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To quantify the expected energy savings, these group selected potential
envelope, lighting, Air Condition Units, Laboratory equipments, Computers and
other office equipment and appliances. It estimates that about 49% of the energy
cost is related to air conditioning and about 37% is related to Computers and its
accessories. The rapidly accelerating use of the Internet affects electricity use by
computers in schools and offices, as does the infrastructure supporting the Internet
(servers, routers, switches, hubs, access devices, etc.).
There are two ways to manage energy costs: 1) cost - based or budget-
based management, where you obtain lower rates, reduce budgets, etc.; and 2)
usage-based management, where you manage actual consumption by improving
efficiency or improving control (Princeton Energy Resources Intl). This report is
focus on usage-based management.
Offices evolved from simple to more sophisticated type. This evolution has
been based on humans comfort grabbing greedily energy in any form to satiate
consumers demand. Statistics show that energy consumption tremendously
increased through the years showing trends side by side with the increase in
population. Appliances also evolve into ones, which consume less energy, yet
degradation and depletion of its resources come to a grim conclusion, a concern
every part of the world is apprehended about.
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electrical energy. Finance is indispensable in realization of conceptualized
methods in attaining optimum usage of electrical energy. Indeed, rectification
and reformation of incorrect plan and installation, and reestablishment accurate
principles to flawed concepts of appliance and equipment usage would really
incur inevitable monetary expense.
Among office appliances, computers have been helping huge works of
employees into fast, orderly and easier way. This huge work entails huge amount
of energy because computers depend on electrical energy to operate. Computer
evolution however produces latest computers to have features on energy savings,
which many users are uneducated about. Consequently, the unawareness and
ignorance of users tantamount to energy wastage could be remedied by education
and periodic proper monitoring of actual usage by the management.
1.2 The Need for Energy Management Programs
Research studies estimate that nearly one third of the energy consumed in the
U.S. school is wasted (Alliance to Save Energy). The most energy-inefficient
schools use almost four times as much energy per square meter as the most
energy-efficient schools. If schools can reduce the amount of wasted energy, they
can redirect that money toward their primary mission: education.
The next few chapters outline an approach to developing and implementing
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Define responsibilities and budget allocations for energy management;
(Minimal cost for implementing the program by integrating the function of
EMP committee to the existing staff)
1.4 Scope and limitations
This program is limited to management of electricity as an energy source.
Area is limited to COE bldg of MSU-IIT.
Policies
Practices
Planning activities
Responsibilities
Implementation is not included in this study.
This report contains the methodology, load audit, results, findings, and
recommendations of the study.
1.5 Definition of Terms
Energy Management Programme - All activities of the organizations
overall management functions that contribute to the achievement of objectives
and targets of the Energy Policy (Energy Audit Manual New Zealand).
Energy Audit - A programme to achieve and sustain efficient and effective
use of energy including policies practices planning activities responsibilities and
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Light is an electromagnetic phenomenon dealing with the radiation,
refraction, transmission, and absorption of electromagnetic waves
Luminous Intensityis the basic standard quantity of the light. The unit of
luminous intensity is the candela (cd).
Luminous flux defined as one lumen (Lm) when a point source of one
candle illuminates one squarefoot, or footcandles.
CUCoefficient of Utilization deals with the fraction of the available light
reaching the surface.
LDDLuminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor depends on the environment and
frequency of cleaning.
LLDLamp Lumen Depreciation Factor indicates deprecation from aging.
MMI Minimum Maintained Illumination Level will depend on the
cleanness of a lumenaires environment and on how often the luminaire is
cleaned.
LLD Lamp Lumen Depreciation Factor is a multiplier used with initial
lamp lumens to determine the lamp output depreciation due to aging.
Glare The greater the brightness of the light source, the greater the
discomfort, interference with vision, and eye fatigue.
Brightness Ratios Adjacent surfaces with great contrasts in reflectance can
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particular facility under the administrative and financial provisions of each
particular company/firms management.
Stimulated by the results of the studies read, a parallel study was
conceptualized to cover the College of Engineering (COE) building, Mindanao
State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte.
The ES 218 (Energy Conservation) Master of Engineering students under
Feliciano Alagao, Ph.D., shall initiate enlisting and gathering of data relating to
electrical energy usage and conservation, and to come up with recommendations
to uphold energy savings in the COE.
The main entities to probe on to are the air conditioning units, equipments
and appliances, and lightings. Some studies show significant savings in these
areas of electricity consumption which in turn is applicable in the COE electrical
consumption and users attitude towards using it. The whole point of Energy
audits made in the different establishments that would be applied in the study are
the assessment of the best practice to come up to a significant savings which
maximizes electrical consumption, categorize activities which are helpful in the
saving endeavors, assertion of practices that should be thwarted, and equipment or
materials that needs to be progressed to enhance prospective effect and
application in offices, rooms, library, laboratories, corridors and hallways.
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CHAPTER 3.0
3.1 ENERGY AUDIT OF COE
The Total Power consumption for air conditioning units and the computers
with its accessories of the COE building come up to 21,262 Kw-hrs/month, which
is about 85% of the total energy consumption of the entire building. In fact the
highest energy consuming sector as shown in figure 3.1 and it is the spotlight of
Energy Management Program.
Distribution of Energy Use
Lighting
8%Computers.
36%
ACU
49%
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3.2 Computers, Monitors and Printers
Computers, monitors and printers electricity consumption are determined by
their energy requirement and how they are manipulated. In a set comprises of
computer, monitor and printer, it was found out that on average, the current drawn
by computers reaches to 42%, monitors at 48% and printers at 10% when they are
turned on or in active mode as found out from the evaluation of 20 computers
randomly sampled from the offices of College of Engineering .
On the other hand, evaluation shows that at standby mode, monitors draw
electric current at 6% while computers at 94%. Printers were either turned on or
off so they are not included in this mode as they do not have such features.
Table 3.1 Appliance at Active ModeCurrent in Amperes
Sample Computer Monitor Printer Total
1 0.30 0.38 0.0050 0.68
2 0.25 0.34 - 0.59
3 0.13 0.35 0.1000 0.37
4 0.11 0.37 0.0500 0.28
5 0.40 0.31 - 0.71
6 0.28 0.33 - 0.61
7 0.30 0.34 - 0.64
8 0.30 0.35 0.1000 0.75
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Figure 3.2 Current Distribution by Mode
LCD monitors taken for sample are the newly acquired ones located at the
computer services ground floor of COE building. Comparison on wattage per
hour is presented to see the significant difference of electricity consumption based
0.305
0.341
0.072
0.1440.010-
-
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
Electric
Current (Amp)
Appliance Mode
Current Distribution
Printer 0.072 -
Monitor 0.341 0.010
Computer 0.305 0.144
Active Low
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Table 3.3 Current Drawn by Monitor Type
Current in Amperes
Mode
ActiveLow
ActiveLow Difference
Power Power
Sample CRT LCD CRT LCD
1 0.38 0.01 - - 0.38 -
2 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -
3 - - 0.14 0.01 - 0.13
4 - - 0.12 0.00 - 0.12
5 0.31 0.01 - - 0.31 -
6 0.33 0.01 - - 0.33 -
7 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -
8 0.35 0.01 - - 0.35 -9 0.35 0.01 - - 0.35 -
10 0.35 0.01 - - 0.35 -
11 0.33 0.01 - - 0.33 -
12 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -
13 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -
14 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -15 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -
16 0.34 0.01 - - 0.34 -
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FIGURE 3.3 Electric Current Drawn by Monitor
screen saver mode. However, LCD monitors could save PhP 0.14 per kw-hr of
electricity use if he does the same usage behavior.
It should be noted that switching to LCD monitor from CRT almost does thesame amount of savings compare to using CRT monitor and turning it off when
not in use. However, it is clear from the data that when CRT monitors are in
0.3400
0.0927
0.13000.0038
-
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
Electric
Current (Amp)
Monitor Type
Electric Current Drawn by Monitor
Low 0.0927 0.0038
Active 0.3400 0.1300
CRT LCD
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Table 3.5 Savings from Printer
Savings per Hour
Turned On when Off
Sample Printer (PhP)
1 0.01 0.00550
2 - -
3 0.10 0.11000
4 0.05 0.05500
5 - -6 - -
7 - -
8 0.10 0.11000
9 - -
10 - -
11 - -
12 0.10 0.11000
13 - -14 - -
15 0.10 0.11000
16 - -
17 - -
18 0.05 0.05500
19 - -
20 - -Total 0.51 0.5555
Average 0.07 0.0794
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The data shows that each user has the opportunity to be a part of the energy saving
effort of the college. However, many do not know the saving features of their computers.
Many still use screen saver for idle times which as previously mentioned still uses
electricity.
Overall, awareness and education of appliance users is still the primary matter to
start the realization of energy savings. The College of Engineering might not have the
most efficient appliance available at this time but energy saving is not far from putting
into reality the greater savings in terms of monetary value which can be achieved if
everyone is doing their share of energy saving.
Survey Results
Part 1
On average, how many hours do you use the computer assigned to you?
2 6 6 124 0 8 2
I use password
Yes 12
No 8
Do you know some energy saving feature of your computer?
No 4
Yes ( Please list some)16 Turn off during lunch time
4screensa er
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Part II
Rate your energy savingawareness
satisfactory 8
good 12
very good 0
Please check all applicable
activity.
A. For computers assigned to one person only:
12 turn on my computer only when I use it
15 I turn off computer during break time
9 I use screen saver
16 I plug off the socket before going home
20 I turn off AVR (auto voltage regulator) before going home
B. For computers assigned to two or more persons:
14 we assign particular person to turn on and off our computer
6 turn on the computer and leave it open for others who will use it later
0 we have common password
3 3 AIR CONDITIONING
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highly efficient air conditioner may mean more cost up front, a consumer will save even
more in the long term with reduced monthly energy costs.
Most people think that air conditioners lower the temperature in their homes simply
by pumping cool air in. What's really happening is the warm air from your house is being
removed and cycled back in as cooler air. This cycle continues until your thermostat
reaches the desired temperature.
An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the
evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon
evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the
Merriam-Webster dictionary, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various
nonflammable fluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."
This is how the evaporation cycle in an air conditioner works.
1. The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot, high-
pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).
2. This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it
condenses into a liquid.
3. The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates
to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).
4. This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool
down the air inside the building
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Mixed in with the Freon is a small amount of lightweight oil. This oil lubricates the
compressor. Air conditioners help clean your home's air as well. Most indoor units have
filters that catch dust, pollen, mold spores and other allergens as well as smoke and
everyday dirt found in the air. Most air conditioners also function as dehumidifiers. They
take excess water from the air and use it to help cool the unit before getting rid of the
water through a hose to the outside. Other units use the condensed moisture to improve
efficiency by routing the cooled water back into the system to be reused. So this is the
general concept involved in air conditioning. In the next section, we'll take a look at
window and split-system units.
3.3.2 Window and Split-system AC Units
A window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a small
space. The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. You close
the window down on the unit, plug it in and turn it on to get cool air. If you take the cover
off of an unplugged window unit, you'll find that it contains:
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A compressor
An expansion valve
A hot coil (on the outside)
A chilled coil (on the inside)
Two fans
A control unit
The fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the
outside air) and cold (to the room being cooled).
When you get into larger air-conditioning applications, its time to start looking at
split-system units. A split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of
the system, like this:
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The cold side, consisting of the expansion valve and the cold coil, is generally placed
into a furnace or some other air handler. The air handler blows air through the coil and
routes the air throughout the building using a series of ducts. The hot side, known as the
condensing unit, lives outside the building.
The unit consists of a long, spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the coil is a fan,
to blow air through the coil, along with a weather-resistant compressor and some control
logic. This approach has evolved over the years because it's low-cost, and also because it
normally results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of increased noise
outside the house). Other than the fact that the hot and cold sides are split apart and the
capacity is higher (making the coils and compressor larger), there's no difference between
a split-system and a window air conditioner.
In warehouses, large business offices, malls, big department stores and other sizeable
buildings, the condensing unit normally lives on the roof and can be quite massive.
Alternatively, there may be many smaller units on the roof, each attached inside to a
small air handler that cools a specific zone in the building.
In larger buildings and particularly in multi-story buildings, the split-system
approach begins to run into problems. Either running the pipe between the condenser and
the air handler exceeds distance limitations (runs that are too long start to cause
lubrication difficulties in the compressor), or the amount of duct work and the length of
ducts becomes unmanageable At this point it's time to think about a chilled-water
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The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its
wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is
8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as
possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.
Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of
8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes 1,000 watts.
Let's also say that the price difference is Php 2,000. To understand what the payback
period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know approximately how many hours
per year you will be operating the unit and How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in
your area. Let's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a
year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in
your area is Php 7.50/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units
is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1
additional kWh (and Php 7.50 therefore more) than the more expensive unit.
Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you're
operating the air conditioner:
4 mo. x 30 days/mo. x 6 hr/day = 720 hours
[(720 hrs x 200 watts) / (1000 watts/kW)] x Php 7.50/kWh = 1,080.00 Php
The more expensive unit costs Php 2,000 more, which means that it will take about
eight months for the more expensive unit to break even
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3.3.4.2 INTERNAL HEAT GAINS
The sensible and latent heat gains due to occupants, lights, appliances, machines,
etc., within the conditional space, form the components of the internal heat gains.
3.3.4.3 OCCUPANCY LOAD
The occupants in a conditioned space give out heat at a metabolic rate that more or
less depends on their rate of working. The relative proportions of the sensible and latent
heats given out, however, depend on the ambient dry bulb temperature. The lower the dry
bulb temperature, the greater the heat given out as sensible heat.
3.3.4.4 LIGHTING LOAD
Electric lights generate sensible head equal to the amount of the electric power
consumed. Most of the energy is liberated as heat, and the rest as light which also
eventually becomes heat after multiple reflections.
Lighting manufacturers give some guidance as to the requirement of power for
different fittings to produce varying standards of illumination. In connection with
fluorescent tubes, it may be stated that the electric power absorbed at the fitting is about
25 percent more than necessary to produce the required lighting. Thus a 40 W tube will
need 50 W at the fitting. The excess of 10W is liberated at the control gear of the fitting.
3.3.4.5 APPLIANCE LOAD
Most appliances contribute both sensible and latent heats. The latent heat produced
depends on the function the appliances perform such as drying cooking etc Gas
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3.3.5 How to achieve Energy Savings
High-energy costs are not "fixed" and can be reduced by 5% to 20% by
effectively managing, maintaining, and operating school physical plants,
regardless of school age.
Substantial energy savings can be achieved from improved O&M practices
without significant capital investments
The biggest challenges to obtaining school cost savings are not technical. Active
and continuing support by senior administrators, as well as staff training and
motivation, is critical to the success of energy-efficient management efforts.
A number of external sources of support are often available to assist schools to
enhanced O&M efforts (invite speakers from equipment suppliers in energy
conservation).
Post turn-off signs in all air conditioned rooms.
Proper Energy behavior of the occupants
Periodic check-up, cleaning of filters, evaporator & condenser coils.
Minimize infiltration by repairing the broken windows.
Schedule of classes at the computer rooms should be sequence and eliminate free
time, free time still consume energy.
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Table 3.6 Air Conditioning at the ground floor
Location Specs Qty Load Hrs/wk W/month Remarks
1 R101 2HP CARRIER 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
2 R 102 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 26 281,520 Working
3 R103 2HP Natl 1 2,760 3 8,280 Working
4 R 105 2HP condura 1 2,760 5 55,200 Working
5 R 106 2.06KW Natl 1 2,060 24 197,760 Working
6 R 108 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
7 R 110 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 3 33,120 Working
8 R 112 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 3 33,120 Working
9 R114 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 26 287,040 Defective
10 R 120 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 39 430,560 Working
11 XRD 2HP Carrier 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
12 NASS 1318W Con 1 1,328 40 212,480 Working
13 NASS 2HP Natl 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
14 NASS 3.146KW Carr 1 3,146 168 2,114,112 Working
15 NASS 3.146KW Carr 1 3,146 40 503,360 Working
16 CFSS 3TON Koppel 1 10,540 40 1,686,400 Working
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Table 3.8 Air Conditioning at the 3rd
floor.
Location Specs Qty Load Hrs/wk W/month Remarks
1 R313 2HP 1 2,760 15 165,600 Working
2 R318 2HP 1 2,760 46 126,960 Working
3 MET 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
4 ME 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
5 CE 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
6 CS 2HP 1 2,760 40 441,600 Working
7 AVR 2HP 2 2,760 20 441,600 Working
8 CA LAB 2HP 1 2,760 12 132,480 Working
9 IR 2HP 1 2,760 12 132,480 Working
10 MRD 2HP 2 2,760 12 264,960 Working
3,030,480
Table 3.9 Sizing of the library
Location Power Qty Total Area (m2) Required Total btu/h
Library 2 HP 3 6 HP 84 18,000Btu/hr
(occupants) 30 500 84 15,000Btu/hr 33,000
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How to replace an air conditioner air filter?
This task involves removing the old air filter and replacing it with a new one (or
washing the old filter, depending on the manufacturer's directions). The filter is typically
rectangular in shape, about 20 inches by 16 inches, and about 1 inch thick. It slides into
the main ductwork (near the inside fan unit) to help take dust, pollen, etc. out of the air
that circulates in home or building. Ensure that the filters are placed in the correct
direction of air flow.
Why is it important to replace air conditioner's air filter?
There are two reasons for replacing this air filter:
As a filter gets dirty over time, it begins to clog with dust, pollen, etc. A dirty
filter means the fan motor of the air conditioner has to work harder to move air through it,
which means it has to consume more energy, and is therefore more expensive to operate.
The filter helps to clean the circulating air, which makes room cleaning easier and
less frequent, helps improve home health air quality, and helps to provide relief to allergy
sufferers.
Maintenance Task #2: Clean water drain
How to clean air conditioner's water drain?
When an air conditioner cools the temperature of the air, water condenses out ofthe air (similar to the way water condenses on the outside of a cold drinking glass
on a hot day) Most central air conditioning units have a condensate drain to
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pushed to the outside (which is why the fan blowing air above the unit feels warm).
Inside of the box are coils of pipe that are surrounded by thousands of thin metal "fins".
These fins give the coils more surface area for exchanging heat.
Cleaning the outside condenser unit involves four activities. Before doing any of
these activities, be absolutely sure to shut off power to the unit and consult the manual
regarding discharging the capacitor and proper maintenance procedures for air
conditioning unit. Above all, seek professional maintenance help.
1. Remove leaves, debris, spider webs, etc. from the outside of the unit. Be careful
to push debris away from the fins, not pushing debris into the fins.
2. Remove leaves, debris, etc. from the inside of the unit (after ensuring that power
is shut off to the unit). After removing the cover grille, a garden hose can be used
to spray the coils from the inside of the unit.
3. If any of the fins are bent, use a special tool called a "fin comb" to straighten and
clean them.
4. The motor which drives the fan typically has ports which allow lubricating oil to
be added (check manual).
Why it is important to clean air conditioner's outside condenser unit?
The purpose of this maintenance task is to help maintain the energy efficiency of thecondenser unit. A dirty unit is less efficient at doing its job, which means that air
conditioning unit has to work harder which causes it to consume more energy and
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How to close (and open) system's air distribution registers?
Air distribution registers are the duct openings on walls, floors or ceiling where the
cold air conditioning air comes out. These registers typically have a lever or wheel that
allows the register to be opened and closed.
Make sure the registers are not blocked by furniture, carpeting, or drapes.
Why is it important to close (and open) system's air distribution registers?
Closing these registers keeps warm air from being lost by back-flowing through
these vents in the winter. It also keeps dust, pests, etc. from accumulating in the ducts
when they are not in use.
Maintenance Task #6: Air duct cleaning
How to clean air conditioning system's air ducts?
A professional service company typically uses specialized tools to dislodge dirt and
debris in the ducts and then removes it with a high-powered vacuum cleaner. In addition,
the service provider may also have treatments for killing microbiological contaminants.
Why is it important to clean your air conditioning system's air ducts?
Leaving moisture, dust, pollen, etc. in your ductwork can create a breeding ground
for molds and spores which affects health. Cleaning the ductwork removes these
contaminants and also increases the air flow efficiency of ductwork which can saveenergy.
3 4 Lights
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Figure 3.9
Refer to Figure 3.9:
HALLWAY LENGTH: 63m
WIDTH: 2.5m
room cavity height(hrc) = 4.86m
ceiling cavity height(hcc) = 0.14m
floor cavity height(hfc) = 0m
Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) 11.105
WLxW
hrcxL
Ceiling Cavity Ratio (CCR) 29.05 WLxW
hccxL
5hfcxL
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Table 3.12 First floor color reflectances
CODE WALL PAINT % R
CEILIN
G
%
R FLOOR % R101 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
102 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
103 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
104 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
105 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
106 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
108 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20110 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
111 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
111 C,D Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
112 A,B Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
114 A,B,C Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
120 Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
XRD Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
CR FEMALE Light Pink 63 L-pink 80 White 80CR MALE Light Blue 63 L-blue 80 White 80
HALLWAY Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
CC OFFICE Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
LOBBY Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
NASS Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
CFSS Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
101 A,B CR White 80 White 80 White 80111 C,D CR White 80 White 80 White 80
OUTSIDE CC Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
HALLWAY Light Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
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CL L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
Dean L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
Hallway L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20CR F L- Pink 63 L-Pink 63 White 80
CR M L-Blue 63 L-Blue 63 White 80
SA L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
Hallway L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
AR L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
EECE CR White 80 White 80 White 80
Deans CR White 80 White 80 White 80
Outsidestairs
L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
SA L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 20
Table 3.14 Third floor color reflectances
Color Reflectances% R Ceiling %R Floor % R
Code Wall
303 L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80308 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
310 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
312 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
314 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
316 A,B L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
318 L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
MET/CER/CHE L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80ME L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
CE L-Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
AVR L Green 63 White 80 Dark 80
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Two
T-12
Reflectances
Ceiling
cavity80% 50% 10% 0%
Walls 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 0%
RCR Coefficients of utilization
1 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.74 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.64
2 0.77 0.71 0.66 0.70 0.65 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.54
3 0.68 0.61 0.56 0.61 0.56 0.52 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.46
4 0.60 0.52 0.47 0.54 0.49 0.44 0.48 0.44 0.41 0.39
5 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.48 0.42 0.37 0.43 0.38 0.35 0.33
6 0.47 0.39 0.34 0.43 0.37 0.32 0.38 0.34 0.30 0.28
7 0.42 0.34 0.29 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.30 0.26 0.24
8 0.37 0.30 0.25 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.26 0.22 0.21
9 0.33 0.26 0.21 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.31 0.23 0.19 0.18
10 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.15
2nd Floor Hallway:
Wall reflectance (Light Green) = 63%
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Table 3.16. Effective Ceiling Reflectances
The entries surrounding the given values are:
Base Reflectance 80%
Wall Reflectance 70% 50%Cavity Ratio=0.2 78 77
Cavity Ratio=0.4 76 74
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When the effective ceiling reflectance is known, it is possible to determine the
coefficient of utilization from a specific manufacturers table such as shown in Table
3.16.
Base Reflectance 80%
Wall Reflectance 70% 50%
Cavity Ratio=0.2 78 77
Cavity Ratio=0.4 76 74
Base reflectance 80%
Wall Reflectance 63%
CR = 0.2 77.65
CR = 0.4 75.3
Refer to Table 3.16 Coefficient of Utilization
Ceiling Cavity 80% 50%
wall 50% 30% 50% 30%
RCR Coefficient of Utilization
9 0.33 0.26 0.31 0.25
10 0.30 0.23 0.28 0.22
10.11
The first interpolation is taken to obtain values for ceiling cavity of 76.5925%
For RCR = 9
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3425.0,2289.02978.0
2288.0
3050
3063
y
y
Ceiling Cavity 76.5925
wall 63% 50% 30%
RCR = 9 x 0.3277 0.2588
RCR = 10 y 0.2977 0.2288
RCR = 10.11
Ceiling Cavity 76.65%
RCR Coefficient of Utilization
9 0.3725
10 0.3425
10.11 x
The extrapolation is taken to obtain the coefficient of utilization
3725.03425.0
3725.0
910
911.10
x
RCR = 10.11, CU = 0.3392
Determining the Number of Luminaires
The coefficient of utilization is applied to a system of luminaires to determine the
illumination level at the work plane. The net flux from each luminaire is multiplied by the
coefficient of utilization and by the number of luminaires to find the total luminous flux
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Table 3.17. Suggested Illumination Levels
Illumination (k) application
3 For all emergency lighting10
For stairways, corridors, and hallways with casual luse, andfor storage areas of bulk items
20
For service area stairways and corridors, elevators, and
areas involving non-precision work for short periods of
time.
30For stock areas and areas involving casual machining,
occasional reaing and rough assembly.
50For general office background and for areas involving
sortin, ordinary inspection, sustained non-precision
machining, and reading over longer periods of time.
100For areas involving medium difficulty assembly,
inspection, and machining
200For areas involving precision assembly, inspection, and
machining
500
For areas such as an operating room where extremely fine
detail work is required
The net of the luminaire is determined only after taking into account a number of
light loss factors such as the lamp lumen depreciation factor and luminaire dirt
depreciation factors. Fluorescent and other discharge lamps, the initial lumen output is
determined after 100 hours of operation, and the lamp lumen depreciation factor is
determined after 70 percent of the life expectancy has elapsed. In addition to these losses,
several other factors must considered.
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Table 3.18 fluorescent (cool white, two lamps per luminaries)
type
Wattage per lamp
Rated life
(hrs)
Initial
lumens
Light lumen
depreciation
(LLD)
lamp ballast
48 lamps
F40T12
Rapid start 40.0 6.0 20,000 3,150 0.54
F48T12
Slimline 38.5 4.0 9,000 3,000 0.80
High output 60.0 12.5 12,000 4,200 0.80
Super high ouput 110.0 15.0 12,000 6,900 0.79
96 lamps
F96T12
Slimline 75.0 12.5 12,000 6,300 0.90
High output 100.0 22.5 12,000 9,000 0.86
Super high ouput 215.0 15.0 12,000 15,500 0.80
Professional Publication. Belmont, CA
Measured Voltage Output during audit:
V1 = 220V V2 = 216V
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Table 3.19 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factors (LDD)
environment enclosed open
fluorescent clean medium dirty Clean medium dirtyCleaned every year 0.88 0.83 0.77 0.94 0.90 0.84
Cleaned every 2years
0.83 0.77 0.71 0.89 0.85 0.78
Cleaned every 3years
0.80 0.74 0.66 0.87 0.80 0.74
HID
Cleaned every year 0.88 0.83 0.77 0.90 0.87 0.86
Cleaned every 2years
0.83 0.77 0.71 0.84 0.80 0.75
Cleaned every 3
years
0.80 0.74 0.66 0.79 0.74 0.68
Where: MMIminmum maintained illumination
LLFLight Loss Factor
CUCoefficient of Utilization
Initial flux in lumen for 40WT12 Fluorescent lamp (refer to Table 3.18)
# of Lumenaire = 10fc x 1,695.29 sq.ft.
( 2 lamps/lumenaire) x (3,150) x 0.6892 x 0.3392
= 11.51 luminaires = 11.51 lumenaires x 2lamps/lumenaire = 23 lamps
The standard number of lamps in 2nd
hallway should be 23 40W-T12 rapid start
fluorescent lamps. During the load audit, the installed number of lamps in 2nd
floor
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CHAPTER 4.0
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Computers & office equipment.
The results of the evaluation of practices and actual investigation of electrical
consumption for appliances used in the College of engineering instigate the following
propositions which focus on computers, monitors and printers, as these are the ones with
significant effect in the consumption of electricity in the College:
1. Computers should be set to Low Power mode when not in use.
2. Monitors should have provisions on fixed time to turn into standby or sleep mode
when not actively used.
3. Avoid use of screen saver on monitors, they still activate current flow.
4. LCD monitors should be preferred over the currently used CRTs when life span of
the former calls for replacement.
5. Offices with quite a number of printers should opt for centralization into one printer
to avoid losses of electricity at times when all printers are turned on and nobody uses
them.6. Use of AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) is better than constant plugging on and
off the socket
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Lastly, an attainable projection of Php 17,000.00 savings in Electric consumption
can be achieved in saving 1 hour per day of each unit of computer, monitor and printer
available and at working condition.
4.2 Air Conditioning Units
In order to save energy, Annual Air Conditioner Maintenance is highly
recommended as well as building maintenance to prevent air infiltration and solar
radiation from penetrating inside the air conditioned room. Old air conditioning unit with
low EER should be replace, because low EER means more energy consumption.
4.2.1 Indoor Maintenance
Check air filters at least once a month.
Replacing or cleaning your air filters is the most important maintenance task to help
ensure the efficiency of your air conditioner. Most Air conditioning units have disposable
filters, which should be checked every month and replaced when necessary with the same
size filter. Filters may need more frequent changing if the air conditioner is in constant
use, is subjected to dusty conditions or if you have pets in the house.
Clogged, dirty filters block normal airflow and can significantly reduce a system s
efficiency and capacity. With normal airflow obstructed, air that bypasses the filter may
carry dirt directly into the evaporator coil and impair the coils heat-absorbing capacity.Permanent filters should be cleaned according to the manufacturers instructions.
4 2 2 Outdoor Maintenance
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Maintenance Task #1: Replace or wash air filter
Why is it important to replace air conditioners air filter?
There are two reasons for replacing this air filter:
As a filter gets dirty over time, it begins to clog with dust, pollen, etc. A dirty
filter means the fan motor of the air conditioner has to work harder to move air through it,
which means it has to consume more energy, and is therefore more expensive to operate.
The filter helps to clean the circulating air, which makes room cleaning easier and
less frequent, helps improve home health air quality, and helps to provide relief to allergy
sufferers.
Maintenance Task #2: Clean water drain
Why is it important to clean air conditioners water drain?
If the lines or drain becomes blocked or develops leaks, the result could be water
spilling out around the air conditioning unit, which can cause safety hazards and/or water
damage.
Maintenance Task #3: Clean outside condenser unit
Why it is important to clean air conditioners outside condenser unit?
The purpose of this maintenance task is to help maintain the energy efficiency of the
condenser unit. A dirty unit is less efficient at doing its job, which means that airconditioning unit has to work harder, which causes it to consume more energy, and
shortens its service life
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BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Bercero, MN., Tedor JS., Electrical System Design and Evaluation 2008, MSU-IIT
Iligan City.
Arora, CP, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 2nd
edition, Intl 2002 McGraw-Hill
Philippine Electrical Code, 2008
School Operations and Maintenance: Best Practices for Controlling Energy Costs
Prepared by: Princeton Energy Resources International, 1700 Rockville Pike Suite
550 Rockville, MD 20852
Internet sources;
1) Alliance to Save Energy:http://www.ase.org
2) Energy Star Program:http://www.energystar.gov
3) U.S. Department of Energy, EnergySmart Schools Website and Preventive
Maintenance Checklist:http://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asp
Energy Audit Manual, New Zealand June 2007
http://www.ase.org/http://www.ase.org/http://www.ase.org/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.energystar.gov/http://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.rebuild.org/sectors/ess/index.asphttp://www.energystar.gov/http://www.ase.org/ -
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Part II
Rate your energy saving awareness
satisfactory
good
very good
Please check all applicable activity.
A. For computers assigned to one person only:
turn on my computer only when I use it
I turn off computer during break timeI use screen saver
I plug off the socket before going home
I turn off AVR (auto voltage regulator) before going
home
B. For computers assigned to two or more persons:
we assign particular person to turn on and off ourcomputer
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APPENDIX B:
ROOM ASSIGNMENTS
1st FLOOR ROOM ASSIGNMENTSRoom No. Description
101 A,B ME INSTRUMENTATION LAB
102 HYDRAULICS AND FLUID MECHANICS LAB
103 COE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION OFFICE
104 ME TOOL ROOM
105 ME WORKSHOP
106 FLUID MACHINERIES LAB
108A SURVEYING LAB
108B CE WALK-IN COMPUTING LAB
110 A,B MATERIAL TESTING LAB
107 COMPUTER CENTER111A STOCK ROOM
111B CHE LAB
111C EXTRACTIVE/MINERAL PROCESSING LAB
112 A,B SOIL MECHANICS LAB
114 A,B CERAMICS ENGINEERING LAB 1
116 CERAMICS ENGINEERING LAB 2
118 XRD
120 ENERGY CONVERSION LAB
109 ICT LEARNING CENTER
2nd FLOOR ROOM ASSIGNMENTSRoom No. Description
201 EE/ECE/EC FACULTY ROOM
203B EE COMPUTING LAB
204 EE/ECE/EC LAB EQUIPMENT AND MAINTENANCE ROOM
205 COMMUNICATION LAB
206 A,B,C EE/ECE/EC CIRCUIT LAB
208 C LIBRARY
209 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
210 C COMPUTER LABORATORY
211 A INSTRUMENTATION AND ROBOTICS CONTROL LAB
213 ACCREDITATION ROOM207 DEANS OFFICE
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