Lombardy and Venetia awarded to him

• Garibaldi’s Red Shirts– Southern Italy (Two Sicilies) ruled by Garibaldi who favored a unified

Italy– With aid from Cavour, Garibaldi expanded his territory

• Unity at last– Speed and power of Garibaldi’s advance scared Cavour– Cavour encouraged Victor Emmanuel to go against Garibaldi– Instead, Victor Emmanuel joined up with Garibaldi– Garibaldi turned his territory over to V Emmanuel who was declared King

of Italy– In deal with Bismarck, territory granted to V Emmanuel– After war, France pulls troops out of Italy and Italy finally under one flag

ItalyItaly faces new faces new challengeschallenges

• Italy had no history of unity so wasn’t sure which direction to take. Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical issues

• Divisions– North & South – North richer than South, had more cities. Cities flourished

- Southern areas poorer, less successful

– Roman Catholic Church – Italy and the Pope struggled for power - Rome granted “the Vatican”, urged Catholics to not work with

Italian government

• Turmoil– Struggles between King and constitutional government– Unrest allowed radicals to gain some ground, government will grant suffrage,

extend rights– To distract from turmoil, Italy joins in on imperialistic trend

• Progress– Despite all this, Italy’s economy will flourish (did not have many natural

resources)– Industrialization will bring economic strength, urbanization– Reformers pushed for changes in education and working conditions– Many will leave Italy looking for a better life in America, Canada and Latin

America

Italy: Quick Italy: Quick ReviewReview

• Forces that hindered Italian UnityForces that hindered Italian Unity• Frequent warfare (regionalism)Frequent warfare (regionalism)• NationalismNationalism

• Individual Leaders that forged Italy as Individual Leaders that forged Italy as a nationa nation

• CavourCavour• GaribaldiGaribaldi• Victor EmmanuelVictor Emmanuel

• Problems that faced Italy after 1861Problems that faced Italy after 1861• Divisions (North/South, The Roman Catholic Church)Divisions (North/South, The Roman Catholic Church)• Turmoil between King and governmentTurmoil between King and government• Reformers pushed for changeReformers pushed for change

Nationalism Threatens Old Nationalism Threatens Old EmpiresEmpires

• Empires Declining– Empires clamped down to try to stop/delay the demands for change in

Europe– Industrial Revolution brought new wealth, demands by workers– Huge EMPIRES covered many ethnic groups. Nationalistic groups will rise

up against what they saw as foreign rule– To keep their empires, some rulers agreed to democratic reforms (to give

people a voice)

• The Dual Monarchy– While leaders agreed to a dual monarchy, ethnic peoples did not agree,

revolted– Many pushed for rights, independence

• Balkan Nationalism (Ottoman Empire)– Ethnic groups within Ottoman Empire demanded autonomy (nationalism)– Ottoman Empire seen as “the sick man of Europe”– Several conflicts over many years, while ethnic groups make demands– Finally, the Ottoman Empire will fall (World War I), and ethnic groups will

push for control of their territories

Comparison ChartComparison Chart(use p. 279-281)(use p. 279-281)

• Create a comparison chart between Create a comparison chart between the Hapsburgs and the Ottoman the Hapsburgs and the Ottoman Empire Empire (3 facts about each – threats and changes that led to their (3 facts about each – threats and changes that led to their decline of power)decline of power)

Hapsburgs

Ottoman Empire

Hapsburgs: Hapsburgs: * Upheld Power: “Rule & Change Nothing”* Upheld Power: “Rule & Change Nothing”

* * Multi-Ethnic EmpireMulti-Ethnic Empire

* * Nationalism: tore apart empireNationalism: tore apart empire

* * War Weakens/splits up empireWar Weakens/splits up empire

* Did eventually begin to address econ. Problems* Did eventually begin to address econ. Problems

* * People will revoltPeople will revolt

* Will Split into Dual-Monarch* Will Split into Dual-Monarch

Ottoman Empire:Ottoman Empire:* * Multi National EmpireMulti National Empire

* * Nationalism: tore apart empireNationalism: tore apart empire

* * War Weakens/Splits up empireWar Weakens/Splits up empire

* European powers waiting for collapse to “divvy up” * European powers waiting for collapse to “divvy up” landslands

* People will revolt* People will revolt

* Lands will split off in independence: one by one* Lands will split off in independence: one by one

Russia: Create a Russia: Create a ChartChart

Use your book (p.282-287) to fill in the Use your book (p.282-287) to fill in the chartchartImportant Facts

AboutRussia and It’s Czars

(1804-1914)

Czar Dates of Reign Important Notes About Reign

Alexander I

Nicholas I

Alexander II

Alexander III

Nicholas II

Russia: Reform and Russia: Reform and ReactionReaction

• Conditions in Russia• Russia was constantly expanding (Peter, Catherine)Russia was constantly expanding (Peter, Catherine)• Became a multinational empire (in Europe and Asia)• Czars wanted to modernize but feared it would undermine

their power• Russia will fall behind the European nations as they

industrialized• Social structure (landowners, serfs) limited growth of country

• Russian “Absolutism”• Alexander I – open to changes (education, ending censorship)• Proposed freeing the serfs• Drew back from reforms for fear of losing support of the nobles• Nicholas I cracked down on all reform, dissent• 150,000 exiled to Siberia• 3 pillars of Russian Absolutism

• Orthodoxy - Autocracy - Nationalism• Realized need to modernize but could not without giving up

power

Changes in RussiaChanges in Russia

• Russia’s loss of the Crimean War showed a Russia’s loss of the Crimean War showed a backwards country behind the European powersbackwards country behind the European powers

• Reforms of Alexander II: Reforms of Alexander II: for Russia to survive for Russia to survive and flourish, changes had to be madeand flourish, changes had to be made

• Emancipation of Serfs: 1861 – Emancipation of Serfs: 1861 – while freed, land while freed, land allotted was too small or would not grow enough to allotted was too small or would not grow enough to support a family. Peasants remained VERY poor and support a family. Peasants remained VERY poor and discontenteddiscontented

• Local Governments “zemstvos” responsible for local issues Local Governments “zemstvos” responsible for local issues (first attempts at self-government)(first attempts at self-government)

• Trial by Jury, limited censorship, reform of the militaryTrial by Jury, limited censorship, reform of the military• Growth on industry in Russia was encouragedGrowth on industry in Russia was encouraged

Reaction to Changes in Reaction to Changes in RussiaRussia

• Peasants: still poor/discontentPeasants: still poor/discontent• Nobles: angry at shift in powerNobles: angry at shift in power• Liberals: wanted more direct governmentLiberals: wanted more direct government• Radicals: wanted more socialist (revolutionary) ideasRadicals: wanted more socialist (revolutionary) ideas*** Revolutionaries tried to take their ideas to the peasants. The *** Revolutionaries tried to take their ideas to the peasants. The

peasants either did not understand or did not want radical changespeasants either did not understand or did not want radical changes*** Government cracked down on radicals*** Government cracked down on radicals*** Anger among radicals will see more severe attempts at change, *** Anger among radicals will see more severe attempts at change,

including assassinating the Czarincluding assassinating the Czar

Alexander III will return to harsh practices of Nicholas I (in reaction to Alexander III will return to harsh practices of Nicholas I (in reaction to his fathers death)his fathers death)* All forms of democracy stopped* All forms of democracy stopped* Strict censorship reintroduced* Strict censorship reintroduced* Critics exiled to Siberia* Critics exiled to Siberia* “russification” rejected any non-Russian people or ideas* “russification” rejected any non-Russian people or ideas* Persecution and Pogroms: * Persecution and Pogroms:

old laws placing limits on Jewish peopleold laws placing limits on Jewish peoplePogroms: violent mob attacks on Jewish people encouraged Pogroms: violent mob attacks on Jewish people encouraged

by stateby stateLarge immigration of Jews out of RussiaLarge immigration of Jews out of Russia

Russia and the Industrial Russia and the Industrial AgeAge

• Under Czar Alexander III and Nicholas I, Russia would Under Czar Alexander III and Nicholas I, Russia would begin to industrializebegin to industrialize

• Railroads built to connect rich resources with factories Railroads built to connect rich resources with factories in citiesin cities

• Trans-Siberian Railroad will connect east and west Trans-Siberian Railroad will connect east and west RussiaRussia

• Nobles (the support base of the Czar) feared/fought Nobles (the support base of the Czar) feared/fought industrializationindustrialization

• New problems came with industrializationNew problems came with industrialization(peasants flocked to cities to find jobs)(peasants flocked to cities to find jobs)

(slums, poverty, disease, discontent multiplied)(slums, poverty, disease, discontent multiplied)

• Radicals sought to tap into this discontent (Karl Marx, Radicals sought to tap into this discontent (Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin)Vladimir Lenin)

Turning Point in RussiaTurning Point in Russia• War between Japan and Russia ended badly for Russia• A PEACEFUL MARCH:

• Discontent over war losses• Workers on strike (shorter hours and better wages)• Liberals called for reforms of government that was corrupt• A priest called for a march, believing the Czar just didn’t

understand the problems faced by his people. They marched past the Winter Palace and brought a petition for justice and freedom.

• The Czar, fearing the people, left the Winter Palace and called in the soldiers.

The soldiers fired on the marching people, killing hundreds“Bloody Sunday” marked the end of the people’s trust and faith in

the Czar

• 1905 Revolution• Discontent exploded throughout Russia, Strikes multiplied• Workers took over factories, Peasants took over farms• Terrorists targeted officials• Czar Nicholas II will announce sweeping changes to try to quiet

the mobs• “freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union.• An elected body, the DUMA, created. No law would go into effect

without DUMA approval

• Results of the Revolution:Results of the Revolution:•Czar quickly dissolved the DUMA•Arrests, pogroms and executions

followed against those who dared to challenge the Czar

•Despite some attempts at reform, Russia stayed autocratic

•Unrest was simmering, waiting for its chance

Overview of Chapter Overview of Chapter 1010

As unification happened, the bigger countries meant bigger power for the rulers – they ruled “autocratically”* Increased wealth of the nation meant the ruler lived a more lavish lifestyle* The ultra-wealthy lived like kings* The workers lived in poverty* The majority of people struggled to survive, began to demand better

The Industrial Revolution created conditions that opened the way for people with different ideals* Socialists

* “Radicals”

• Socialism: any of various social or political theories or movements in which the common welfare is to be achieved through the establishment of a socialist economic system

• Socialist: A person who advocate SOCIALISM as the correct form of government

• Radical: a person who advocates fundamental political, economic, and social reforms by direct and often uncompromising methods.

Essays: Chapter 10Essays: Chapter 10• How did the unification within Germany How did the unification within Germany

and Italy consolidate the power of the and Italy consolidate the power of the rulers of the day? What type of rule did rulers of the day? What type of rule did they practice? What reaction did this they practice? What reaction did this cause in the people of these countries?cause in the people of these countries?

• How did the Industrial Revolution create How did the Industrial Revolution create an environment in which “Socialists” and an environment in which “Socialists” and “Radicals” began to emerge as possible “Radicals” began to emerge as possible options for the peoples of this timeframe?options for the peoples of this timeframe?

• In Russia, the people revolted against Czar In Russia, the people revolted against Czar Nicholas II in 1905. Why did they revolt Nicholas II in 1905. Why did they revolt and what was the outcome of that revolt?and what was the outcome of that revolt?