the cell all organisms are made of cells, the organism’s basic unit of structure and function
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The Cell
All organisms are made of cells, the organism’s basic
unit of structure and function.
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Size range of cells
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The Nucleus
Nucleus—control center-enclosed by nuclear envelope-contains most of the genes that control the entire cell-DNA organized with proteins into chromatin-nucleolus-producesribosomes
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Mitochondria –powerhouse
•energy transformers of cells- producesATP- energy for cell + double membranes + contain ribosomes/DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is only passed on by mom
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Ribosomes Construction Crew- make proteins-free- float in cytoplasm-bound- attachedto endoplasmicreticulum
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Vacuoles
* Cell Closetfunction in cell maintenance & storage + food vacuole + contractile vacuole- removes excesswater + central vacuole (pictured)- in PLANTSStores water & maintains cell shape
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Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum- Intercellular highway
•Transport cell materials • two distinct regions+ rough ER (ribosomes attached)
- manufacture proteins for secretion - membrane production
+ smooth ER- synthesis of lipids- carbohydrate metabolism- detoxify drugs/poisons- stores calcium ions
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Golgi Apparatus
* Packaging & shipping• finishes, sorts, and ships cell products• two poles + cis face + trans face
Enzymes in the Golgi modify products of the ER in stagesas they move through the Golgi stack from cis to trans face.
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Lysosomes- clean up crewcontain hydrolytic enzymes- Primarily animal cells• digestive compartments + intracellular digestion + recycle cell material + program cell destruction (apoptosis)
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Apoptosis – programmed cell death
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/ctl_video.html
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The Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton•provides structural support for motility and regulation + network of fibers- microtubules- thick &
Hollow (straw) - microfilaments- thin &
Solid (toothpick)- intermediate filaments-
Medium & solid
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Cilia & Flagella
-Cilia- short, hairlike, numerous. Cover entire cell-Flagella- long, only 1 or 2 on a cell
* Both function in movement* Found on outside of ANIMAL cells* Composed of microtubules (cytoskeleton)
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F
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IA
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Centrosomes
• Found in animals primarily
• Produce microtubules during cell reproduction
• Animal cells contain centrioles whichcontain 9 sets of 3microtubules
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Cell Membrane
Plasma Membrane- Bouncer•boundary that separates living cell fromits non-living surroundings + 8 nm thick + selectively permeable + unique structure relates to function
+ phospholipid bilayer
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Cell Wall
Cell Walls (1° & 2°)Plant cells only*- Brick wall
•cellulose fibers•Middle lamella Made of pectin (sticky polysaccharide)
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Cytoplasm/Cytosol--cytosol--Gelatinous fluid that surrounds organelles & holds cellular components (Na+, K+, amino acids, etc)
Cytoplasm-everything inCell EXCEPT nucleus
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Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis - Production crew-
* Only in PLANT cells* Made of thylakoid stacks
(grana) where reactions occur* green in color due to
chlorophyll
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Peroxisome
Break down large, branchedFatty acid chains•+ contain specialized teams of enzymes - peroxide-producing oxidases and catalase
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Leucoplast
* Basement/CellarNon-pigmented plastidsBulk storage of starch, commonly in roots
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Chromoplast
* Crayons * * Responsible for pigment synthesis and storage*Commonly found in fruit, flowers, & aging leaves* assist chloroplasts in absorbing suns energy
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The Endomembrane SystemIncludes:•nuclear envelope
•Endoplasmic reticulum
•Golgi apparatus
•Lysosomes
•Vacuoles
•Plasma membrane*
The organelles of the endomembrane system are related through direct contact or by the transfer of membrane segments as vesicles.
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Endomembrane System Summary
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Animal vs. Plant Cell
Unique to Plant Cells:- cell wall- large central vacuole- Plastids
Unique to Animal Cells:-Centrioles-Lysosomes- flagella and/or cilia
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A Panoramic View of the Cell
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic+only in bacteria/archaebacteria Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
+no true nucleus/nuclear envelope true membrane-bound nucleus
+genetic material in nucleoid region genetic material in nucleus
+little to no organelles many organelles