chapter 1: biology and you biologyholt. section 1: themes of biology characteristics of living...
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Chapter 1:Chapter 1:Biology and YouBiology and You
Biology Biology
HoltHolt
Section 1: Section 1: Themes of biologyThemes of biologyCharacteristics of Living organismsCharacteristics of Living organisms
Unifying Themes of BiologyUnifying Themes of Biology
Characteristics of living organismsCharacteristics of living organisms
• Organisms- living things, such as people, plants, and animals
• Biology- study of life
• Every living organism:composed of one or more cellsAble to reproduceObtains and uses energy to run the
processes of life
Properties of lifeProperties of life
• Cellular organization
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
• Heredity
• Responsiveness
• Growth and development
Unifying Themes of Unifying Themes of BiologyBiology
Cellular structure and functionCellular structure and functionReproductionReproductionMetabolismMetabolism
HomeostasisHomeostasisHeredityHeredityEvolutionEvolution
InterdependenceInterdependence
Theme 1: Cellular Structure and Theme 1: Cellular Structure and functionfunction
• All living things are made of one or more cells
• Cells are highly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called membranes
The smallest unit capable of all life functions
Single celled/ multicellular
Theme 2: ReproductionTheme 2: Reproduction
• Reproduction- the process by which organisms make more of their own kind from one generation to the next
• An essential part of living
Theme 3: MetabolismTheme 3: Metabolism
• Metabolism- the sum of all of the chemical reactions carried out in an organism
• Almost all the energy used by living organisms is originally captured from sunlight
• Plants, Algae, Bacteria- Photosynthesis
Theme 4: HomeostasisTheme 4: Homeostasis
• All living organisms must maintain a stable internal environment in order to function properly.
• Homeostasis- the maintenance of stable internal conditions in spite of changes in the external environment
Theme 5: HeredityTheme 5: Heredity
• Passing of traits to offspring from the parent
• Gene- the basic unit of heredity (DNA)
• Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring
• Mutation- a change in the DNA of a geneCan cause cancer
Theme 6: EvolutionTheme 6: Evolution
• Evolution- Change in the inherited characteristics of species over generation
• Species- a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring
• Natural selection- survival of the fittestCharles Darwin
Theme 7: InterdependenceTheme 7: Interdependence
• A biological community is a group of interacting organisms
• Ecology- branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment
• Food webs
Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review
1. Identify the seven properties that all living organisms share.
2. Relate three of the seven major themes of biology to the life of a harp seal.
3. Name the very small, organized structure that is bound by membrane and that is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms.
Section 1 Review (cont)Section 1 Review (cont)
4. Define homeostasis and metabolism, and describe their differences.
5. If you find an object that looks like an organism, how might you determine if your discovery is alive?
6. The mutation that results in sickle cell anemia produces effects that areA. Only harmful b. Only positiveC. Both harmful and positiveD. unimportant
Section 2: Biology in your Section 2: Biology in your WorldWorld
Solving real world problemsSolving real world problems
Fighting diseasesFighting diseases
Solving Real Solving Real World ProblemsWorld Problems
Preserving the environmentPreserving the environment
Improving the food supplyImproving the food supply
Understanding the Human genomeUnderstanding the Human genome
Preserving Our EnvironmentPreserving Our Environment
• More the 6 billion people live on Earth
How can this be a problem?
Improving food supplyImproving food supply
• Genetically engineered crops
Understanding the Human GenomeUnderstanding the Human Genome
• Hunam genome project
• Genome- the complete genetic material contained in a individual
• Contains 3 billion individual units
Fighting DiseaseFighting Disease
AidsAidsCancer Cancer
Emerging diseasesEmerging diseasesGene TherapyGene Therapy
AIDSAIDS
• A fatal disease caused by HIV
• HIV- a virus that attacks and destroys that human immune system
• Transmitted by contact with body fluids from an infected person
• No vaccine presently
CancerCancer
• A growth defect in cells
• A breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division
• Prevention methods: don’t smoke..Lung cancer
Emerging DiseasesEmerging Diseases
• West Nile VirusTransmitted by misquitoesInfects humans, birds, horses, and
possibly other animals
• Mad cow diseaseInfected by eating meat of infected cattle
Gene TherapyGene Therapy
• Cystic fibrosis- a fatal disorder in which a thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body organs
• Gene therapy- the replacement of a defective gene with a normal version
• Muscular dystrophy, hemophilia
Section 2 ReviewSection 2 Review
1. Describe the relationship between scientific research and the use of the environmental resources
2. Explain how genetic engineering can improve food supplies.
3. Describe one problem that scientists must overcome to develop a vaccine for HIV.
Section review (cont)Section review (cont)
4. Explain how gene therapy might be used to treat cystic fibrosis.
5. Do you agree or disagree that a knowledge of biology is essential in the battle against diseases? Explain your answer.
6. One goal of researchers who transpalnt beneficial plant genes into other plants is to: A. Accelerate extinction B. Cure cancer C. Halt the spread of AIDS D. Reduce pesticides use
Section 3: Section 3: Scientific ProcessesScientific ProcessesObservation: the basis of scientific Observation: the basis of scientific
researchresearchStages of Scientific InvestigationStages of Scientific Investigation
Scientific explanationsScientific explanations
Observation: The basis of Observation: The basis of Scientific ResearchScientific Research
Solving scientific puzzlesSolving scientific puzzles
Solving scientific puzzlesSolving scientific puzzles
• Observation- the act of noting or perceiving objects or events using senses
• Look at your book:
How does it feel?
What does it look like?