cell structure and function all living organisms are made up of cells
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Cell Structure and Function
All living organisms are made up of cells.
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Cells are:• The basic unit of structure and function of a living organism.
– Organisms can be unicellullar
– Organsims can be multicellular
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History of the cell.• 1665 Anton van Leevwenhoek: constructed
first simple microscope.• Viewed pond water and saw tiny moving
structures • he called “wee little beasties” or
“animalcules
• .
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• 1670 Robert Hooke– English scientist – invented first compound light microscope.– Viewed cork– Named tiny, hollow units and called them
“cells”.
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Approximately 200 years later…
• 1833 Robert Brown– First to view a nucleus within a cell.– Scientist now knew that there were structures
within the “cells” and they were not hollow like the cork.
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• 1835 Two German scientist, Theodor Schwann (Zoologist) and Matthias Schleiden (Botanist) collectively came to the conclusion:– that all plants and all animals are made up
of cells.
• 1855 Rudolf Virchow recorded that “all cells come from other like and pre-existing cells.
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• 1869 Fredrick Miescher: – Discovered: DNA’s presence (not its
structure) but did not know its importance until much later.
– He called it nuclein.
• 1879 Walter Flemming: Identified chromosomes in the nucleus. Once again did not know the true importance of them.
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The Cell Theory
• 1. Every living organism is made up of one or more cells.
• 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms.
• 3. All cells arise from like, pre-existing cells.
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Two types of cells exist: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
• Word means “before nucleus”• Includes all bacteria
– Believed to be the first cells on Earth in the primordial soup
Traits:
• Lack a nucleus • Lacks all membrane bound organelles.• Genetic material just floats around the
center of the cell.
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Eukaryotic Cells
• Word means “contains a true nucleus”
• Examples includes all animals, plants, fungi, and protist.
• TRAITS:
• Evolved from prokaryotic cells.– Theory is one prokaryotic cell engulfed
another and now there was a cell within another cell.
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• Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
• Organelles are “tiny organs” within a cell, each having their own function.
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Two types of eukaryotic cells:
Plant-like Animal-like
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Traits common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells
-Plasma / cell membranes-Cytoplasm-Cell wall-Genetic material-Ribosomes
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Cell Membrane
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Plasma or Cell Membrane: Function:
1. Outer boundary of the cell-separates one cell from another
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2. Allows for interaction between like cells within a tissue.
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3. Acts as a “gatekeeper”-regulates what is allowed to enter or leave the cell.
4.Aids in protection and support.-keeps out bacteria-provides some shape
OxygenFood MoleculesWater
Carbon dioxideCellular WasteExcess water
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Fluid Mosaic Model
-model of the structure of a cell membrane-discovered in 1972
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The cell membrane:-Consist of a double layer of phospholipids
with proteins and some carbohydrates scattered throughout the bilayer.
-known as a phospholipid bilayer
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Components of the Cell Membrane
Carbohydrate chains
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins: - receptor proteins - transporting proteins - adhesion proteins
Used for cell recognition
Type of lipid
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Phospholipid-type of lipid
-most abundant component in the membrane
Hydrophobic Tail-water fearing-nonpolar
Hydrophilic Head-water loving-polar
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Extracellular Fluid: Cells watery environment
Intracellular Fluid: Cells liquid center/cytoplasm
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Several types of proteins embedded in the bilayer:
1. Receptor proteins: act as a docking area for items to attach to like hormones.
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2. Transporting proteins:
-transports items across the bilayer
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3. Adhesion Proteins:
-project outward from bilayer and help cells within a tissue to stick together.
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Cytoplasm:1. -liquid part of the cell2. -found in all areas between the nucleus and the cell membrane
3.-made mostly of water with salts, amino acids, nucleotides, etc… dissolved in it.
Function: -to suspend and allow structures to move about.
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Cell Wall:1.-surrounds cell membrane
-found in plants, fungi, some bacteria and some protist.2.-located outside the cell membrane3.-provides shape and support
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4. -has openings so items can pass through.
5. -made up of cellulose and pectin in plants and chitin in fungi.
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Turgor Pressure:1. -Pressure created by water
-cell loses water-turgor pressure decreases-cell wall bows inward-cell shrinks in size
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2. Cell takes in water- turgor pressure increases- cell wall bulges out- cell swells
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Genetic Material:1.-made up of DNA2.-has instructions for making all cellular proteins.
Prokaryotic Cells:-Have no nucleus-DNA is free floating-DNA is in 1 circular
loop
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Eukaryotic Cells:-DNA contained in a nucleus-many linear pieces of DNA known as
chromosomes.
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Ribosomes:
The cells “workbench”
Job: Makes proteins, in their linear form, by assembling amino acids in the correct order based on DNA’s code.
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Ribosomes are made up of RNA and proteins.
Found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
or
Free floating in the cytoplasm
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Continue on to Bacteria lecture
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Continue on to Viruses