chapt05 holes lecture[1]

BIOL: 2064BIOL: 2064Anatomy & Physiology 1Anatomy & Physiology 1Chapter 5Chapter 5

Edited by Brenda Holmes

MSN/ED, RN

Associate Professor

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South Arkansas Community College

Hole’s Human AnatomyHole’s Human Anatomyand Physiologyand PhysiologyTwelfth EditionTwelfth Edition

Shier Shier Butler Butler Lewis Lewis

Chapter 5Tissues

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5.1: Introduction5.1: Introduction

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• Similar cells with a common function are called tissues.

• The study of tissues is called histology.

• There are four (4) primary or major tissue types:

1. Epithelial Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Muscle Tissue4. Nervous Tissue

Intercellular JunctionsIntercellular Junctions

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Tight junctions• Close space between cells• Located among cells that form linings

Desmosomes• Form “spot welds” between cells• Located among outer skin cells

Gap junctions• Tubular channels between cells• Located in cardiac muscle cells

Tight junction

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Desmosome

Gap junction


5.2: Epithelial Tissue5.2: Epithelial Tissue

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• General characteristics:

• Cover organs and the body• Line body cavities• Line hollow organs• Have a free surface• Have a basement membrane• Are avascular• Cells readily divide• Cells tightly packed• Cells often have desmosomes• Function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion• Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

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• Simple squamous:• Single layer of flat cells• Substances pass easily through• Line air sacs• Line blood vessels• Line lymphatic vessels

• Simple cuboidal:• Single layer of cube-shaped cells• Line kidney tubules• Cover ovaries• Line ducts of some glands

(b)(a)

Free surfaceof tissue

Simplesquamousepithelium

Basement

Nucleus

Connectivetissue

Connectivetissue


b,d: © Ed Reschke

Nucleus

Basementmembrane


Simplecuboidalepithelium

Connectivetissue

Lumen

(a) (b)


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer


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• Simple columnar:• Single layer of elongated cells• Nuclei usually near the basement• Membrane at same level• Sometimes possess cilia• Sometimes possess microvilli• Often have goblet cells• Line uterus, stomach, intestines

• Pseudostratified columnar:• Single layer of elongated cells• Nuclei at two or more levels• Appear striated• Often have cilia• Often have goblet cells• Line respiratory passageways

Nucleus

Basementmembrane

Microvilli(free surfaceof tissue)

Connectivetissue

Mucus

Cytoplasm

Goblet cell

(a) (b)


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.

(a) (b)

Cilia(free surfaceof tissue)

Goblet cell

Basementmembrane

Nucleus

Connectivetissue

Cytoplasm


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Dennis Strete, photographer


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• Stratified squamous: • Many cell layers• Top cells are flat• Can accumulate keratin• Outer layer of skin• Line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

• Stratified cuboidal: • 2-3 layers• Cube-shaped cells• Line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

Basementmembrane

Layer ofdividingcells

Connectivetissue


Squamouscells

(b)(a)



(a) (b)

Stratifiedcuboidalepithelium


Lumen

Basementmembrane

Connectivetissue

Nucleus


b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer.


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• Stratified columnar:• Top layer of elongated cells• Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers• Line part of male urethra and part of pharynx

• Transitional:• Many cell layers• Cube-shaped and elongated cells• Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

(b)(a)

Lumen

Stratifiedcolumnarepithelium

Connectivetissue

Basementmembrane




Stretchedtransitionalepithelium

Basementmembrane

Underlyingconnective tissue

Basementmembrane

Underlyingconnective tissue

Unstretchedtransitionalepithelium

(b)(a)

(d)(c)




b,d: © Ed Reschke

Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium

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• Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances

• There are two (2) types:• Endocrine glands are ductless (key word: hormone)• Exocrine glands have ducts

• Unicellular exocrine gland: • Composed of one cell • Goblet cell

• Multicellular exocrine gland: • Composed of many cells• Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.• Simple and compound

Structural Types of Structural Types of Exocrine GlandsExocrine Glands

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Duct

Secretory portion

Tissue surface

Simple tubular Simple branchedtubular

Simple branchedalveolar

Simple coiledtubular

Compound tubular Compound alveolar


Types of Glandular Types of Glandular SecretionsSecretions

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• Merocrine Glands • Fluid product• Salivary glands• Pancreas gland (?)• Sweat glands

• Apocrine Glands • Cellular product• Portions of cells• Mammary glands• Ceruminous glands

• Holocrine Glands• Secretory products• Whole cells• Sebaceous glands

(a) Merocrine gland (b) Apocrine gland (c) Holocrine gland

Secretion

Pinched offportion of cell(secretion)

Intactcell

Disintegrating celland its contents(secretion)

New cellforming bymitosis andcytokinesis


5.1 From Science to 5.1 From Science to TechnologyTechnology

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Nanotechnology Meets the Blood-Brain Barrier

5.3: Connective Tissues5.3: Connective Tissues

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• General characteristics:

• Most abundant tissue type• Many functions:

• Bind structures• Provide support and protection• Serve as frameworks• Fill spaces• Store fat• Produce blood cells• Protect against infections• Help repair tissue damage

• Have a matrix• Have varying degrees of vascularity• Have cells that usually divide

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Major Cell Types Major Cell Types PresentPresent

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• Fibroblasts• Fixed cell• Most common cell • Large, star-shaped• Produce fibers

• Macrophages• Wandering cell• Phagocytic• Important in injury or infection

• Mast cells• Fixed cell• Release heparin• Release histamine

Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Fiber Types PresentFiber Types Present

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• Collagenous fibers• Thick• Composed of collagen• Great tensile strength • Abundant in dense CT• Hold structures together• Tendons, ligaments

• Elastic fibers• Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin• Fibers branch• Elastic• Vocal cords, air passages

• Reticular fibers• Very thin collagenous fibers• Highly branched• Form supportive networks

Connective TissuesConnective Tissues

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• Connective Tissue Proper:• Loose connective tissue• Adipose tissue• Reticular connective tissue• Dense connective tissue• Elastic connective tissue

• Specialized Connective Tissue:• Cartilage• Bone• Blood

Connective Tissue TypesConnective Tissue Types

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• Loose Connective Tissue• Mainly fibroblasts• Fluid to gel-like matrix• Collagenous fibers• Elastic fibers• Bind skin to structures• Beneath most epithelia• Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells• Between muscles

• Adipose Tissue• Adipocytes• Cushions• Insulates• Store fats• Beneath skin• Behind eyeballs• Around kidneys and heart

Elasticfiber

(a) (b)

Collagenousfiber

Fibroblast

Groundsubstance



Fat droplet

(a) (b)

Nucleus

Cellmembrane

Cytsol




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• Reticular Connective Tissue• Composed of reticular fibers• Supports internal organ walls• Walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

• Dense Connective Tissue• Packed collagenous fibers• Elastic fibers• Few fibroblasts• Bind body parts together• Tendons, ligaments, dermis• Poor blood supply

Collagenousfibers

Fibroblast

White bloodcell

(a) (b)



Fibroblasts

Collagenousfibers

(a) (b)




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• Elastic Connective Tissue• Abundant in elastic fibers• Some collagenous fibers• Fibroblasts• Attachments between bones• Walls of large arteries, airways, heart

• Bone (Osseous Tissue)• Solid matrix• Supports• Protects• Forms blood cells• Attachment for muscles• Skeleton• Osteocytes in lacunae

Elastic fibers

Collagenousfibers

Fibroblast

(a) (b)



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Canaliculi

Osteocytein lacuna

Centralcanal

Lamella

Nucleus

Osteocyte

Cell process incanaliculus

(a) (b)

Osteon

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display



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• Cartilage• Rigid matrix• Chondrocytes in lacunae• Poor blood supply• Three (3) types:

• Hyaline Cartilage• Elastic Cartilage• Fibrocartilage

• Hyaline cartilage• Most abundant• Ends of bones• Nose, respiratory passages• Embryonic skeleton

• Elastic cartilage• Flexible• External ear, larynx

• Fibrocartilage• Very tough• Shock absorber• Intervertebral discs• Pads of knee and pelvic girdle


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Three (3) types of cartilage:

Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Chondrocyte

Nucleus

Extracellularmatrix

(a) (b)

Lacuna



Chondrocyte

Elastic fibers

Nucleus

Extracellularmatrix

(a) (b)

Lacuna



Chondrocyte

Nucleus

Collagenousfiber

Extracellularmatrix

(a) (b)

Lacuna




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• Blood• Fluid matrix called plasma• Red blood cells• White blood cells• Platelets• Transports• Defends• Involved in clotting• Throughout body in blood vessels• Heart

Red bloodcells

Plasma(extracellularmatrix of blood)

Platelets

White bloodcell

(a) (b)



5.1 Clinical Application5.1 Clinical Application

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The Body’s Glue: The Extracellular Matrix

5.2 Clinical Application5.2 Clinical Application

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Abnormalities of Collagen

5.4: Types of 5.4: Types of MembranesMembranes

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1. Serous Membranes• Line body cavities that do not open to the outside• Reduce friction• Inner lining of thorax and abdomen• Cover organs of thorax and abdomen• Secrete serous fluid

2. Mucous Membranes• Line tubes and organs that open to outside world• Lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc.• Secrete mucus

3. Cutaneous Membranes• Covers body• Skin

4. Synovial Membranes• Composed entirely of connective tissue• Lines joints

• There are four (4) types of epithelial membranes:

5.5: Muscle Tissues5.5: Muscle Tissues

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• General characteristics:• Muscle cells also called muscle fibers• Contractile• Three (3) types:

• Skeletal muscle• Smooth muscle• Cardiac muscle

• Skeletal muscle• Attached to bones• Striated• Voluntary

• Smooth muscle• Walls of organs• Skin• Walls of blood vessels• Involuntary• Non-striated

• Cardiac muscle • Heart wall• Involuntary• Striated• Intercalated discs

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

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Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Striations

Portion of amuscle fiber

Nuclei

(a) (b)



Nucleus

Cytoplasm

(a) (b)



Intercalateddisc

Nucleus

Striations

(a) (b)



5.6: Nervous Tissue5.6: Nervous Tissue

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• Found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

• Functional cells are neurons

• Neuroglial cells support andbind nervous tissue components

• Sensory reception

• Conduction of nerve impulses

Cellmembrane

Neuroglialcells

Cytoplasm

Cellularprocess

Nucleus

(a) (b)


b: © Ed Reschke.

5.2 From Science to 5.2 From Science to TechnologyTechnology

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Tissue Engineering: Replacement Bladders and Hearts

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Important Points in Chapter 5:Outcomes to be Assessed

5.1: Introduction

Describe a tissue, and explain the intercellular junctions found in tissues.

List the four major tissue types in the body.

5.2: Epithelial Tissues

Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue.

Name the types of epithelium and identify and organ in which each is found.

Explain how glands are classified.

5.3: Connective Tissues

Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.

Compare and contrast the cellular components, structures, fibers, and extracellular matrix (where applicable) in each type of connective tissue.

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Important Points in Chapter 5:Outcomes to be Assessed

Describe the major functions of each type of connective tissue.

5.4: Types of Membranes

Describe and locate each of the four types of membranes.

5.5: Muscle Tissues

Distinguish among the three types of muscle tissue.

5.6: Nervous Tissues

Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue.

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Quiz 5

Complete Quiz 5 now!

Read Chapter 6.