Chapter 1A Continent of Villages

In 1492 Columbus…

• Vikings in the 11th Century

• Zheng He and China 1421-1423

Zheng He

Columbus

Migration Routes from Asia to America During the Ice Age, Asia and North America were joined where the Bering Straits are today, forming a migration route for hunting peoples. Either by boat along the coast, or through a narrow corridor between the huge northern glaciers, these migrants began making their way to the heartland of the continent as much as 30,000 years ago.

BERINGIA

•Pre-Columbian time period.

•First Americans came from Asia (Three migrations from Asia beginning about 30,000 years ago)

•Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age

•Following a food source

•Gradual migration

Early Human Early Human MigrationsMigrations

CLOVIS TECHNOLOGY

GLOBAL WARMING CHANGES CLIMATE& GEOGRAPHY 15,000 YEARS AGO!

GEOGRAPHY = SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

POLITICAL EXISTENCE

When, in 1927, archaeologists at Folsom, New Mexico, uncovered this dramatic example of a projectile point embedded in the ribs of a long-extinct species of bison, it was the first proof that Indians had been in North America for many thousands of years.

Geography tied to social, economic, political habits

Great Plains (west)Hunting Bison

Folsom Tech

Trapping Animals

Required cooperation of community

Navaho, Apache, Intuits (Eskimos)

Great Basin (desert)Utah, Nevada

Pursuit of small game, foraging for plant foods

Emphasized gift-giving

Small annually migrating communities

East of Miss. (forest efficiency)Hunted small game

Burned woodlands to stimulate plant growth & create meadows to attract animals

Permanent communities

Gender roles evident

Existing N. American cultures were not “primitive”

• Were underestimated by contemporaries and historians– Vast trade networks – trails or roads?

– Socialization – values, traditions, kinship bonds

– Specialization – tasks based on division of labor

– Political – diplomacy, rules of war

– Cultural – art, music, oral history

– Cahokia (Mississippian – mid-1200’s)

– Anasazis (SW farming culture – 1st century CE)

Mesoamerican maize cultivation, as illustrated by an Aztec artist for the Florentine Codex, a book prepared a few years after the Spanish conquest. The peoples of Mesoamerica developed a greater variety of cultivated crops than those found in any other region in the world, and their agricultural productivity helped sustain one of the world’s great civilizations.SOURCE:American Museum of Natural History.

The Development of Farming 5,000 years ago

FARMING = Settled Communities & Social Complexity

Cahokia

The Great Serpent Mound in southern Ohio, the shape of an uncoiling snake more than 1,300 feet long, is the largest effigy earthwork in the world. Monumental public works like these the Mississippian people.SOURCE:Photo by George Gerster.Comstock Images.

The City of Cahokia, with a population of more than 30,000, was the center of a farming society that arose on the Mississippi bottomlands near present-day St. Louis in the tenth century CE.

Cahokia

Cliff Palace, at Mesa Verde National Park in southwest Colorado, was created 900 years ago when the Anasazis left the mesa tops and moved into more secure and inaccessible cliff dwellings.

The New Queen Being Taken to the King, engraved by Theodor de Bry in the sixteenth century from a drawing by Jacques le Moyne, an early French colonist of Florida.

350+ native societies when Europeans arrived

• 7-10 million people• Clovis tradition (N. Mex) demonstrated

Indians there 12,000 yrs. Ago• Montana to Mexico, Nova Scotia to Arizona• Indians were VERY diverse (range of unique

regional cultures & differences w/in regions)• Migration from Asia on NW land passage

across Bering Straits (25,000-30,000 yrs. ago)

John Vanderlyn’s “The Death of Jane McCrea” (1804) depicted an incident of the Revolution, the murder and scalping of a Patriot woman by warriors fighting with the British.

James Fraser’s “The End of the Trail” (1915), a monumental sculpture created for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco.

Chapter 2When Worlds Collide

Chapter 2When Worlds Collide

Western Europe in the Fifteenth Century

Europe on the Eve of Contact

• Feudalism/Hierarchy

• Catholic Church/Anti-Semitism

• Famine/ Disease/ Black Death/ Violence

• Crusades

• Renaissance/ Technology

• Protestant Reformation

A French peasant labors in the field before a spectacular castle in a page taken from the illuminated manuscript Tres Riches Heures, made in the fifteenth century for the duc de Berry. In 1580 the essayist Montaigne talked with several American Indians at the French court who “noticed among us some men gorged to the full with things of every sort while their other halves were beggars at their doors, emaciated with hunger and poverty” and “found it strange that these poverty-stricken halves should suffer such injustice, and that they did not take the others by the throat or set fire to their houses.” SOURCE:Photograph by Giraudon,Art Resource,N.Y.

Causes of European Exploration

• Merchants & New Monarchs (Commercial Revolution) = capital

• Centralized Governments• Renaissance>inventions from Asia (compass,

gunpowder, movable type) + humanism > drive to explore + knowledge of eastern riches

• Protestant Reformation• Land Scarcity• Capture of Constantinople in 1453 by Ottoman Turks

European movement

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Explorers Sailing For Portugal

• Portugal – took lead in 15th C exploration caravel (faster vessel)

• Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460

• Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488

• da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498

• Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500

• Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)

• Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)

• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)

The 3 motives reinforce each other

Direct Causes = 3 G’s

Columbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four VoyagesColumbus’ Four Voyages

* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis

* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

European Colonization

• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….– SpainSpain– EnglandEngland– FranceFrance– PortugalPortugal

• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

European Colonization

F/I War 1750

Spanish

– Frontier of (forced) Inclusion– Marched across Caribbean islands (1492+)– Gold & riches– Botolome de la Casas – Span Catholic Priest –

wrote Destruction of the Indies (1552)– Why destroyed? – not war, rather starvation,

disease (small pox, measles, malaria, typhoid), lower birthrate

– Height of Spanish Power = 16th century

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

ExplorersConquistadores

Mis

sionar

ies

Permanent Settlers

EuropeanColonialEmpire

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestory

PeninsularesPeninsularesSpanish Spanish

ancestoryancestoryCreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

CreolesCreolesSpanish Spanish

and Black and Black mixture.mixture.

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MestizosMestizosSpanish Spanish

and and Indian Indian

mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

MulattosMulattosWhite White

American American and Black and Black mixturemixture

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

Hernando CortésHernando CortésHernando CortésHernando Cortés

First Spanish Conquests: The First Spanish Conquests: The AztecsAztecs

Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519

and took control of modern day Mexico.

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.vs.vs.vs.

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Francisco PizarroFrancisco PizarroFrancisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro

First Spanish Conquests: The IncasFirst Spanish Conquests: The Incas

Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vs.vs.vs.vs.

This drawing of victims of the smallpox epidemic that struck the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán in 1520 is taken from the Florentine Codex.

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

Father Bartolomé de Las Father Bartolomé de Las CasasCasas

► New Laws --> 1542

•Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.

•Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized.

•Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.

The Cruelties Used by the Spaniards on the Indians, from a 1599 English edition of The Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas. These scenes were copied from a series of engravings produced by Theodore de Bry that accompanied an earlier edition. SOURCE:British Library.

The Destruction of the IndiesConquest not colonization

Changing of the Guard

• Spain (15th-16th century) – gold & later planting sugar & enslaved Indians – Ex. Cortez (Mex 1519-21), Pizarro (Peru 1531-35)

• 17th C – Spanish civ. in New World declines by 1600 due to overworked land & Indian labor force dying off from disease

• Defeat of Spanish Armada by English (1588) destroys Spanish monopoly on New World

• Positive legacy? – frontier of inclusion = mixing between male colonists & native women

• French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada– Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior

of North America– Develop a fur trade– Couier do Bois– Frontier of Inclusion

The French, under the command of Jean Ribault, land at the mouth of the St. Johns River inFlorida. The image shows the local Timucua people welcoming the French, It is likely that theTimucuas viewed the French as potential allies against the Spanish, who had plundered the coast many times in pursuit of slaves. SOURCE:Colored engraving,1591,by Theodor de Bry after a now lost drawing by Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues;The Granger Collection.

European Colonization

• Like French, DutchDutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements– Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River– New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension

of the Dutch global trade system

• Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons- Frontier of Inclusion

Protestant Reformation

• 1517 – Martin Luther• Calvin – few predestined for heaven

– Challenged dominance of Catholic Church

• King Henry VIII couldn’t get annulment of marriage from Catherine from Pope– Formed Church of England & forged alliance with

wealthy merchant class

– Queen Elizabeth more moderate but periods of persecution during the 17th century push English Protestants to New World

The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I, painted by an unknown artist in 1648. The queen places her hand on the globe, symbolizing the rising seapower of England. Through the open windows, we see the battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588 and the destruction of the Spanish ships in a providential storm, interpreted by the queen as an act of divine intervention. SOURCE:Elizabeth I ,Armada portrait,ca.1588 (oil on panel),by English School.Private collection/The Bridgeman Art Library International,Ltd.

English

• Motives– Economic

• Enclosure movement led to dislocation of farmers

• Indian markets for British goods – grow tropical products

– Religious• Anglican Church (Church of England) – Protestants flee

– Strategic• Bases to raid Spanish in Caribbean

English

• Began by Plundering & Privateering– Sir Francis Drake (1567)– “Sea Dogs”

• Focused on settling mid-latitudes – Roanoke, VA “The Lost Colony”(1584-87) – Walter Raleigh

• English v Algonquin• Sir Walter Raleigh hoped to find fur for sale, develop plantations and

find gold & silver, privateering• Wanted Indians as labors – Indians resisted – by 1590 all colonists

gone– Where’s Greenville?– “Croatoan?”

Roanoke Island

VA

• Jamestown 1607– VA Company– Powhatan Confederacy – expel Europeans or

exploit them? – John Smith– Winter 09-10 – tastes like chicken > 400 of 40

starve– Brutal warfare until 1613 – Pocahontas

Intercontinental Exchange

•

Intercontinental Exchange (Cultural Diffusion)

• From New World to Old: gold, silver, corn potatoes, beans, chocolate, cotton, tobacco

• From From Old to New: horses, cows, pigs, disease, manufactured goods

• From Old World to Africa: guns, beer, cloth, iron

• From Africa to New World: enslaved persons

FIGURE 2.1 North America’s Indian and Colonial Populations in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries The primary factor in the decimation of native peoples was epidemic disease, brought to the New World from the Old. In the eighteenth century, the colonial population overtook North America’s Indian populations. SOURCE:Historical Statistics of the United States (Washington,DC: Government Printing Office,1976),8,1168;Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman:University of Oklahoma Press,1987),32.

FIGURE 2.2 The African, Indian, and European Populations of the Americas In the 500 years since the European invasion of the Americas, the population has included varying proportions of Native American, European, and African peoples, as well as large numbers of persons of mixed ancestry. SOURCE:Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones,Atlas of World Population History (New York:Penguin,1978),280.