introduction: unifying themes of biology chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
INTRODUCTION: UNIFYING THEMES OF BIOLOGY
Chapter 1
Inquiring About the Natural World
• Biology is the scientific study of life
• Evolution is the basic principle of biology
• Scientific Inquiry is how we approach the study of life
Study of Life
• Look at the natural world by studying what living things do.
• Diversity and complexity
• How things are connected
Order
Evolutionary adaptation
Responseto theenvironment
ReproductionGrowth anddevelopment
Energyprocessing
Regulation
Fig. 1-3
Fig. 1-3a
Order
Fig. 1-3b
Evolutionaryadaptation
Fig. 1-3c
Responseto theenvironment
Fig. 1-3d
Reproduction
Fig. 1-3e
Growth and development
Fig. 1-3f
Energy processing
Fig. 1-3g
Regulation
Connecting Themes: Big Ideas
• More than just memorizing details
• Themes or Big Ideas will help you organize the information.
The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 1
• The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.• Makes sense of everything we know about living organisms
• Unifies biological concepts
Fig. 1-16
Cilia ofParamecium
Cross section of a cilium, as viewedwith an electron microscope
Cilia ofwindpipecells
15 µm 5 µm
0.1 µm
Fig. 1-15(a) DOMAIN BACTERIA
(b) DOMAIN ARCHAEA
(c) DOMAIN EUKARYA
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
KingdomPlantae
Kingdom Animalia
Fig. 1-14Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Ursus americanus(American black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 2
• Biological Systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis.• What are systems?
Fig. 1-4c
The biosphere
Fig. 1-4d
Ecosystems
Fig. 1-4e
Communities
Fig. 1-4f
Populations
Fig. 1-4g
Organisms
Fig. 1-4h
Organs andorgan systems
Fig. 1-4i
Tissues50 µm
Fig. 1-4j
Cells
Cell
10 µm
Fig. 1-4k
1 µm
Organelles
Fig. 1-4l
Atoms
Molecules
(a) Wings
(c) Neurons
(b) Bones
Infoldings ofmembrane
Mitochondrion
(d) Mitochondria0.5 µm100 µm
Fig. 1-6
Fig. 1-13a
Excess Dblocks a step
(a) Negative feedback
Negativefeedback
D
D D
D
C
B
A
Enzyme 1
Enzyme 2
Enzyme 3
–
Fig. 1-13b
Excess Zstimulates a step
(b) Positive feedback
Z
Positivefeedback
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 6Z
Z
Z
Y
X
W
+
The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 3
• Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to life processes.
25 µm
Fig. 1-7
NucleicontainingDNA
Sperm cell
Egg cell
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents
Embryo’s cells withcopies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents
Fig. 1-9
Fig. 1-10
Nucleus DNA
Cell
Nucleotide
(a) DNA double helix (b) Single strand of DNA
Fig. 1-11
The Four Big Ideas: Big Idea 4
• Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex processes.
Fig. 1-5
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Heat
Heat
Cyclingof
chemicalnutrients
Producers(plants and other photosynthetic
organisms)
Chemical energy
Consumers(such as animals)
Scientific Inquiry
•A search for information and explanation
•What is the scientific method?• What are its components?
Fig. 1-24a
Observations
Question
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
Fig. 1-24b
Test prediction
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
Test prediction
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test falsifies hypothesis Test does not falsify hypothesis