chapter 1 1.1 general introduction energy expenditures pose an annual

8/14/2019 Chapter 1 1.1 General Introduction Energy Expenditures Pose an Annual

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To quantify the expected energy savings, these group selected potential

envelope, lighting, Air Condition Units, Laboratory equipments, Computers and

other office equipment and appliances. It estimates that about 49% of the energy

cost is related to air conditioning and about 37% is related to Computers and its

accessories. The rapidly accelerating use of the Internet affects electricity use by

computers in schools and offices, as does the infrastructure supporting the Internet

(servers, routers, switches, hubs, access devices, etc.).

There are two ways to manage energy costs: 1) cost - based or budget-

based management, where you obtain lower rates, reduce budgets, etc.; and 2)

usage-based management, where you manage actual consumption by improving

efficiency or improving control (Princeton Energy Resources Intl). This report is

focus on usage-based management.

Offices evolved from simple to more sophisticated type. This evolution has

been based on humans comfort grabbing greedily energy in any form to satiate

consumers demand. Statistics show that energy consumption tremendously

increased through the years showing trends side by side with the increase in

population. Appliances also evolve into ones, which consume less energy, yet

degradation and depletion of its resources come to a grim conclusion, a concern

every part of the world is apprehended about.


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electrical energy. Finance is indispensable in realization of conceptualized

methods in attaining optimum usage of electrical energy. Indeed, rectification

and reformation of incorrect plan and installation, and reestablishment accurate

principles to flawed concepts of appliance and equipment usage would really

incur inevitable monetary expense.

Among office appliances, computers have been helping huge works of

employees into fast, orderly and easier way. This huge work entails huge amount

of energy because computers depend on electrical energy to operate. Computer

evolution however produces latest computers to have features on energy savings,

which many users are uneducated about. Consequently, the unawareness and

ignorance of users tantamount to energy wastage could be remedied by education

and periodic proper monitoring of actual usage by the management.

1.2 The Need for Energy Management Programs

Research studies estimate that nearly one third of the energy consumed in the

U.S. school is wasted (Alliance to Save Energy). The most energy-inefficient

schools use almost four times as much energy per square meter as the most

energy-efficient schools. If schools can reduce the amount of wasted energy, they

can redirect that money toward their primary mission: education.

The next few chapters outline an approach to developing and implementing


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Define responsibilities and budget allocations for energy management;

(Minimal cost for implementing the program by integrating the function of

EMP committee to the existing staff)

1.4 Scope and limitations

This program is limited to management of electricity as an energy source.

Area is limited to COE bldg of MSU-IIT.

Policies

Practices

Planning activities

Responsibilities

Implementation is not included in this study.

This report contains the methodology, load audit, results, findings, and

recommendations of the study.

1.5 Definition of Terms

Energy Management Programme - All activities of the organizations

overall management functions that contribute to the achievement of objectives

and targets of the Energy Policy (Energy Audit Manual New Zealand).

Energy Audit - A programme to achieve and sustain efficient and effective

use of energy including policies practices planning activities responsibilities and


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Light is an electromagnetic phenomenon dealing with the radiation,

refraction, transmission, and absorption of electromagnetic waves

Luminous Intensityis the basic standard quantity of the light. The unit of

luminous intensity is the candela (cd).

Luminous flux defined as one lumen (Lm) when a point source of one

candle illuminates one squarefoot, or footcandles.

CUCoefficient of Utilization deals with the fraction of the available light

reaching the surface.

LDDLuminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor depends on the environment and

frequency of cleaning.

LLDLamp Lumen Depreciation Factor indicates deprecation from aging.

MMI Minimum Maintained Illumination Level will depend on the

cleanness of a lumenaires environment and on how often the luminaire is

cleaned.

LLD Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor is a multiplier used with initial

lamp lumens to determine the lamp output depreciation due to aging.

Glare The greater the brightness of the light source, the greater the

discomfort, interference with vision, and eye fatigue.

Brightness Ratios Adjacent surfaces with great contrasts in reflectance can


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particular facility under the administrative and financial provisions of each

particular company/firms management.

Stimulated by the results of the studies read, a parallel study was

conceptualized to cover the College of Engineering (COE) building, Mindanao

State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte.

The ES 218 (Energy Conservation) Master of Engineering students under

Feliciano Alagao, Ph.D., shall initiate enlisting and gathering of data relating to

electrical energy usage and conservation, and to come up with recommendations

to uphold energy savings in the COE.

The main entities to probe on to are the air conditioning units, equipments

and appliances, and lightings. Some studies show significant savings in these

areas of electricity consumption which in turn is applicable in the COE electrical

consumption and users attitude towards using it. The whole point of Energy

audits made in the different establishments that would be applied in the study are

the assessment of the best practice to come up to a significant savings which

maximizes electrical consumption, categorize activities which are helpful in the

saving endeavors, assertion of practices that should be thwarted, and equipment or

materials that needs to be progressed to enhance prospective effect and

application in offices, rooms, library, laboratories, corridors and hallways.


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CHAPTER 3.0

3.1 ENERGY AUDIT OF COE

The Total Power consumption for air conditioning units and the computers

with its accessories of the COE building come up to 21,262 Kw-hrs/month, which

is about 85% of the total energy consumption of the entire building. In fact the

highest energy consuming sector as shown in figure 3.1 and it is the spotlight of

Energy Management Program.

Distribution of Energy Use

Lighting

8%Computers.

36%

ACU

49%


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3.2 Computers, Monitors and Printers

Computers, monitors and printers electricity consumption are determined by

their energy requirement and how they are manipulated. In a set comprises of

computer, monitor and printer, it was found out that on average, the current drawn

by computers reaches to 42%, monitors at 48% and printers at 10% when they are

turned on or in active mode as found out from the evaluation of 20 computers

randomly sampled from the offices of College of Engineering .

On the other hand, evaluation shows that at standby mode, monitors draw

electric current at 6% while computers at 94%. Printers were either turned on or

off so they are not included in this mode as they do not have such features.

Table 3.1 Appliance at Active ModeCurrent in Amperes

Sample Computer Monitor Printer Total

1 0.30 0.38 0.0050 0.68

2 0.25 0.34 - 0.59

3 0.13 0.35 0.1000 0.37

4 0.11 0.37 0.0500 0.28

5 0.40 0.31 - 0.71

6 0.28 0.33 - 0.61

7 0.30 0.34 - 0.64

8 0.30 0.35 0.1000 0.75


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Figure 3.2 Current Distribution by Mode

LCD monitors taken for sample are the newly acquired ones located at the

computer services ground floor of COE building. Comparison on wattage per

hour is presented to see the significant difference of electricity consumption based

0.305

0.341

0.072

0.1440.010-

-

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

Electric

Current (Amp)

Appliance Mode

Current Distribution

Printer 0.072 -

Monitor 0.341 0.010

Computer 0.305 0.144

Active Low


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Table 3.3 Current Drawn by Monitor Type

Current in Amperes

Mode

ActiveLow

ActiveLow Difference

Power Power

Sample CRT LCD CRT LCD

1 0.38 0.01 - - 0.38 -

2 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -

3 - - 0.14 0.01 - 0.13

4 - - 0.12 0.00 - 0.12

5 0.31 0.01 - - 0.31 -

6 0.33 0.01 - - 0.33 -

7 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -

8 0.35 0.01 - - 0.35 -9 0.35 0.01 - - 0.35 -

10 0.35 0.01 - - 0.35 -

11 0.33 0.01 - - 0.33 -

12 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -

13 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -

14 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -15 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -

16 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -


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FIGURE 3.3 Electric Current Drawn by Monitor

screen saver mode. However, LCD monitors could save PhP 0.14 per kw-hr of

electricity use if he does the same usage behavior.

It should be noted that switching to LCD monitor from CRT almost does thesame amount of savings compare to using CRT monitor and turning it off when

not in use. However, it is clear from the data that when CRT monitors are in

0.3400

0.0927

0.13000.0038

-

0.2000

0.4000

0.6000

Electric

Current (Amp)

Monitor Type

Electric Current Drawn by Monitor

Low 0.0927 0.0038

Active 0.3400 0.1300

CRT LCD


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Table 3.5 Savings from Printer

Savings per Hour

Turned On when Off

Sample Printer (PhP)

1 0.01 0.00550

2 - -

3 0.10 0.11000

4 0.05 0.05500

5 - -6 - -

7 - -

8 0.10 0.11000

9 - -

10 - -

11 - -

12 0.10 0.11000

13 - -14 - -

15 0.10 0.11000

16 - -

17 - -

18 0.05 0.05500

19 - -

20 - -Total 0.51 0.5555

Average 0.07 0.0794


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The data shows that each user has the opportunity to be a part of the energy saving

effort of the college. However, many do not know the saving features of their computers.

Many still use screen saver for idle times which as previously mentioned still uses

electricity.

Overall, awareness and education of appliance users is still the primary matter to

start the realization of energy savings. The College of Engineering might not have the

most efficient appliance available at this time but energy saving is not far from putting

into reality the greater savings in terms of monetary value which can be achieved if

everyone is doing their share of energy saving.

Survey Results

Part 1

On average, how many hours do you use the computer assigned to you?

2 6 6 124 0 8 2

I use password

Yes 12

No 8

Do you know some energy saving feature of your computer?

No 4

Yes ( Please list some)16 Turn off during lunch time

4screensa er


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Part II

Rate your energy savingawareness

satisfactory 8

good 12

very good 0

Please check all applicable

activity.

A. For computers assigned to one person only:

12 turn on my computer only when I use it

15 I turn off computer during break time

9 I use screen saver

16 I plug off the socket before going home

20 I turn off AVR (auto voltage regulator) before going home

B. For computers assigned to two or more persons:

14 we assign particular person to turn on and off our computer

6 turn on the computer and leave it open for others who will use it later

0 we have common password

3 3 AIR CONDITIONING


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highly efficient air conditioner may mean more cost up front, a consumer will save even

more in the long term with reduced monthly energy costs.

Most people think that air conditioners lower the temperature in their homes simply

by pumping cool air in. What's really happening is the warm air from your house is being

removed and cycled back in as cooler air. This cycle continues until your thermostat

reaches the desired temperature.

An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the

evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon

evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the

Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various

nonflammable fluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."

This is how the evaporation cycle in an air conditioner works.

1. The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot, high-

pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).

2. This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it

condenses into a liquid.

3. The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates

to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).

4. This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool

down the air inside the building


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Mixed in with the Freon is a small amount of lightweight oil. This oil lubricates the

compressor. Air conditioners help clean your home's air as well. Most indoor units have

filters that catch dust, pollen, mold spores and other allergens as well as smoke and

everyday dirt found in the air. Most air conditioners also function as dehumidifiers. They

take excess water from the air and use it to help cool the unit before getting rid of the

water through a hose to the outside. Other units use the condensed moisture to improve

efficiency by routing the cooled water back into the system to be reused. So this is the

general concept involved in air conditioning. In the next section, we'll take a look at

window and split-system units.

3.3.2 Window and Split-system AC Units

A window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a small

space. The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. You close

the window down on the unit, plug it in and turn it on to get cool air. If you take the cover

off of an unplugged window unit, you'll find that it contains:


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A compressor

An expansion valve

A hot coil (on the outside)

A chilled coil (on the inside)

Two fans

A control unit

The fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the

outside air) and cold (to the room being cooled).

When you get into larger air-conditioning applications, its time to start looking at

split-system units. A split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of

the system, like this:


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The cold side, consisting of the expansion valve and the cold coil, is generally placed

into a furnace or some other air handler. The air handler blows air through the coil and

routes the air throughout the building using a series of ducts. The hot side, known as the

condensing unit, lives outside the building.

The unit consists of a long, spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan,

to blow air through the coil, along with a weather-resistant compressor and some control

logic. This approach has evolved over the years because it's low-cost, and also because it

normally results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of increased noise

outside the house). Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the

capacity is higher (making the coils and compressor larger), there's no difference between

a split-system and a window air conditioner.

In warehouses, large business offices, malls, big department stores and other sizeable

buildings, the condensing unit normally lives on the roof and can be quite massive.

Alternatively, there may be many smaller units on the roof, each attached inside to a

small air handler that cools a specific zone in the building.

In larger buildings and particularly in multi-story buildings, the split-system

approach begins to run into problems. Either running the pipe between the condenser and

the air handler exceeds distance limitations (runs that are too long start to cause

lubrication difficulties in the compressor), or the amount of duct work and the length of

ducts becomes unmanageable At this point it's time to think about a chilled-water


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The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its

wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is

8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as

possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.

Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of

8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes 1,000 watts.

Let's also say that the price difference is Php 2,000. To understand what the payback

period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know approximately how many hours

per year you will be operating the unit and How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in

your area. Let's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a

year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in

your area is Php 7.50/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units

is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1

additional kWh (and Php 7.50 therefore more) than the more expensive unit.

Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you're

operating the air conditioner:

4 mo. x 30 days/mo. x 6 hr/day = 720 hours

[(720 hrs x 200 watts) / (1000 watts/kW)] x Php 7.50/kWh = 1,080.00 Php

The more expensive unit costs Php 2,000 more, which means that it will take about

eight months for the more expensive unit to break even


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3.3.4.2 INTERNAL HEAT GAINS

The sensible and latent heat gains due to occupants, lights, appliances, machines,

etc., within the conditional space, form the components of the internal heat gains.

3.3.4.3 OCCUPANCY LOAD

The occupants in a conditioned space give out heat at a metabolic rate that more or

less depends on their rate of working. The relative proportions of the sensible and latent

heats given out, however, depend on the ambient dry bulb temperature. The lower the dry

bulb temperature, the greater the heat given out as sensible heat.

3.3.4.4 LIGHTING LOAD

Electric lights generate sensible head equal to the amount of the electric power

consumed. Most of the energy is liberated as heat, and the rest as light which also

eventually becomes heat after multiple reflections.

Lighting manufacturers give some guidance as to the requirement of power for

different fittings to produce varying standards of illumination. In connection with

fluorescent tubes, it may be stated that the electric power absorbed at the fitting is about

25 percent more than necessary to produce the required lighting. Thus a 40 W tube will

need 50 W at the fitting. The excess of 10W is liberated at the control gear of the fitting.

3.3.4.5 APPLIANCE LOAD

Most appliances contribute both sensible and latent heats. The latent heat produced

depends on the function the appliances perform such as drying cooking etc Gas


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3.3.5 How to achieve Energy Savings

High-energy costs are not "fixed" and can be reduced by 5% to 20% by

effectively managing, maintaining, and operating school physical plants,

regardless of school age.

Substantial energy savings can be achieved from improved O&M practices

without significant capital investments

The biggest challenges to obtaining school cost savings are not technical. Active

and continuing support by senior administrators, as well as staff training and

motivation, is critical to the success of energy-efficient management efforts.

A number of external sources of support are often available to assist schools to

enhanced O&M efforts (invite speakers from equipment suppliers in energy

conservation).

Post turn-off signs in all air conditioned rooms.

Proper Energy behavior of the occupants

Periodic check-up, cleaning of filters, evaporator & condenser coils.

Minimize infiltration by repairing the broken windows.

Schedule of classes at the computer rooms should be sequence and eliminate free

time, free time still consume energy.


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Table 3.6 Air Conditioning at the ground floor

Location Specs Qty Load Hrs/wk W/month Remarks

1 R101 2HP CARRIER 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

2 R 102 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 26 281,520 Working

3 R103 2HP Natl 1 2,760 3 8,280 Working

4 R 105 2HP condura 1 2,760 5 55,200 Working

5 R 106 2.06KW Natl 1 2,060 24 197,760 Working




9 R114 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 26 287,040 Defective


11 XRD 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

12 NASS 1318W Con 1 1,328 40 212,480 Working

13 NASS 2HP Natl 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

14 NASS 3.146KW Carr 1 3,146 168 2,114,112 Working

15 NASS 3.146KW Carr 1 3,146 40 503,360 Working

16 CFSS 3TON Koppel 1 10,540 40 1,686,400 Working


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Table 3.8 Air Conditioning at the 3rd

floor.

Location Specs Qty Load Hrs/wk W/month Remarks

1 R313 2HP 1 2,760 15 165,600 Working

2 R318 2HP 1 2,760 46 126,960 Working

3 MET 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

4 ME 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

5 CE 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

6 CS 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working

7 AVR 2HP 2 2,760 20 441,600 Working

8 CA LAB 2HP 1 2,760 12 132,480 Working

9 IR 2HP 1 2,760 12 132,480 Working

10 MRD 2HP 2 2,760 12 264,960 Working

3,030,480

Table 3.9 Sizing of the library

Location Power Qty Total Area (m2) Required Total btu/h

Library 2 HP 3 6 HP 84 18,000Btu/hr

(occupants) 30 500 84 15,000Btu/hr 33,000


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How to replace an air conditioner air filter?

This task involves removing the old air filter and replacing it with a new one (or

washing the old filter, depending on the manufacturer's directions). The filter is typically

rectangular in shape, about 20 inches by 16 inches, and about 1 inch thick. It slides into

the main ductwork (near the inside fan unit) to help take dust, pollen, etc. out of the air

that circulates in home or building. Ensure that the filters are placed in the correct

direction of air flow.

Why is it important to replace air conditioner's air filter?

There are two reasons for replacing this air filter:

As a filter gets dirty over time, it begins to clog with dust, pollen, etc. A dirty

filter means the fan motor of the air conditioner has to work harder to move air through it,

which means it has to consume more energy, and is therefore more expensive to operate.

The filter helps to clean the circulating air, which makes room cleaning easier and

less frequent, helps improve home health air quality, and helps to provide relief to allergy

sufferers.

Maintenance Task #2: Clean water drain

How to clean air conditioner's water drain?

When an air conditioner cools the temperature of the air, water condenses out ofthe air (similar to the way water condenses on the outside of a cold drinking glass

on a hot day) Most central air conditioning units have a condensate drain to


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pushed to the outside (which is why the fan blowing air above the unit feels warm).

Inside of the box are coils of pipe that are surrounded by thousands of thin metal "fins".

These fins give the coils more surface area for exchanging heat.

Cleaning the outside condenser unit involves four activities. Before doing any of

these activities, be absolutely sure to shut off power to the unit and consult the manual

regarding discharging the capacitor and proper maintenance procedures for air

conditioning unit. Above all, seek professional maintenance help.

1. Remove leaves, debris, spider webs, etc. from the outside of the unit. Be careful

to push debris away from the fins, not pushing debris into the fins.

2. Remove leaves, debris, etc. from the inside of the unit (after ensuring that power

is shut off to the unit). After removing the cover grille, a garden hose can be used

to spray the coils from the inside of the unit.

3. If any of the fins are bent, use a special tool called a "fin comb" to straighten and

clean them.

4. The motor which drives the fan typically has ports which allow lubricating oil to

be added (check manual).

Why it is important to clean air conditioner's outside condenser unit?

The purpose of this maintenance task is to help maintain the energy efficiency of thecondenser unit. A dirty unit is less efficient at doing its job, which means that air

conditioning unit has to work harder which causes it to consume more energy and


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How to close (and open) system's air distribution registers?

Air distribution registers are the duct openings on walls, floors or ceiling where the

cold air conditioning air comes out. These registers typically have a lever or wheel that

allows the register to be opened and closed.

Make sure the registers are not blocked by furniture, carpeting, or drapes.

Why is it important to close (and open) system's air distribution registers?

Closing these registers keeps warm air from being lost by back-flowing through

these vents in the winter. It also keeps dust, pests, etc. from accumulating in the ducts

when they are not in use.

Maintenance Task #6: Air duct cleaning

How to clean air conditioning system's air ducts?

A professional service company typically uses specialized tools to dislodge dirt and

debris in the ducts and then removes it with a high-powered vacuum cleaner. In addition,

the service provider may also have treatments for killing microbiological contaminants.

Why is it important to clean your air conditioning system's air ducts?

Leaving moisture, dust, pollen, etc. in your ductwork can create a breeding ground

for molds and spores which affects health. Cleaning the ductwork removes these

contaminants and also increases the air flow efficiency of ductwork which can saveenergy.

3 4 Lights


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Figure 3.9

Refer to Figure 3.9:

HALLWAY LENGTH: 63m

WIDTH: 2.5m

room cavity height(hrc) = 4.86m

ceiling cavity height(hcc) = 0.14m

floor cavity height(hfc) = 0m

Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) 11.105

WLxW

hrcxL

Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) 29.05 WLxW

hccxL

5hfcxL


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Table 3.12 First floor color reflectances

CODE WALL PAINT % R

CEILIN

G

%

R FLOOR % R101 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

102 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20





108 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20110 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

111 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

111 C,D Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

112 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

114 A,B,C Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20


XRD Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

CR FEMALE Light Pink 63 L-pink 80 White 80CR MALE Light Blue 63 L-blue 80 White 80

HALLWAY Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

CC OFFICE Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

LOBBY Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

NASS Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

CFSS Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

101 A,B CR White 80 White 80 White 80111 C,D CR White 80 White 80 White 80

OUTSIDE CC Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

HALLWAY Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20


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CL L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

Dean L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

Hallway L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20CR F L- Pink 63 L-Pink 63 White 80

CR M L-Blue 63 L-Blue 63 White 80

SA L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

Hallway L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

AR L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

EECE CR White 80 White 80 White 80

Deans CR White 80 White 80 White 80

Outsidestairs

L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

SA L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20

Table 3.14 Third floor color reflectances

Color Reflectances% R Ceiling %R Floor % R

Code Wall

303 L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80308 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80

310 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80




318 L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80

MET/CER/CHE L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80ME L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80

CE L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80

AVR L Green 63 White 80 Dark 80


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Two

T-12

Reflectances

Ceiling

cavity80% 50% 10% 0%

Walls 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 0%

RCR Coefficients of utilization

1 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.64

2 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.70 0.65 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.54

3 0.68 0.61 0.56 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46

4 0.60 0.52 0.47 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.48 0.44 0.41 0.39

5 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.48 0.42 0.37 0.43 0.38 0.35 0.33

6 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.43 0.37 0.32 0.38 0.34 0.30 0.28

7 0.42 0.34 0.29 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.30 0.26 0.24

8 0.37 0.30 0.25 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.26 0.22 0.21

9 0.33 0.26 0.21 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.18

10 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.15

2nd Floor Hallway:

Wall reflectance (Light Green) = 63%


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Table 3.16. Effective Ceiling Reflectances

The entries surrounding the given values are:

Base Reflectance 80%

Wall Reflectance 70% 50%Cavity Ratio=0.2 78 77

Cavity Ratio=0.4 76 74


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When the effective ceiling reflectance is known, it is possible to determine the

coefficient of utilization from a specific manufacturers table such as shown in Table

3.16.

Base Reflectance 80%

Wall Reflectance 70% 50%



Base reflectance 80%

Wall Reflectance 63%

CR = 0.2 77.65

CR = 0.4 75.3

Refer to Table 3.16 Coefficient of Utilization

Ceiling Cavity 80% 50%

wall 50% 30% 50% 30%

RCR Coefficient of Utilization

9 0.33 0.26 0.31 0.25

10 0.30 0.23 0.28 0.22

10.11

The first interpolation is taken to obtain values for ceiling cavity of 76.5925%

For RCR = 9


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3425.0,2289.02978.0

2288.0

3050

3063

y

y

Ceiling Cavity 76.5925

wall 63% 50% 30%

RCR = 9 x 0.3277 0.2588

RCR = 10 y 0.2977 0.2288

RCR = 10.11

Ceiling Cavity 76.65%

RCR Coefficient of Utilization

9 0.3725

10 0.3425

10.11 x

The extrapolation is taken to obtain the coefficient of utilization

3725.03425.0

3725.0

910

911.10

x

RCR = 10.11, CU = 0.3392

Determining the Number of Luminaires

The coefficient of utilization is applied to a system of luminaires to determine the

illumination level at the work plane. The net flux from each luminaire is multiplied by the

coefficient of utilization and by the number of luminaires to find the total luminous flux


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Table 3.17. Suggested Illumination Levels

Illumination (k) application

3 For all emergency lighting10

For stairways, corridors, and hallways with casual luse, andfor storage areas of bulk items

20

For service area stairways and corridors, elevators, and

areas involving non-precision work for short periods of

time.

30For stock areas and areas involving casual machining,

occasional reaing and rough assembly.

50For general office background and for areas involving

sortin, ordinary inspection, sustained non-precision

machining, and reading over longer periods of time.

100For areas involving medium difficulty assembly,

inspection, and machining

200For areas involving precision assembly, inspection, and

machining

500

For areas such as an operating room where extremely fine

detail work is required

The net of the luminaire is determined only after taking into account a number of

light loss factors such as the lamp lumen depreciation factor and luminaire dirt

depreciation factors. Fluorescent and other discharge lamps, the initial lumen output is

determined after 100 hours of operation, and the lamp lumen depreciation factor is

determined after 70 percent of the life expectancy has elapsed. In addition to these losses,

several other factors must considered.


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Table 3.18 fluorescent (cool white, two lamps per luminaries)

type

Wattage per lamp

Rated life

(hrs)

Initial

lumens

Light lumen

depreciation

(LLD)

lamp ballast

48 lamps

F40T12

Rapid start 40.0 6.0 20,000 3,150 0.54

F48T12

Slimline 38.5 4.0 9,000 3,000 0.80

High output 60.0 12.5 12,000 4,200 0.80

Super high ouput 110.0 15.0 12,000 6,900 0.79

96 lamps

F96T12

Slimline 75.0 12.5 12,000 6,300 0.90

High output 100.0 22.5 12,000 9,000 0.86

Super high ouput 215.0 15.0 12,000 15,500 0.80

Professional Publication. Belmont, CA

Measured Voltage Output during audit:

V1 = 220V V2 = 216V


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Table 3.19 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factors (LDD)

environment enclosed open

fluorescent clean medium dirty Clean medium dirtyCleaned every year 0.88 0.83 0.77 0.94 0.90 0.84

Cleaned every 2years

0.83 0.77 0.71 0.89 0.85 0.78


0.80 0.74 0.66 0.87 0.80 0.74

HID

Cleaned every year 0.88 0.83 0.77 0.90 0.87 0.86


0.83 0.77 0.71 0.84 0.80 0.75

Cleaned every 3

years

0.80 0.74 0.66 0.79 0.74 0.68

Where: MMIminmum maintained illumination

LLFLight Loss Factor

CUCoefficient of Utilization

Initial flux in lumen for 40WT12 Fluorescent lamp (refer to Table 3.18)

# of Lumenaire = 10fc x 1,695.29 sq.ft.

( 2 lamps/lumenaire) x (3,150) x 0.6892 x 0.3392

= 11.51 luminaires = 11.51 lumenaires x 2lamps/lumenaire = 23 lamps

The standard number of lamps in 2nd

hallway should be 23 40W-T12 rapid start

fluorescent lamps. During the load audit, the installed number of lamps in 2nd

floor


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CHAPTER 4.0

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1 Computers & office equipment.

The results of the evaluation of practices and actual investigation of electrical

consumption for appliances used in the College of engineering instigate the following

propositions which focus on computers, monitors and printers, as these are the ones with

significant effect in the consumption of electricity in the College:

1. Computers should be set to Low Power mode when not in use.

2. Monitors should have provisions on fixed time to turn into standby or sleep mode

when not actively used.

3. Avoid use of screen saver on monitors, they still activate current flow.

4. LCD monitors should be preferred over the currently used CRTs when life span of

the former calls for replacement.

5. Offices with quite a number of printers should opt for centralization into one printer

to avoid losses of electricity at times when all printers are turned on and nobody uses

them.6. Use of AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) is better than constant plugging on and

off the socket


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Lastly, an attainable projection of Php 17,000.00 savings in Electric consumption

can be achieved in saving 1 hour per day of each unit of computer, monitor and printer

available and at working condition.

4.2 Air Conditioning Units

In order to save energy, Annual Air Conditioner Maintenance is highly

recommended as well as building maintenance to prevent air infiltration and solar

radiation from penetrating inside the air conditioned room. Old air conditioning unit with

low EER should be replace, because low EER means more energy consumption.

4.2.1 Indoor Maintenance

Check air filters at least once a month.

Replacing or cleaning your air filters is the most important maintenance task to help

ensure the efficiency of your air conditioner. Most Air conditioning units have disposable

filters, which should be checked every month and replaced when necessary with the same

size filter. Filters may need more frequent changing if the air conditioner is in constant

use, is subjected to dusty conditions or if you have pets in the house.

Clogged, dirty filters block normal airflow and can significantly reduce a system s

efficiency and capacity. With normal airflow obstructed, air that bypasses the filter may

carry dirt directly into the evaporator coil and impair the coils heat-absorbing capacity.Permanent filters should be cleaned according to the manufacturers instructions.

4 2 2 Outdoor Maintenance


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Maintenance Task #1: Replace or wash air filter

Why is it important to replace air conditioners air filter?

There are two reasons for replacing this air filter:

As a filter gets dirty over time, it begins to clog with dust, pollen, etc. A dirty

filter means the fan motor of the air conditioner has to work harder to move air through it,

which means it has to consume more energy, and is therefore more expensive to operate.

The filter helps to clean the circulating air, which makes room cleaning easier and

less frequent, helps improve home health air quality, and helps to provide relief to allergy

sufferers.

Maintenance Task #2: Clean water drain

Why is it important to clean air conditioners water drain?

If the lines or drain becomes blocked or develops leaks, the result could be water

spilling out around the air conditioning unit, which can cause safety hazards and/or water

damage.

Maintenance Task #3: Clean outside condenser unit

Why it is important to clean air conditioners outside condenser unit?

The purpose of this maintenance task is to help maintain the energy efficiency of the

condenser unit. A dirty unit is less efficient at doing its job, which means that airconditioning unit has to work harder, which causes it to consume more energy, and

shortens its service life


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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Bercero, MN., Tedor JS., Electrical System Design and Evaluation 2008, MSU-IIT

Iligan City.

Arora, CP, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2nd

edition, Intl 2002 McGraw-Hill

Philippine Electrical Code, 2008

School Operations and Maintenance: Best Practices for Controlling Energy Costs

Prepared by: Princeton Energy Resources International, 1700 Rockville Pike Suite

550 Rockville, MD 20852

Internet sources;

1) Alliance to Save Energy:http://www.ase.org

2) Energy Star Program:http://www.energystar.gov

3) U.S. Department of Energy, EnergySmart Schools Website and Preventive

Maintenance Checklist:http://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asp

Energy Audit Manual, New Zealand June 2007
http://www.ase.org/http://www.ase.org/http://www.ase.org/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.energystar.gov/http://www.ase.org/


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Part II

Rate your energy saving awareness

satisfactory

good

very good

Please check all applicable activity.

A. For computers assigned to one person only:

turn on my computer only when I use it

I turn off computer during break timeI use screen saver

I plug off the socket before going home

I turn off AVR (auto voltage regulator) before going

home

B. For computers assigned to two or more persons:

we assign particular person to turn on and off ourcomputer


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APPENDIX B:

ROOM ASSIGNMENTS

1st FLOOR ROOM ASSIGNMENTSRoom No. Description

101 A,B ME INSTRUMENTATION LAB

102 HYDRAULICS AND FLUID MECHANICS LAB

103 COE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION OFFICE

104 ME TOOL ROOM

105 ME WORKSHOP

106 FLUID MACHINERIES LAB

108A SURVEYING LAB

108B CE WALK-IN COMPUTING LAB

110 A,B MATERIAL TESTING LAB

107 COMPUTER CENTER111A STOCK ROOM

111B CHE LAB

111C EXTRACTIVE/MINERAL PROCESSING LAB

112 A,B SOIL MECHANICS LAB

114 A,B CERAMICS ENGINEERING LAB 1

116 CERAMICS ENGINEERING LAB 2

118 XRD

120 ENERGY CONVERSION LAB

109 ICT LEARNING CENTER

2nd FLOOR ROOM ASSIGNMENTSRoom No. Description

201 EE/ECE/EC FACULTY ROOM

203B EE COMPUTING LAB

204 EE/ECE/EC LAB EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE ROOM

205 COMMUNICATION LAB

206 A,B,C EE/ECE/EC CIRCUIT LAB

208 C LIBRARY

209 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

210 C COMPUTER LABORATORY

211 A INSTRUMENTATION AND ROBOTICS CONTROL LAB

213 ACCREDITATION ROOM207 DEANS OFFICE


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chapter 1 1.1 general introduction energy expenditures pose an annual

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