chapter 1 biology and its themes · the cell: an organism’s basic unit of structure and function...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture Presentations by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Chapter 1
Biology and Its
Themes
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 2: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Inquiring About Life
An organism’s adaptations to its environment are the
result of evolution
For example, the color of the beach mouse has come
to be well matched, or adapted, to its local
background
Evolution is the process of change that has
transformed life on Earth
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 3: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Figure 1.1
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 4: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Figure 1.1a
An inland mouse of the speciesPeromyscus polionotus
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 5: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biology is the scientific study of life
Biologists ask questions, such as: How does a single
cell develop into an organism?
Biology is a quest, an ongoing inquiry about the
nature of life
Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition
Life is recognized by what living things do
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 6: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Figure 1.2
Order
Regulation
Evolutionaryadaptation
Reproduction
Energy processingResponseto theenvironment
Growthand development
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 7: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Figure 1.2a
Order
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 8: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 1.2b
Evolutionary adaptation© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 9: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Figure 1.2c
Regulation
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 10: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Figure 1.2d
Reproduction© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 11: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Figure 1.2e
Response to theenvironment
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 12: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 1.2f
Growth and development
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 13: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Figure 1.2g
Energy processing
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 14: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Video: Seahorse Camouflage
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 15: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Concept 1.1: The study of life reveals unifying
themes
Biology is a subject of enormous scope
There are five unifying themes
Organization
Information
Energy and Matter
Interactions
Evolution
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 16: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Theme: New Properties Emerge at Successive
Levels of Biological Organization
Life can be studied at different levels, from
molecules to the entire living planet
This enormous range can be divided into different
levels of biological organization
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 17: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 1.3
1 The Biosphere
2 Ecosystems
6 Organs
7 Tissues
3Communities
5 Organ-isms
4 Populations
10Mole-cules
8Cells
9 Organelles
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 18: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 1.3a
The Biosphere
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 19: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 1.3b
Ecosystems
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 20: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 1.3c
Communities
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 21: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 1.3d
Populations
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 22: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 1.3e
Organisms
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 23: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 1.3f
Organs
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 24: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 1.3g
Tissues 50 µm
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 25: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 1.3h
Cells
10 µmCell
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 26: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 1.3i
Organelles 1 µmChloroplast
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 27: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 1.3j
Molecules
Chlorophyllmolecule
Atoms
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 28: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Emergent Properties
Emergent properties result from the arrangement
and interaction of parts within a system
Emergent properties characterize nonbiological
entities as well
For example, a functioning bicycle emerges only when
all of the necessary parts connect in the correct way
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 29: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The reductionist approach studies the isolated
components of the living system
To explore emergent properties, biologists
complement reductionism with systems biology,
analysis of the interactions among the parts of a
biological system
Systems biology can be used to study life at all
levels
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 30: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Structure and Function
At each level of the biological hierarchy we find a
correlation between structure and function
Analyzing a biological structure gives us clues about
what it does and how it works
Conversely, knowing the function of something
provides insight into its structure and organization
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 31: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 1.UN01
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 32: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure
and Function
The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can
perform all activities required for life
Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates
passage of materials between the cell and its
environment
The cells of bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic,
while all other forms of life are composed of
eukaryotic cells
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 33: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed
organelles, the largest of which is usually the
nucleus
By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and
usually smaller and does not contain a nucleus or
other membrane-enclosed organelles
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 34: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 1.4
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cellDNA(no nucleus)
MembraneMembrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)
Membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA (throughoutnucleus) 1 μm
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 35: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 1.4a
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)
Membrane-enclosed organelles
DNA (throughoutnucleus) 1 μm
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 36: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Figure 1.4b
Prokaryotic cell
DNA(no nucleus)
Membrane
1 μm
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 37: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Theme: Life’s Processes Involve the Expression
and Transmission of Genetic Information
Within cells, structures called chromosomes contain
genetic material in the form of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 38: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Figure 1.5
10μ
m
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 39: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 1.5a
10μ
m
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 40: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Figure 1.5b
10μ
m
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 41: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
DNA, the Genetic Material
Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule
with hundreds or thousands of genes
Genes are the units of inheritance
They encode information for building the molecules
synthesized within the cell
The genetic information encoded by DNA directs the
development of an organism
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 42: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Figure 1.6
Nuclei containing DNA
Sperm cell
Eggcell
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents Embryo’s cells
with copies ofinherited DNA
Offspring withtraits inheritedfrom both parents
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 43: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 1.6a
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 44: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The molecular structure of DNA accounts for its
ability to store information
Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains
arranged in a double helix
Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical
building blocks called nucleotides and abbreviated
A, G, C, and T
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 45: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Figure 1.7
A
Nucleus
DNA Nucleotide
C
T
A
Cell T
A
C
C
G
T
A
G
T
A
(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 46: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
For many genes, the sequence provides the
blueprint for making a protein
Protein-encoding genes control protein production
indirectly
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then
translated into a protein
Gene expression is the process of converting
information from gene to cellular product
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 47: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 1.8
(b) A lens cell uses information in DNA to makecrystallin.
Crystallin gene
(a)Lens cells aretightly packedwith transparentproteins calledcrystallin.
Lenscell
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
mRNA
TRANSLATION
Chain of aminoacids
U
PROTEIN FOLDING
Protein
Crystallin protein
UUUU
A A A A
A
A
T
TTTT
C C C C
C C
CCG G G G
G GGG
G G
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 48: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Figure 1.8a
(a) Lens cells aretightly packedwith transparentproteins calledcrystallin.
Lenscell
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 49: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Figure 1.8aa
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 50: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Figure 1.8ab
Lenscell
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 51: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Figure 1.8b
(b) A lens cell uses information in DNA to makecrystallin.
Crystallin gene
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
A
T
mRNA U UUUU
A A A A
A
A
T
TTTT
C C C C
C C
CCG G G G
G GGG
G G
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 52: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Figure 1.8c
U UUUU ACCG G G G
(b) A lens cell uses information in DNA to makecrystallin.
mRNA
TRANSLATION
Chain of aminoacids
PROTEIN FOLDING
Protein
Crystallin protein© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 53: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Genomics: Large-Scale Analysis of DNA
Sequences
An organism’s genome is its entire “library” of
genetic instructions
Genomics is the study of sets of genes in one or
more species
Proteomics is the study of whole sets of proteins
and their properties
The entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell,
tissue, or organ is called a proteome
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 54: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The genomics approach depends on
“High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous
amounts of data
Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational
tools to process a large volume of data
Interdisciplinary research teams
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 55: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Theme: Life Requires the Transfer and
Transformation of Energy and Matter
The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to another
make life possible
The chemical energy generated by plants and other
photosynthetic organisms (producers) is passed
along to consumers
Consumers are organisms that feed on other
organisms or their remains
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 56: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Figure 1.9
ENERGY FLOW
Chemicalspass toorganismsthat eat theplants.
Lightenergycomesfrom thesun.
Plantsconvertsunlight tochemicalenergy. Organisms use
chemical energy todo work.
Heat is lostfrom theecosystem.
Plants take upchemicals fromthe soil and air.
Decomposersreturnchemicals tothe soil.
Chemicals
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 57: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
When organisms use energy to perform work, some
energy is lost to the surroundings as heat
As a result, energy flows through an ecosystem,
usually entering as light and exiting as heat
Chemicals cycle within an ecosystem, where they
are used and then recycled
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 58: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Theme: From Molecules to Ecosystems,
Interactions Are Important in Biological
Systems
Interactions between the components of the system
ensure smooth integration of all the parts
This holds true equally well for components of an
ecosystem and the molecules in a cell
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 59: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Molecules: Interactions Within Organisms
Interactions between components—organs, tissues,
cells, and molecules—that make up living organisms
are crucial to their smooth operation
Many biological processes can self-regulate through
a mechanism called feedback
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 60: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
In feedback regulation, the output, or product of a
process, regulates that very process
The most common form of regulation in living
organisms is negative feedback, in which the
response reduces the initial stimulus
A less common form of regulation is positive
feedback, in which an end product speeds up its
own production
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 61: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Figure 1.10
Insulin-producingcell in pancreas
Glucosein blood
InsulinHigh blood glucose stimulates the
pancreas to secrete insulin.
Ne
ga
tive
fe
ed
ba
ck Insulin circulates throughout the
body.
Insulin binds to body cells,causing them to take up glucoseand liver cells to store glucose.
Lowered blood glucose does notstimulate insulin secretion.
1
2
3
4
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 62: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Animation: Negative Feedback
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 63: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Animation: Positive Feedback
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 64: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Ecosystems: An Organism’s Interactions with
Other Organisms and the Physical Environment
At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts with
other organisms
These interactions may be beneficial or harmful to
one or both of the organisms
Organisms also interact continuously with the
physical factors in their environment, and the
environment is affected by the organisms living there
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 65: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Figure 1.11
Sunlight
Leaves absorb lightenergy from the sun.
Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the air andrelease oxygen.
O2
Leaves fall to theground and aredecomposed byorganisms thatreturn mineralsto the soil.
Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethrough itsroots.
Animals eat leavesand fruit from thetree, returningnutrients andminerals to thesoil in their wasteproducts.
CO2
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 66: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Figure 1.11a
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 67: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Each organism interacts continuously with physical
factors in its environment
Humans interact with our environment, sometimes
with dire consequences
Over the past 150 years, humans have greatly
increased the burning of fossil fuels and the release
of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere
The resulting global warming is just one aspect of
climate change
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 68: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Wind and precipitation patterns are also shifting
Extreme weather events such as storms and
droughts are occurring more often
As habitats deteriorate, plant and animal species
shift their ranges to more suitable locations
Populations of many species are shrinking in size or
even disappearing
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 69: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Figure 1.12
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 70: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution
accounts for the unity and diversity of life
Evolution is the one idea that makes logical sense of
everything we know about living organisms
The scientific explanation for both the unity and
diversity of organisms is evolution, the concept that
living organisms are modified descendants of
common ancestors
An abundance of evidence supports the occurrence
of evolution
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 71: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
“Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light
of evolution”—Theodosius Dobzhansky
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 72: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Classifying the Diversity of Life
Approximately 1.8 million species have been
identified and named to date
Each species is given a two-part name: The genus,
to which the species belongs, and a species name
unique to that species
E.g., Homo sapiens, the name of our species
Estimates of the total number of species that actually
exist range from 10 million to over 100 million
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 73: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Three Domains of Life
Organisms are currently divided into three domains,
named Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
The prokaryotes include the domains Bacteria and
Archaea
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 74: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms
Domain Eukarya includes the protists and three
kingdoms
Plants, which produce their own food by
photosynthesis
Fungi, which absorb nutrients
Animals, which ingest their food
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 75: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The most numerous and diverse eukaryotes are the
protists
These are mostly single-celled organisms
They are classified into several groups
Some protists are less closely related to other
protists than they are to plants, animals, or fungi
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 76: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Figure 1.13
(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea
(c) Domain Eukarya
KingdomAnimalia
2 µ
m
KingdomPlantae
KingdomFungi Protists
2 µ
m
100 µm
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 77: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Figure 1.13a
(a) Domain Bacteria
2 µ
m
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 78: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Figure 1.13b
(b) Domain Archaea
2 µ
m
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 79: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Figure 1.13c
(c) Domain Eukarya
KingdomAnimalia
KingdomPlantae
KingdomFungi Protists
100 µm
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 80: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Figure 1.13ca
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 81: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Figure 1.13cb
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 82: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Figure 1.13cc
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 83: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Figure 1.13cd
(c) Domain Eukarya
Protists
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 84: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Unity in the Diversity of Life
A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example,
DNA is the universal genetic language common to all
organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
The history of life as documented by fossils and
other evidence is the saga of a changing Earth,
billions of years old
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 85: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Figure 1.14
5 μm
15 μm
Cilia of Paramecium
0.1 μm
Cilia of windpipecells
Cross section of a cilium
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 86: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Figure 1.14a
0.1 μm
Cross section of a cilium
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 87: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Figure 1.14b
15 μm
Cilia of Paramecium
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 88: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Figure 1.14c
5 μm
Cilia of windpipe cells
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 89: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Figure 1.15
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 90: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural
Selection
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of “descent with
modification” from common ancestors
“Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent
with modification
Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and
diversity
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 91: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Figure 1.16
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 92: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Figure 1.16a
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 93: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Figure 1.16b
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 94: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Figure 1.17
Red-shouldered hawk
American flamingo
Europeanrobin
Gentoo penguin© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 95: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Figure 1.17a
Red-shouldered hawk
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 96: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Figure 1.17b
European robin
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 97: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Figure 1.17c
American flamingo
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 98: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Figure 1.17d
Gentoo penguin
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 99: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Video: Soaring Hawk
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 100: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 101: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 102: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Video: Galápagos Islands Overview
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 103: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 104: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Video: Galápagos Sea Lion
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 105: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Video: Galápagos Tortoise
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 106: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Darwin observed that
Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of
which seem to be heritable
More offspring are produced than survive, and
competition is inevitable
Species generally suit their environment
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 107: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Darwin reasoned that
Individuals that are best suited to their environment
are more likely to survive and reproduce
Over time, more individuals in a population will have
the advantageous traits
Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive
success of individuals
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 108: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
The natural environment “selects” for the
propagation of beneficial traits
Darwin called this process natural selection
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 109: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Figure 1.18_1
Populationwith variedinheritedtraits
1
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 110: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Figure 1.18_2
Populationwith variedinheritedtraits
Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits
1 2
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 111: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Figure 1.18_3
Populationwith variedinheritedtraits
Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits
Reproductionof survivors
1 2 3
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 112: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Figure 1.18_4
Populationwith variedinheritedtraits
Eliminationof individualswith certaintraits
Reproductionof survivors
Increasedfrequencyof traits thatenhancesurvival
1 2 3 4
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 113: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Natural selection results in the adaptation of
organisms to the circumstances of their way of life
and their environment
For example, bat wings are an example of
adaptation
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 114: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Figure 1.19
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 115: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
The Tree of Life
The shared anatomy of mammalian limbs reflects
the inheritance of the limb structure from a common
ancestor
Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical
unity from descent with modification
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 116: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause
an ancestral species to give rise to two or more
descendent species
For example, the finch species of the Galápagos
Islands are descended from a common ancestor
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with
treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their
descendants
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 117: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Figure 1.20
Green warbler finchCerthidea olivacea(insect-eater)
ANCESTRALFINCH
Vegetarian finchPlatyspiza crassirostris(fruit-eater)
Woodpecker finchCamarhynchus pallidus(insect-eater)
Branch point
Small tree finchCamarhynchus parvulus(insect-eater)
Common cactus finchGeospiza scandens(cactus-eater)
Large ground finchGeospizamagnirostris(seed-eater)
Common ancestorof finches in generaCamarhynchus andGeospiza
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 118: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Concept 1.3: In studying nature, scientists
make observations and form and test
hypotheses
The word science is derived from Latin and means
“to know”
Inquiry is the search for information and
explanations of natural phenomena
Scientists use a process of inquiry that includes
making observations, forming logical hypotheses,
and testing them
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 119: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Exploration and Observation
Biologists describe natural structures and processes
This approach is based on observation and the
analysis of data
Recorded observations are called data
Qualitative data often take the form of recorded
descriptions
Quantitative data are expressed as numerical
measurement, organized into tables and graphs
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 120: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Figure 1.21
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 121: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Figure 1.21a
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 122: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Figure 1.21b
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 123: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the
logical process of induction
Repeating specific observations can lead to
important generalizations
For example, “the sun always rises in the east,” or “all
organisms are made of cells”
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 124: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Forming and Testing Hypotheses
In science, a hypothesis is an explanation, based
on observations and assumptions, that leads to a
testable prediction
It must lead to predictions that can be tested by
making additional observations or by performing
experiments
An experiment is a scientific test, carried out under
controlled conditions
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 125: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
For example:
Observation: Your desk lamp doesn’t work
Question: Why doesn’t your desk lamp work?
Hypothesis 1: The bulb is not screwed in properly
Hypothesis 2: The bulb is burnt out
Both these hypotheses are testable
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 126: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Figure 1.22
Observation: Desk lamp doesn’t work.
Question: Why doesn’t the desk lamp work?
Hypothesis #1:Bulb is improperly screwed in.
Hypothesis #2:Bulb is burnt out.
Prediction: Reinstallingbulb will fix problem.
Prediction: Replacingbulb will fix problem.
Test of prediction:Reinstall bulb.
Test of prediction:Replace bulb.
Result:Desk lamp doesn’t work.
Hypothesis is not supported.
Result:Lamp works.
Hypothesis is supported.
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 127: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning uses general premises to
make specific predictions
Initial observations may give rise to multiple
hypotheses
We can never prove that a hypothesis is true, but
testing it in many ways with different sorts of data
can significantly increase our confidence in it
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 128: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed
by Science
A hypothesis must be testable
For example, a hypothesis that ghosts fooled with the
desk lamp cannot be tested
Supernatural and religious explanations are outside
the bounds of science
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 129: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
The Flexibility of the Scientific Process
The scientific method is an idealized process of
inquiry
However, very few scientific inquiries adhere rigidly
to this approach
Backtracking and “rethinking” may be necessary
partway through the process
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 130: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Figure 1.23
EXPLORATIONAND
DISCOVERY
SOCIETAL
BENEFITS
AND
OUTCOMES
FORMINGAND
TESTINGHYPOTHESES
COMMUNITY
ANALYSIS
AND
FEEDBACK
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 131: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Figure 1.23a
Testing Ideas
• Forming hypotheses
• Predicting results
• Doing experiments and/ormaking observations
• Gathering data
• Analyzing results
Interpreting Results
Data may…
• Support a hypothesis
• Contradict a hypothesis
• Inspire a revised or newhypothesis
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 132: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Figure 1.23b
• Observing nature
• Asking questions
• Reading the scien-
tific literature
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 133: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Figure 1.23c
• Developingtechnology
• Informing policy
• Buildingknowledge
• Solving problems
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 134: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Figure 1.23d
• Feedback andpeer review
• Replication offindings
• Publication
• Consensusbuilding
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 135: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Figure 1.23e
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 136: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Figure 1.23f
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 137: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Figure 1.23g
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 138: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Figure 1.23h
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 139: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating
Coat Coloration in Mouse Populations
Color patterns of animals vary widely in nature,
sometimes even between members of the same
species
Two populations of mice belonging to the same
species (Peromyscus polionotus) but with different
color patterns are found in different environments
The beach mouse lives on white sand dunes with
sparse vegetation; the inland mouse lives on darker
soil
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 140: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Figure 1.24
Beach populationFlorida Inland
population
GULF OFMEXICO
Beachpopulation
Inland population
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 141: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Figure 1.24a
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 142: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Figure 1.24b
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 143: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Figure 1.24c
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 144: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Figure 1.24d
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 145: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
The two types of mice match the coloration of their
habitats
Natural predators of these mice are all visual hunters
Francis Bertody Sumner hypothesized that the color
patterns had evolved as adaptations to protect the
mice from predators
In 2010, Hopi Hoekstra and a group of students
tested this hypothesis
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 146: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
The researchers predicted that mice that did not
match their habitat would be preyed on more heavily
than mice that did match the surroundings
They built models of mice, painted them to match
one of the surroundings, and placed equal numbers
of each type of model in each habitat
They then recorded signs of predation
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 147: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Figure 1.25
Results
Beach habitat
Perc
en
tag
e o
f att
acked
mo
dels 100
50
0Light models Dark models Light models Dark models
Inland habitat
Camouflaged(control)
Non-camouflaged(experimental)
Non-camouflaged(experimental)
Camouflaged(control)
Data from S. N. Vignieri, J. G. Larson, and H. E. Hoekstra, The selective advantage of crypsis in mice, Evolution64:2153–2158 (2010).
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 148: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Figure 1.25a
Camouflaged(control)
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 149: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Figure 1.25b
Non-camouflaged(experimental)
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 150: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Figure 1.25c
Non-camouflaged(experimental)
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 151: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Figure 1.25d
Camouflaged(control)
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 152: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Experimental Variables and Controls
In a controlled experiment, an experimental group
(the non-camouflaged mice in this case) is
compared with a control group (the camouflaged
mice)
Experimental variables are features or quantities
that vary in an experiment
The independent variable is the one that is
manipulated by the researchers, while the
dependent variable is the one predicted to be
affected in response
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 153: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Theories in Science
In the context of science, a theory is
Broader in scope than a hypothesis
General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison
to a hypothesis
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 154: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Concept 1.4: Science benefits from a
cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints
Most scientists work in teams, which often include
graduate and undergraduate students
Good communication is important in order to share
results through seminars, publications, and websites
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 155: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Building on the Work of Others
Scientists check each other’s claims by performing
similar experiments
If experimental results are not repeatable, the
original claim will have to be revised
It is not unusual for different scientists to work on the
same research question
Scientists cooperate by sharing data about model
organisms (for example, the fruit fly Drosophila
melanogaster)
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 156: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Science, Technology, and Society
The goal of science is to understand natural
phenomena
The goal of technology is to apply scientific
knowledge for some specific purpose
Biology is marked by “discoveries,” while technology
is marked by “inventions”
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 157: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
The combination of science and technology has
dramatic effects on society
For example, the discovery of DNA by James Watson
and Francis Crick allowed for advances in DNA
technology such as testing for hereditary diseases
Debates on technology center more on “should we
do it” than “can we do it”
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 158: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Ethical issues can arise from new technology, but
have as much to do with politics, economics, and
cultural values as with science and technology
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 159: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Figure 1.26
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 160: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
The Value of Diverse Viewpoints in Science
Many important inventions have occurred where
different cultures and ideas mix
For example, the printing press relied on innovations
from China (paper and ink) and Europe (mass
production in mills)
Science benefits from diverse views from different
racial and ethnic groups, and from both women and
men
The more voices heard, the more robust, valuable,
and productive the scientific interchange
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 161: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Figure 1.UN02a
40N
um
ber
of
mic
e c
au
gh
t 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0N
um
ber
of
mic
e c
au
gh
t
Light coat
Dark coat
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Light coat
Dark coat
A: Light-colored soil
Full moon
B: Dark-colored soil
Data from D. W. Kaufman, Adaptive coloration in Peromyscus polionotus:Experimental selection by owls, Journal of Mammalogy 55:271–283 (1974).
No moonFull moon No moon
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 162: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Figure 1.UN02b
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 163: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Figure 1.UN03
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 164: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Figure 1.UN04
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 165: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Figure 1.UN05
ENERGY FLOW
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 166: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Figure 1.UN06
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 167: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Figure 1.UN07
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 168: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Figure 1.UN08
Population of organisms
Hereditaryvariations
Overproduction of off-spring and competition
Environmentalfactors
Differences in reproductive successof individuals
Evolution of adaptations in the population
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.
![Page 169: Chapter 1 Biology and Its Themes · The Cell: An Organism’s Basic Unit of Structure and Function The cell is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051908/5ffcd19c90e9c014ab6a93ba/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Figure 1.UN09
© 2018 Pearson Education Ltd.