chapter 4. all living organisms are made up of cells cells are the basic units of structure and...
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Microscope and CellsChapter 4
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All living organisms are made up of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living organisms. All cells come from cells that existed before
them by cellular reproduction. Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are
credited with coming up with the basics of the cell theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dscY_2QQbKU
I. The Cell Theory
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Every cell has the following main characteristics:◦ Plasma membrane covering◦ Cytoplasm◦ Their genes are made of DNA ◦ Ribosomes are tiny organelles that assemble
proteins
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Antone von Leeuwenhoek assembled the first microscope that was useful for scientific research.
Compound light microscopes reflect light through a set of lenses and the specimen to magnify the specimen.
See handout for the parts of the microscope – you must know it.
II. The Compound Light Microscope
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Two important characteristics that determine the quality of a light microscope:◦ Magnification – an increase in the apparent size
of an object. We calculate magnification by the following:
Magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective = total magnifying power
• Resolution – the measure of clarity of an image. As the magnification increases, the resolution of the image decreases.
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Some microscopes use beams of electrons for magnification instead of light – electron microscopes
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) – used to study the detailed architecture of the surface of the object. Forms a 3D image, but does not show the inside of the object.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) – used to provide a detailed 2D image of the inside structure of the object that is viewed.
III. Electron Microscopes
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• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/electronmicroscopy/magnify1/index.html
• http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/index.html
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http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
Cells are microscopic, they are visible only with light microscopes. Most of their size ranges from 1-100 µm.
The cells are small, because they have to be able to carry materials from one side of the cell to the next in a short period of time.
Cells must have a large enough surface area to be able to take in nutrients and oxygen and release waste quickly.
III. The Size of Cells
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Prokaryotic cells – small cells (about 1-10 µm) that do not have a nucleus and organelles that are covered with membranes
Prokaryotic cells are found in Bacteria and Archaea (two main domains of life).
IV. Prokaryotic Cells
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Nucleoid region – part of the prokaryotic cell where the DNA is found
Cell membrane – innermost covering of the cell
Cell wall – made up of a special mix of polysaccharides and proteins (antibiotics break it down)
Capsule – outside of the cell wall, protective covering (not all bacteria have it)
Flagella (sing. Flagellum) – moves bacteria
Pili – used to stick them to surfaces and for conjugation (exchange of genetic materials between bacteria)
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Cytoplasm – dissolves substances and holds organelles
Ribosomes – organelles that make proteins in the cytoplasm
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGfs328X8Kw – artificial bacteria http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqOVYpkZ0qs – bacteria song
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Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals Have nucleus and organelles that are
surrounded by phospholipid membranes (membrane-bound organelles)
Much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. (10-100 µm)
Reproduce sexually and asexually http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3u_GDIj7RI&feature=related
V. Eukaryotic Cells
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Nucleus◦ Control center of cell; contains most of the cell’s
DNA Nucleolus
◦ Location where ribosomes are synthesized, made up of DNA, RNA and proteins
Nuclear envelope ◦ Protects the DNA in the nucleus, nuclear pores
allow the exchange of materials.◦ Amazing cells: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/
VI. Eukaryotic OrganellesGeneral Function: Manufacturing
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Ribosomes◦ Protein synthesis – mushroom-shaped organelle
that is made up of RNA and proteins Rough ER
◦ Comprised of a network of tubes and flattened sacs.
◦ Continuous with plasma membrane and nuclear membrane and made up of the same material
◦ Site of protein synthesis (consists of ribosomes) and protein folding (this is where many proteins get their secondary and tertiary structures).
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Smooth ER◦ Site of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism◦ No ribosomes◦ Membrane structure, so it is also made up of
phospholipids and proteins◦ Detoxification
Golgi Apparatus◦ Connected with ER; flattened disc-shaped sacs,
stacked one on top of the other◦ Modification, storage, and packaging of proteins.◦ “Tags” proteins so they go to the correct
destination◦ “The mailroom of the cell”
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Lysosomes (in animal cells and some protists)◦ Digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged
organelles; destruction of certain cells during embryonic development
Peroxisomes◦ Diverse metabolic processes break down H ions
into hydrogen peroxide◦ Detoxification
Vacuoles◦ Digestion (like lysosomes); storage of chemicals,
cell enlargement; water balance, really large in older plant cells
VII. Eukaryotic OrganellesGeneral Function: Breakdown
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• Vesicles – small membrane bubbles that ship materials within and out of the cell.
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Chloroplasts◦ Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of
sugars (site of photosynthesis)◦ Double membrane structureYou must be able to draw and label the parts of
chloroplasts Mitochondria
◦ Conversion of chemical energy of food to chemical energy – cellular respiration
◦ Bound by double membraneYou must be able to draw and label the parts of
mitochondriahttp://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_mitochondria.html
VIII. Eukaryotic Organelles: Energy Processing
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Cytoskeleton (including cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells)◦ Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for
organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement; mechanical transmission of signals from exterior of cell to interior. Cilia and flagella move the cell or move substances on the cell.
Cell walls (in plants, fungi, and protists)◦ Maintenance of cell shape and skeletal support;
surface protection; binding of cells in tissues◦ Made up of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi and
different types of materials in prokaryotes.
IX. Eukaryotic OrganellesGeneral Function: Support, Movement, and Communication
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