chapter-08-polymer testing 2e - hanser publications
TRANSCRIPT
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Fig.: 8.1Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
component
excitation E (t)(”in”)
response A (t)(”out”)
E
t
direct:– amplitude– phase– frequency– propagation time– damping– reflection
indirect:propertiesmaterial/component:– fibers– interfaces– damages
waveoscillation
– electromagnetic– acoustic– thermal
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a
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U (kV)
;
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)
as
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Fig.: 8.2Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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focus
+
X-ray tube
manipulator
x
zy
samplewith defect
intensity
detector(fluorescence)
deepest shadowpartial shadow
videocamera
computer forimage recording and processing
Fig.: 8.3Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.4Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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electron beam
sample
X-ray pin beam
diaphragms
detector array
X-r
ay tu
bede
tect
ors
with
aper
ture
dia
phra
gms
Fig.: 8.5Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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source
collimationsample
scattering film
beam block
Iabs
Iref
beam block0.3
-0.3
0.0
scat
terin
g an
gle
(°)
XY scan
Fig.: 8.6Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.7Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.8Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0.25
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crack orientation crack orientation
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inte
nsity
(CP
S)
d
(a.u
.)
.in
tens
ity (C
PS
)
d (a
.u.)
Fig.: 8.9Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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laser beam
transparent film
diode array
Fig.: 8.10Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.11Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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laser
beamsplitterscanner
x y
objective
focal plane
confocal pinhole
filterdetector(photo multiplier)
Fig.: 8.12Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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100 µm
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distance (µm)
z (µm)
y (µm)
z (µ
m)
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600800x (µm)
Fig.: 8.13Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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L
2L
Moire fringes distance
Fig.: 8.14Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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observer
laserbeam splitter
photographic platehologram
object virtual image
beam splitterphotographic plate
hologram
laser
Fig.: 8.15Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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beam splitter
laser
lens 3
lens 4
lens 1
lens 2
CCD camera
computer
object
Fig.: 8.16Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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illumination beam
reference beam
lens systemdiaphragm detectorsample
X2X3
Fig.: 8.17Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Y
XZ
Fig.: 8.18Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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A A
10
8
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2
veneer stripewood plate
150 mm
A-A
OLI A
OLI
hole
dia
met
er (m
m)
0.5
mm
2.5
mm
Fig.: 8.19Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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thermalexpansion
control unit
monitor with ESPI pattern
defect withheat emission
sample object beam
lens
lens
laser
beam splitter
reference beam
CCD camera
Fig.: 8.20Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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impact
delamination
Fig.: 8.21Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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thermal extension of acomponent without defect
stringer thickness of outer skin 4 mmstringer fracture
with delamination
local extension
1 2 3stringer fracture
1 2 3stringer
Fig.: 8.22Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.23Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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quartz bar
microwavesensor
waveguide
moldingcavity
Fig.: 8.24Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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L = L ─ LIIT
Tn =1 n n0
TL L L
microwaverefraction index nresonator length LII
II0
Fig.: 8.25Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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E
receiver
selective coupler
rectangular waveguide
reflector
sample
sample holder
transmitter
Fig.: 8.26Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
field intensity vector E
rotation angle
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0 90 180 degree 360
rotation angle
orientation angle
reso
nato
r len
gth
anis
otro
py
diel
ectri
c th
ickn
ess
Fig.: 8.27Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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gate
+
Fig.: 8.28Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.29Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.30Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Y
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manipulatorPCsoftware
transducer
water bath
samplecomponent
defectEE
DE
RSE
RSEDEEE
time
ampl
itude
trans
duce
rem
itter
and
sen
sor
Fig.: 8.31Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 10 20 30 40 50
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2
x (mm)
EE
RSEDE
t (µs
)
Fig.: 8.32Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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x coordinate
A
B
C
EE
RSE
time
and/
or d
epth
Fig.: 8.33Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.34Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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V (
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PP 5 wt.-% GF= 2.25 MHz
= 45° = 10.7°
2
Fig.: 8.35Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.36Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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composite
composite
fiber
ultrasound emitterand sensorultrasound emitter
and sensor
Fig.: 8.37Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 90 180 270 3600 90 180 270 360 (°)
0 90 180 270 360 (°) (°)
ba c
sign
al
sign
al
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alFig.: 8.38
Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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sensor450 kHz
emitter450 kHz
embeddedactuator
air-ultrasoundtransmission
sensor450 kHz
actuator =ultrasound emitter
excitationat 450 kHz
Institute for AircraftConstruction
embeddedactuator
Fig.: 8.39Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.40Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.41Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.42Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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.u.)
Fig.: 8.43Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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crack
sample
generatedultrasound
optical system
exciting laser detecting laser
detector
confocalFabry-Perot
Fig.: 8.44Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.45Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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joint lineLcal
AE sensorµ30S
approx. 60 mmlength approx. 160 mm
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positioning (mm)
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cb 40
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Fig.: 8.46Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
frequ
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positioning (mm)
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Fig.: 8.47Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 J0.5 J 1.0 J1.5 J2.0 J2.5 J
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0.998
0.993
0.9880 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
experimentrepetition experiment
E (J)k
phas
e an
gle
of a
dmitt
ance
(°) ba
Fig.: 8.48Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.49Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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76.0
75.5
75.0
74.5
74.0
73.50 600 1200 1800 2400
t (s)
reso
nant
freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Fig.: 8.50Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
(%)
0 wt.-% GF5 wt.-% GF
30 wt.-% GFV
(m
s )
Lam
b
Fig.: 8.51Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
-1
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-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
I II III IV
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
(M
Pa)
non-
linea
r par
amet
er
Fig.: 8.52Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1. cycle2. cycle3. cycle4. cycle
(MPa)
phas
e sh
ift (a
.u.)
Fig.: 8.53Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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225 kHz~
Fig.: 8.54Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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excitation
defect
component
scan
laser vibrometer
laser vibrometer linear behavior
non-linear behavior+ +
Fig.: 8.55Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 50 100 150 200 f (kHz)
-140
-160
-180
-200
f (kHz)
damage-free delaminations
0 50 100 150 200
-140
-160
-180
-200rel.
ampl
itude
(dB
)
rel.
ampl
itude
(dB
)
Fig.: 8.56Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.57Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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0 10 30 5020 40
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
f (kHz)
a
b c
v (
mm
s
)2
2-2
Fig.: 8.58Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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02468
101214161820
0 2 5 7 10 12 15 17
35 mm
245 mm
t (min)
025
50 100 150 200
2551015
20
354555
55
45
35
0 5 10 15 20t (min)
60
50
40
30
20
140
mm
a b
c d1.3 mm2.2 mm3.3 mm3.9 mm5.0 mm6.1 mm
T (°
C)
cont
rast
250
1.3 mm2.2 mm3.3 mm3.9 mm5.0 mm6.1 mm12 mm
Fig.: 8.59Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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IR detector
t0 t1/2
100 %
50 %
0 %t = 0
0.1388 L2
a =t1/2
flash
Fig.: 8.60Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.61Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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IR camera
thermal wavedefect
component on defect reflectedthermal wave
PC
framegrabber
D/A board
dimmerpack
phase/amplitudeFFT
optical wave
halogen spotlight
Fig.: 8.62Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.63Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.64Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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optical wave
defect component
thermal wave
component
defect
elastic wave thermal wave
sonotrode
Fig.: 8.65Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.66Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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31 2
4
5
coupling position80 mm
pos. defect depth
1 delamination 0.2 mm
2 delamination 0.9 mm
3 delamination 1.5 mm
4 delamination 2.2 mm
38 m
m
5 intact d = 5 mm
Fig.: 8.67Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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pos. 3
pos. 2
pos. 4
pos. 5Tamb.
burst300 ms
1 2 3t (s)
pos. 5
pos. 4
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0f (kHz)
a b
T (a
.u.)
A (a
.u.)
Fig.: 8.68Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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a b c d e
Fig.: 8.69Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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Fig.: 8.70Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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ultrasound converter
stringer fracturedelamination of outer skinstringer
ab
dc
Fig.: 8.71Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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63
62
61
60
59
580.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.38 0.42
dielectric loss
bad glued joints
good glued joints
reso
nant
freq
uenc
y (H
z)
Fig.: 8.72Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition
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defect detection
defect characterization
evaluation of relevance according to operating safety(defect or damage?)
defect propagation, damage mechanisms(which criterion propagates defect or damage?)
prediction using NDTdata for safe reamaining
service lifetime consequency:prevention of
damage-relevant defects
Fig.: 8.73Chapter 8: Busse, G.: Non-Destructive Polymer Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition