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Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes © 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

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Page 1: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Lecture Presentations by

Nicole Tunbridge and

Kathleen Fitzpatrick

Chapter 1

Biology and Its

Themes

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 2: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Inquiring About Life

An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the

result of evolution

For example, the color of the beach mouse has come

to be well matched, or adapted, to its local

background

Evolution is the process of change that has

transformed life on Earth

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 3: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.1

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 4: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.1a

An inland mouse of the speciesPeromyscus polionotus

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 5: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Biology is the scientific study of life

Biologists ask questions, such as: How does a single

cell develop into an organism?

Biology is a quest, an ongoing inquiry about the

nature of life

Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition

Life is recognized by what living things do

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 6: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2

Order

Regulation

Evolutionaryadaptation

Reproduction

Energy processingResponseto theenvironment

Growthand development

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 7: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2a

Order

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 8: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2b

Evolutionary adaptation© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 9: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2c

Regulation

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 10: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2d

Reproduction© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 11: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2e

Response to theenvironment

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 12: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2f

Growth and development

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 13: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.2g

Energy processing

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 14: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Seahorse Camouflage

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 15: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals unifying

themes

Biology is a subject of enormous scope

There are five unifying themes

Organization

Information

Energy and Matter

Interactions

Evolution

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 16: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive

Levels of Biological Organization

Life can be studied at different levels, from

molecules to the entire living planet

This enormous range can be divided into different

levels of biological organization

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 17: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3

1 The Biosphere

2 Ecosystems

6 Organs

7 Tissues

3Communities

5 Organ-isms

4 Populations

10Mole-cules

8Cells

9 Organelles

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 18: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3a

The Biosphere

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 19: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3b

Ecosystems

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 20: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3c

Communities

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 21: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3d

Populations

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 22: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3e

Organisms

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 23: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3f

Organs

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 24: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3g

Tissues 50 µm

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 25: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3h

Cells

10 µmCell

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 26: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3i

Organelles 1 µmChloroplast

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 27: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.3j

Molecules

Chlorophyllmolecule

Atoms

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 28: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Emergent Properties

Emergent properties result from the arrangement

and interaction of parts within a system

Emergent properties characterize nonbiological

entities as well

For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when

all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 29: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The reductionist approach studies the isolated

components of the living system

To explore emergent properties, biologists

complement reductionism with systems biology,

analysis of the interactions among the parts of a

biological system

Systems biology can be used to study life at all

levels

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 30: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Structure and Function

At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a

correlation between structure and function

Analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about

what it does and how it works

Conversely, knowing the function of something

provides insight into its structure and organization

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 31: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN01

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 32: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure

and Function

The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can

perform all activities required for life

Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates

passage of materials between the cell and its

environment

The cells of bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic,

while all other forms of life are composed of

eukaryotic cells

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 33: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed

organelles, the largest of which is usually the

nucleus

By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and

usually smaller and does not contain a nucleus or

other membrane-enclosed organelles

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 34: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.4

Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cellDNA(no nucleus)

MembraneMembrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)

Membrane-enclosed organelles

DNA (throughoutnucleus) 1 μm

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 35: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.4a

Eukaryotic cell

Membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)

Membrane-enclosed organelles

DNA (throughoutnucleus) 1 μm

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 36: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.4b

Prokaryotic cell

DNA(no nucleus)

Membrane

1 μm

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 37: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression

and Transmission of Genetic Information

Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain

genetic material in the form of DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 38: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.5

10μ

m

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 39: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.5a

10μ

m

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 40: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.5b

10μ

m

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 41: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

DNA, the Genetic Material

Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule

with hundreds or thousands of genes

Genes are the units of inheritance

They encode information for building the molecules

synthesized within the cell

The genetic information encoded by DNA directs the

development of an organism

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 42: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.6

Nuclei containing DNA

Sperm cell

Eggcell

Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents Embryo’s cells

with copies ofinherited DNA

Offspring withtraits inheritedfrom both parents

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 43: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.6a

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 44: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The molecular structure of DNA accounts for its

ability to store information

Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains

arranged in a double helix

Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical

building blocks called nucleotides and abbreviated

A, G, C, and T

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 45: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.7

A

Nucleus

DNA Nucleotide

C

T

A

Cell T

A

C

C

G

T

A

G

T

A

(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 46: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

For many genes, the sequence provides the

blueprint for making a protein

Protein-encoding genes control protein production

indirectly

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then

translated into a protein

Gene expression is the process of converting

information from gene to cellular product

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 47: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.8

(b) A lens cell uses information in DNA to makecrystallin.

Crystallin gene

(a)Lens cells aretightly packedwith transparentproteins calledcrystallin.

Lenscell

DNA

TRANSCRIPTION

A

T

mRNA

TRANSLATION

Chain of aminoacids

U

PROTEIN FOLDING

Protein

Crystallin protein

UUUU

A A A A

A

A

T

TTTT

C C C C

C C

CCG G G G

G GGG

G G

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 48: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.8a

(a) Lens cells aretightly packedwith transparentproteins calledcrystallin.

Lenscell

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 49: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.8aa

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 50: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.8ab

Lenscell

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 51: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.8b

(b) A lens cell uses information in DNA to makecrystallin.

Crystallin gene

DNA

TRANSCRIPTION

A

T

mRNA U UUUU

A A A A

A

A

T

TTTT

C C C C

C C

CCG G G G

G GGG

G G

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 52: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.8c

U UUUU ACCG G G G

(b) A lens cell uses information in DNA to makecrystallin.

mRNA

TRANSLATION

Chain of aminoacids

PROTEIN FOLDING

Protein

Crystallin protein© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 53: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Genomics: Large-Scale Analysis of DNA

Sequences

An organism’s genome is its entire “library” of

genetic instructions

Genomics is the study of sets of genes in one or

more species

Proteomics is the study of whole sets of proteins

and their properties

The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell,

tissue, or organ is called a proteome

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 54: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The genomics approach depends on

“High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous

amounts of data

Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational

tools to process a large volume of data

Interdisciplinary research teams

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 55: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and

Transformation of Energy and Matter

The input of energy from the sun and the

transformation of energy from one form to another

make life possible

The chemical energy generated by plants and other

photosynthetic organisms (producers) is passed

along to consumers

Consumers are organisms that feed on other

organisms or their remains

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 56: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.9

ENERGY FLOW

Chemicalspass toorganismsthat eat theplants.

Lightenergycomesfrom thesun.

Plantsconvertsunlight tochemicalenergy. Organisms use

chemical energy todo work.

Heat is lostfrom theecosystem.

Plants take upchemicals fromthe soil and air.

Decomposersreturnchemicals tothe soil.

Chemicals

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 57: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

When organisms use energy to perform work, some

energy is lost to the surroundings as heat

As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem,

usually entering as light and exiting as heat

Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they

are used and then recycled

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 58: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Theme: From Molecules to Ecosystems,

Interactions Are Important in Biological

Systems

Interactions between the components of the system

ensure smooth integration of all the parts

This holds true equally well for components of an

ecosystem and the molecules in a cell

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 59: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms

Interactions between components—organs, tissues,

cells, and molecules—that make up living organisms

are crucial to their smooth operation

Many biological processes can self-regulate through

a mechanism called feedback

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 60: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

In feedback regulation, the output, or product of a

process, regulates that very process

The most common form of regulation in living

organisms is negative feedback, in which the

response reduces the initial stimulus

A less common form of regulation is positive

feedback, in which an end product speeds up its

own production

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 61: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.10

Insulin-producingcell in pancreas

Glucosein blood

InsulinHigh blood glucose stimulates the

pancreas to secrete insulin.

Ne

ga

tive

fe

ed

ba

ck Insulin circulates throughout the

body.

Insulin binds to body cells,causing them to take up glucoseand liver cells to store glucose.

Lowered blood glucose does notstimulate insulin secretion.

1

2

3

4

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 62: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Animation: Negative Feedback

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 63: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Animation: Positive Feedback

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 64: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Ecosystems: An Organism’s Interactions with

Other Organisms and the Physical Environment

At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts with

other organisms

These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to

one or both of the organisms

Organisms also interact continuously with the

physical factors in their environment, and the

environment is affected by the organisms living there

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 65: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.11

Sunlight

Leaves absorb lightenergy from the sun.

Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the air andrelease oxygen.

O2

Leaves fall to theground and aredecomposed byorganisms thatreturn mineralsto the soil.

Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethrough itsroots.

Animals eat leavesand fruit from thetree, returningnutrients andminerals to thesoil in their wasteproducts.

CO2

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 66: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.11a

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 67: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Each organism interacts continuously with physical

factors in its environment

Humans interact with our environment, sometimes

with dire consequences

Over the past 150 years, humans have greatly

increased the burning of fossil fuels and the release

of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere

The resulting global warming is just one aspect of

climate change

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 68: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Wind and precipitation patterns are also shifting

Extreme weather events such as storms and

droughts are occurring more often

As habitats deteriorate, plant and animal species

shift their ranges to more suitable locations

Populations of many species are shrinking in size or

even disappearing

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 69: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.12

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 70: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution

accounts for the unity and diversity of life

Evolution is the one idea that makes logical sense of

everything we know about living organisms

The scientific explanation for both the unity and

diversity of organisms is evolution, the concept that

living organisms are modified descendants of

common ancestors

An abundance of evidence supports the occurrence

of evolution

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 71: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light

of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 72: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Classifying the Diversity of Life

Approximately 1.8 million species have been

identified and named to date

Each species is given a two-part name: The genus,

to which the species belongs, and a species name

unique to that species

E.g., Homo sapiens, the name of our species

Estimates of the total number of species that actually

exist range from 10 million to over 100 million

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 73: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The Three Domains of Life

Organisms are currently divided into three domains,

named Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

The prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria and

Archaea

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 74: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms

Domain Eukarya includes the protists and three

kingdoms

Plants, which produce their own food by

photosynthesis

Fungi, which absorb nutrients

Animals, which ingest their food

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 75: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The most numerous and diverse eukaryotes are the

protists

These are mostly single-celled organisms

They are classified into several groups

Some protists are less closely related to other

protists than they are to plants, animals, or fungi

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 76: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13

(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea

(c) Domain Eukarya

KingdomAnimalia

2 µ

m

KingdomPlantae

KingdomFungi Protists

2 µ

m

100 µm

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 77: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13a

(a) Domain Bacteria

2 µ

m

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 78: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13b

(b) Domain Archaea

2 µ

m

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 79: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13c

(c) Domain Eukarya

KingdomAnimalia

KingdomPlantae

KingdomFungi Protists

100 µm

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 80: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13ca

(c) Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Plantae

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 81: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13cb

(c) Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Fungi

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 82: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13cc

(c) Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 83: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.13cd

(c) Domain Eukarya

Protists

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 84: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Unity in the Diversity of Life

A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for

example,

DNA is the universal genetic language common to all

organisms

Unity is evident in many features of cell structure

The history of life as documented by fossils and

other evidence is the saga of a changing Earth,

billions of years old

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 85: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.14

5 μm

15 μm

Cilia of Paramecium

0.1 μm

Cilia of windpipecells

Cross section of a cilium

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 86: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.14a

0.1 μm

Cross section of a cilium

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 87: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.14b

15 μm

Cilia of Paramecium

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 88: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.14c

5 μm

Cilia of windpipe cells

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 89: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.15

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 90: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural

Selection

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species

by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Darwin made two main points

Species showed evidence of “descent with

modification” from common ancestors

“Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent

with modification

Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and

diversity

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Page 91: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.16

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 92: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.16a

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 93: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.16b

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 94: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.17

Red-shouldered hawk

American flamingo

Europeanrobin

Gentoo penguin© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 95: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.17a

Red-shouldered hawk

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 96: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.17b

European robin

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 97: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.17c

American flamingo

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 98: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.17d

Gentoo penguin

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Page 99: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Soaring Hawk

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 100: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual

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Page 101: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual

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Page 102: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Galápagos Islands Overview

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Page 103: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 104: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Galápagos Sea Lion

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Page 105: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Video: Galápagos Tortoise

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 106: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Darwin observed that

Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of

which seem to be heritable

More offspring are produced than survive, and

competition is inevitable

Species generally suit their environment

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Page 107: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Darwin reasoned that

Individuals that are best suited to their environment

are more likely to survive and reproduce

Over time, more individuals in a population will have

the advantageous traits

Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive

success of individuals

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Page 108: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The natural environment “selects” for the

propagation of beneficial traits

Darwin called this process natural selection

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 109: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.18_1

Populationwith variedinheritedtraits

1

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 110: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.18_2

Populationwith variedinheritedtraits

Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits

1 2

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 111: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.18_3

Populationwith variedinheritedtraits

Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits

Reproductionof survivors

1 2 3

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 112: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.18_4

Populationwith variedinheritedtraits

Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits

Reproductionof survivors

Increasedfrequencyof traits thatenhancesurvival

1 2 3 4

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 113: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Natural selection results in the adaptation of

organisms to the circumstances of their way of life

and their environment

For example, bat wings are an example of

adaptation

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 114: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.19

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 115: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The Tree of Life

The shared anatomy of mammalian limbs reflects

the inheritance of the limb structure from a common

ancestor

Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical

unity from descent with modification

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 116: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause

an ancestral species to give rise to two or more

descendent species

For example, the finch species of the Galápagos

Islands are descended from a common ancestor

Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with

treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their

descendants

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 117: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.20

Green warbler finchCerthidea olivacea(insect-eater)

ANCESTRALFINCH

Vegetarian finchPlatyspiza crassirostris(fruit-eater)

Woodpecker finchCamarhynchus pallidus(insect-eater)

Branch point

Small tree finchCamarhynchus parvulus(insect-eater)

Common cactus finchGeospiza scandens(cactus-eater)

Large ground finchGeospizamagnirostris(seed-eater)

Common ancestorof finches in generaCamarhynchus andGeospiza

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Page 118: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Concept 1.3: In studying nature, scientists

make observations and form and test

hypotheses

The word science is derived from Latin and means

“to know”

Inquiry is the search for information and

explanations of natural phenomena

Scientists use a process of inquiry that includes

making observations, forming logical hypotheses,

and testing them

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 119: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Exploration and Observation

Biologists describe natural structures and processes

This approach is based on observation and the

analysis of data

Recorded observations are called data

Qualitative data often take the form of recorded

descriptions

Quantitative data are expressed as numerical

measurement, organized into tables and graphs

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Page 120: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.21

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 121: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.21a

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 122: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.21b

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 123: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the

logical process of induction

Repeating specific observations can lead to

important generalizations

For example, “the sun always rises in the east,” or “all

organisms are made of cells”

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 124: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Forming and Testing Hypotheses

In science, a hypothesis is an explanation, based

on observations and assumptions, that leads to a

testable prediction

It must lead to predictions that can be tested by

making additional observations or by performing

experiments

An experiment is a scientific test, carried out under

controlled conditions

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 125: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

For example:

Observation: Your desk lamp doesn’t work

Question: Why doesn’t your desk lamp work?

Hypothesis 1: The bulb is not screwed in properly

Hypothesis 2: The bulb is burnt out

Both these hypotheses are testable

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 126: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.22

Observation: Desk lamp doesn’t work.

Question: Why doesn’t the desk lamp work?

Hypothesis #1:Bulb is improperly screwed in.

Hypothesis #2:Bulb is burnt out.

Prediction: Reinstallingbulb will fix problem.

Prediction: Replacingbulb will fix problem.

Test of prediction:Reinstall bulb.

Test of prediction:Replace bulb.

Result:Desk lamp doesn’t work.

Hypothesis is not supported.

Result:Lamp works.

Hypothesis is supported.

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 127: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning uses general premises to

make specific predictions

Initial observations may give rise to multiple

hypotheses

We can never prove that a hypothesis is true, but

testing it in many ways with different sorts of data

can significantly increase our confidence in it

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 128: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed

by Science

A hypothesis must be testable

For example, a hypothesis that ghosts fooled with the

desk lamp cannot be tested

Supernatural and religious explanations are outside

the bounds of science

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 129: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The Flexibility of the Scientific Process

The scientific method is an idealized process of

inquiry

However, very few scientific inquiries adhere rigidly

to this approach

Backtracking and “rethinking” may be necessary

partway through the process

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 130: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23

EXPLORATIONAND

DISCOVERY

SOCIETAL

BENEFITS

AND

OUTCOMES

FORMINGAND

TESTINGHYPOTHESES

COMMUNITY

ANALYSIS

AND

FEEDBACK

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 131: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23a

Testing Ideas

• Forming hypotheses

• Predicting results

• Doing experiments and/ormaking observations

• Gathering data

• Analyzing results

Interpreting Results

Data may…

• Support a hypothesis

• Contradict a hypothesis

• Inspire a revised or newhypothesis

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 132: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23b

• Observing nature

• Asking questions

• Reading the scien-

tific literature

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Page 133: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23c

• Developingtechnology

• Informing policy

• Buildingknowledge

• Solving problems

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Page 134: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23d

• Feedback andpeer review

• Replication offindings

• Publication

• Consensusbuilding

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Page 135: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23e

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 136: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23f

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 137: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23g

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 138: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.23h

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 139: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating

Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations

Color patterns of animals vary widely in nature,

sometimes even between members of the same

species

Two populations of mice belonging to the same

species (Peromyscus polionotus) but with different

color patterns are found in different environments

The beach mouse lives on white sand dunes with

sparse vegetation; the inland mouse lives on darker

soil

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 140: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.24

Beach populationFlorida Inland

population

GULF OFMEXICO

Beachpopulation

Inland population

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 141: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.24a

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 142: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.24b

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 143: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.24c

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 144: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.24d

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 145: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The two types of mice match the coloration of their

habitats

Natural predators of these mice are all visual hunters

Francis Bertody Sumner hypothesized that the color

patterns had evolved as adaptations to protect the

mice from predators

In 2010, Hopi Hoekstra and a group of students

tested this hypothesis

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 146: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The researchers predicted that mice that did not

match their habitat would be preyed on more heavily

than mice that did match the surroundings

They built models of mice, painted them to match

one of the surroundings, and placed equal numbers

of each type of model in each habitat

They then recorded signs of predation

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 147: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.25

Results

Beach habitat

Perc

en

tag

e o

f att

acked

mo

dels 100

50

0Light models Dark models Light models Dark models

Inland habitat

Camouflaged(control)

Non-camouflaged(experimental)

Non-camouflaged(experimental)

Camouflaged(control)

Data from S. N. Vignieri, J. G. Larson, and H. E. Hoekstra, The selective advantage of crypsis in mice, Evolution64:2153–2158 (2010).

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 148: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.25a

Camouflaged(control)

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Page 149: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.25b

Non-camouflaged(experimental)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 150: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.25c

Non-camouflaged(experimental)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 151: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.25d

Camouflaged(control)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 152: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Experimental Variables and Controls

In a controlled experiment, an experimental group

(the non-camouflaged mice in this case) is

compared with a control group (the camouflaged

mice)

Experimental variables are features or quantities

that vary in an experiment

The independent variable is the one that is

manipulated by the researchers, while the

dependent variable is the one predicted to be

affected in response

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 153: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Theories in Science

In the context of science, a theory is

Broader in scope than a hypothesis

General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses

Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison

to a hypothesis

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 154: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Concept 1.4: Science benefits from a

cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints

Most scientists work in teams, which often include

graduate and undergraduate students

Good communication is important in order to share

results through seminars, publications, and websites

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 155: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Building on the Work of Others

Scientists check each other’s claims by performing

similar experiments

If experimental results are not repeatable, the

original claim will have to be revised

It is not unusual for different scientists to work on the

same research question

Scientists cooperate by sharing data about model

organisms (for example, the fruit fly Drosophila

melanogaster)

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 156: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Science, Technology, and Society

The goal of science is to understand natural

phenomena

The goal of technology is to apply scientific

knowledge for some specific purpose

Biology is marked by “discoveries,” while technology

is marked by “inventions”

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 157: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The combination of science and technology has

dramatic effects on society

For example, the discovery of DNA by James Watson

and Francis Crick allowed for advances in DNA

technology such as testing for hereditary diseases

Debates on technology center more on “should we

do it” than “can we do it”

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 158: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Ethical issues can arise from new technology, but

have as much to do with politics, economics, and

cultural values as with science and technology

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 159: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.26

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 160: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science

Many important inventions have occurred where

different cultures and ideas mix

For example, the printing press relied on innovations

from China (paper and ink) and Europe (mass

production in mills)

Science benefits from diverse views from different

racial and ethnic groups, and from both women and

men

The more voices heard, the more robust, valuable,

and productive the scientific interchange

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 161: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN02a

40N

um

ber

of

mic

e c

au

gh

t 35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0N

um

ber

of

mic

e c

au

gh

t

Light coat

Dark coat

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Light coat

Dark coat

A: Light-colored soil

Full moon

B: Dark-colored soil

Data from D. W. Kaufman, Adaptive coloration in Peromyscus polionotus:Experimental selection by owls, Journal of Mammalogy 55:271–283 (1974).

No moonFull moon No moon

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 162: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN02b

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Page 163: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN03

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 164: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN04

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 165: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN05

ENERGY FLOW

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Page 166: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN06

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 167: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN07

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 168: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN08

Population of organisms

Hereditaryvariations

Overproduction of off-spring and competition

Environmentalfactors

Differences in reproductive successof individuals

Evolution of adaptations in the population

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

Page 169: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required

Figure 1.UN09

© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.