Chapter 1: Biomes and Ecosystems are Divisions of the Biosphere

CO2 + H2O + Energy → O2 + Sugar

Today!

Biome review

Ecosystems

Abiotic factors

Biotic factors

Ecological hierarchy

Begin workbook pages (due class AFTER next)

Biomes review

What is a biome?

Name the 8 terrestrial biomes

What do latitude, elevation, wind, and ocean currents influence?

What is a climatograph?

What are the 3 ways organisms can adapt?

Science 10 Chapter 1.2 Ecosystems

1.2 Ecosystems• a biological community of interacting

organisms (biotic) and their physicalenvironment (abiotic)

• Are smaller subdivisions of biomes

• A habitat is where an organism lives

Abiotic factors ALLOW biotic factors to survive in an ecosystem

Abiotic factors:air, water, soil,nutrients, light

Biotic factors:plants, animals,micro-organisms

Back to Biomes

Ecosystems are different sizes

• A biome is

made up of

many similar

ecosystems

• Small ecosystem examples: puddle, rotting stump, tide pool

• Large ecosystem examples: coastal Douglas Fir forest, Gary Oak, coast mountain range

Abiotic Examples in Terrestrial EcosystemsLight is required for photosynthesis – stores solar energy as starches and carbohydrates

Oxygen is produced by: green plants, some micro-organisms, used by animals and most other micro-organisms

Water is necessary for all life

Nutrients often enter food chain from plants (IMPORTANT for growth)

Soil contains water, nutrients, andis a home to many plants/animals

PhotosynthesisA chemical reaction in the chloroplast of plant cells where sunlightis used in the presence of chlorophyll to make food (glucose) for the plant.

Sunlight + 6H20 + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

(Sun + Water + carbon dioxide →sugar + oxygen)

Soil• Provides nutrients for plants, supports life for many small

organisms

• Anchors plants in one place, absorbs and holds water, making it available to plants and animals

• Soil organisms maintain soil structure

(e.g., Earthworms)

Soil

• Some soil organisms break down pollutants

(e.g., Bacteria)

• Some store carbon by eating insects, taking OM underground, aerating soil

Example: ground beetles, dung beetles

Habitat• (Latin: “it inhabits”)

• the natural environment where an organism lives

• the physical environment that surrounds

(influences and is utilized by) a species

population.

• E.g., sculpin’s habitat = between rocks @

bottom of tide pool ecosystem

Structure of Biotic Interactions

• Interactions of plants, animals, and microorganisms are organized in an ecological heirarchy

Individual Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

1. Individual: an organism

2. Species: a group of closely related organisms that can reproduce with each other

Structure of Biotic Interactions

3. Population: all members of a particular species within an ecosystem

• Many different species interactwith each other to form a

4. Community: all the populationsof different species that interact in an ecosystem– E.g., mosquitoes, robins,

raccoons, cougars

Niches (specializations)

• The role an organism has

within an ecosystem, physically,

chemically, and biologically

• Its “job,” how it contributes

to, and fits in the environment

• Dragons den investors dislike micro-niches

The blue heron’s niche• Live near water where they can fish

• Can nest in nearby trees and bushes

• Feed alone, but tolerate other birds

• Can find food in deeper water because of long legs

• This allows them to occupy a different niche than short-legged herons

Great Blue Heron

Coming up… Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems

1. Symbiosis

I. Commensalism

II. Mutualism

III. Parasitism

2. Competition

3. Predation

4. Mimicry

Today!

Ecosystems

Abiotic factors

Biotic factors

Ecological hierarchy

Niches

Begin WB 10-13 (due class AFTER next)

Today! Biotic interactions in ecosystems

WB pages 10-13 due tomorrow

Chapter review

Thursday…

A Celebration!

(of learning)

Fer-de-lance

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v303A6dFPic

Biotic Interactions in Ecosystems

1. Symbiosis

(symbiotic int.)

I. Commensalism

II. Mutualism

III. Parasitism

2. Competition

3. Predation

4. Mimicry

Commensalism (a form of symbiosis)

• One species benefits and the other is not helped or harmed.

• an organism using another for transportation, housing, or something another created, after the death of the first.

• E.g., hermit crabs that use gastropod shells, or barnacles on a whale

Mutualism (a form of symbiosis)• both individuals of the relationship derive a benefit.

E.g.,: goby fish and shrimp.

• Shrimp digs/cleans a burrow in sand where they both live.

• Shrimp is almost blind (vulnerable to predators above)

• Danger! Goby fish touches shrimp with tail to warn it.

• Both quickly retreat into burrow.

Parasitism (a symbiotic relationship)

• One species benefits while harming the other

• E.g., Roundworms in humans

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0hY4_MMxM4

Fig wasps – mutualism or parasitism?

Competition• Organisms require the same resource at the same

location at the same time (may occupy the same niche)

• Health, growth and ability to reproduce can be limited in individual organisms and populations.

• E.g., coyote territory, moose mating, scotch broom

Competition• Successful Plants:

- Some release chemicals into the soil to prevent growth of other plants

- This can allow the plant to reproduce very quickly

- Can be an invasive species

E.g., Scotch broom (changes soil pH)

Predation• The relationship between the “eaters” and the “eaten”

• Predators have adaptations to help catch prey, prey have adaptations to avoid predators

• Some work in packs, others hunt alone if small prey is abundant (rabbits, mice, squirrels)

• Lone hunters compete with each

other (especially if food is scarce)

Predation• term used to describe predator-prey interactions where

one organism eats all or part of another organism

• One organism is harmed, one benefits

• (different from parasitism because

parasites usually don’t kill the host)

Predation

• Predator Adaptations:

- Highly developed senses (eyesight, smell)

- fangs, claws

• Prey Adaptations:

- Spines, shells, poison, camouflage, mimicry

Caribbean Reef Squid – Belize 2013

Caribbean Reef Squid – Belize 2013

Coral Snake

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKBTpnCl0xQ

“Red touches yellow, you’re a dead fellow

Yellow touches black, good friend of Jack”

Mimicry is so cool!

Mimicry

Belize 2013

Today! Biotic interactions in ecosystems

WB pages 10-13

due next class

Chapter review

Coming up…

A Celebration!

of learning)