Chapter 1EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS

ColumbusReasons for European exploration

Demand for spice and other trade goods High cost through Middle East Competition with Portugal

Prince Henry the NavigatorPortugal’s opening of the Indian Ocean

ColumbusSpain and Queen Isabella circa 1492

The Deal Title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea Political control of discovered lands Ten percent of profits made in trade

Four voyages

Did Columbus really not know the truth?

Spanish AmericaTreaty of Tordesillas

1513 - Balboa - Pacific Ocean

1513 - Ponce de Leon - Florida

1519 - Cortes - Aztecs

1519 - Magellan

Spanish America1520’s - Cabeza de Vaca - Gulf coast and American Southwest

1530’s - Pizarro – Incas

1530’s - de Soto and Coronado – north to Kansas and Grand Canyon

By 1600’s permanent settlements at St. Augustine in Florida and Santa Fe in New Mexico

Journey of Cabeza de Vaca

Indians & EuropeansEuropeans = godsThe Spanish requerimientoMistreatment and slaughterChristianizing the nativesNew England – fair treatment?

Cultural DifferencesReligious differences – “heathens” versus Christians

European materialism versus Indian non-materialism

Political leadership – kings versus chiefs

Indian communal lands versus European farms

Differences in warfare – goals and tactics

Disease & Population LossGenocide? A live Indian is better than a dead oneBartolome de Las Casas – Spanish crueltyThe Black LegendDisease – decimation of Indian populations

European RivalsFrance and England claimed areas of North America due to voyages of Verrazano and John CabotWhy did Spain dominate the New World?Spain experienced relative domestic tranquility while France and

England suffered political and religious conflictSpain controlled areas best suited for quick returnsSpain dominated Europe under Charles V

European RivalsSpanish peak and decline under Philip II

Break-up of Holy Roman Empire with ascension of Philip II

Corruption of Spanish court Spanish involvement in religious wars =

debt Failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588 1588 – The year that changed the world

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation was a mix of different movementsReligious movement led by Martin

Luther and John CalvinPolitical movement to escape power

of the Catholic ChurchEconomic movement with

Protestant work ethic as core value

Reformation

English BeginningsEnglish joint-stock companies financed expeditions for Northwest PassageQueen Elizabeth I covertly authorized Francis Drake to attack Spanish vesselsEfforts to establish English colonies at Newfoundland in 1583 (Sir Humphrey Gilbert) and Roanoke in 1585 (Sir Walter Raleigh)

Roanoke

VirginiaJamestownFounded in 1607 Impetus for settlement was

profitColonization also seen as

solution to unemployment and rid cities of “rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars”

VirginiaPowhatan Confederacy- 32 tribes

Strategic importance of Jamestown

Treasure versus farming

John Smith – leadership

Deterioration of relations with Indians

300 new arrivals – colony could not support

VirginiaThe “starving time”New governor – Lord De La WarrNew laws: church, sodomy, adultery

VirginiaTobacco – West Indies transplantsJames IMarriage of Pocahontas & John RolfeShipment of women, poor and orphans

VirginiaSelf-government – House of BurgessesOf 4,000 settlers 1618-1622 barely ¼ survivedOnly success was tobacco – success caused expansion

VirginiaIndian warEnglish policy of separating

communities made them easier to attack

Several settlements destroyed / 350 colonists killed

War bankrupted the Virginia Company

During company’s tenure of 7,289 total settlers, 6,040 died or returned to England

VirginiaAfter Indian war, expeditions sent out 3x year to kill Indians

Treaty created demarcation line

War in 1644-1646 banished Indians from the peninsula altogether

VirginiaAttempts by the crown to make Jamestown’s economy more diverse were fruitlessEfforts to create towns also failed due to plantation economyColonists created English-style counties with sheriff, constable, coroner, etc

VirginiaTobacco – labor intensive cropIndentured servitude“Crimps”1619 – First slavesComparable service and treatmentSlavery preferred – docile, cheaper, could not runaway

VirginiaIncreasing reliance on slaveryPoor whites and new immigrants forced to move westwardLack of solid middle class – rise of aristocracyBy middle of 1600s 100 families controlled colony’s wealth and power

VirginiaPlanter had to play role of merchantLack of towns caused plantation to become self-sufficientTransactions took place on plantation docksVery little development of investment capitalDevelopment of American products discouraged

Jamestown

PurificationQueen Mary (Bloody Mary)Elizabeth IAnglican Church The Middle Road Radical Protestants (Puritans) wanted the Church purified – believed it was

still too CatholicPuritans even more unhappy under James I

Plymouth Colony19 November 1620Second English foothold in New WorldPrivate joint-stock companyThe Puritans and the Separatists Scrooby Holland

Grant from King James I

Plymouth ColonyOnly 41 out of 102 colonists were PilgrimsLanded at Cape Cod – Virginia was their patentMayflower CompactIndians and diseaseDeveloped successful “forest diplomacy”December 20 – landing at Plymouth harbor

Plymouth ColonyDifferences with Jamestown Families Purpose Teamwork

Plymouth ColonyIndian relations

Samoset and Squanto Engagement in regional politics Alliance with Wampanoag versus Narragansett Trade – presence of fishing stations Problems with Squanto Jamestown attack – construction of fort

Plymouth ColonyColony BusinessWilliam Bradford Investors and fur trade1623- move to privatization versus

collectivism (incentive)1624- population at 180 – crime?Arrival of Massachusetts Bay Colony –

demand for crops

Plymouth ColonyThreatMerrymountThomas Morton and cast-off

indentured servantsAmerica’s first counter-cultureMaypole and gun sales to IndiansMiles Standish

Plymouth ColonyProblems in Paradise 1630- population of 300 Expansion versus religious ties Plymouth un-influential Lack of recruits

Massachusetts Bay ColonyMigrations due to crisesKing Charles I and Wm LaudThe Great Migration of 1630’s Religious persecution Economic depression Unemployment Poor harvests

Massachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 Endecott Salem Boston

Massachusetts Bay ColonyColony structureEach town built around a church and congregationPolitical participation restricted to church members only Land distributed giving each

◦ House, garden, and orchard◦ Farmland, woodland, pasture, and meadow◦ Other land held in common

Massachusetts Bay ColonyStatusTownships based on

quasi-feudal structureClass conscious – church

pewsUndemocraticDiscriminatoryUniformity rewarded –

individualism squashed

Massachusetts Bay ColonyDissension = new colonyNo tolerance for or dilution of ideals – strict orthodoxyPull of individualismWithout a threat, Puritan ideology began to unravel

Massachusetts Bay Colony“City Upon a Hill” versus expansion"For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the

eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses . . ." --John Winthrop, aboard the Arbella, 1630

Clip- Pilgrims & Puritans

Troublemakers

Roger Williams RadicalNegotiated with Indians and founded

ProvidenceGained charter – founded Rhode Island

colonyTolerated all religions – separation of

church and state

TroublemakersQuakersAnne HutchisonOutspoken critic of Puritan doctrinePut on trial for defaming the clergyCast out of MassachusettsMoved to Rhode Island

Other New England ColoniesConnecticutIndians perished along Connecticut River due to diseasePuritans moved inFour-way struggle between Puritans, Pilgrims, Dutch, and IndiansPuritan treatment of IndiansPilgrims give up claim on land

Other New England Colonies1637 Pequot massacreSafety from Indians brought new

government separate from Massachusetts

New England Confederation 1643 Allied Massachusetts, Plymouth,

Connecticut, and New HavenMaine and Rhode Island excluded

for religious views

The French1564 - French Huguenots est. Fort Caroline in FloridaFriendly Indians helped but French reduced to starvationWhy?1565 - French relief arrived with men & suppliesSpanish felt French fort was threat

The FrenchSpanish expedition under command of Menendez de Aviles arrived in Florida 1565 Stonecutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, smelters, weavers, tanners, coopers,

bakers, brewers, barbers, arms-makers, and even notaryHalf of soldiers were also farmers26 Families

The FrenchSpanish expedition founded St. Augustine (40 miles south of Fort Caroline)French and Spanish mount simultaneous attacksCape Canaveral massacre“I do not do this as unto Frenchmen but as unto Lutherans”

The FrenchFrance was the most populous state in Europe (16 million versus Spain with 8 and England with 5.5)King Henry IV offered fur trade to anyone who would finance itCompany of New France founded (10% to Crown)

The FrenchSamuel de Champlain – “Father of New France”Established failed settlements in Nova ScotiaMany settlers lost to scurvyEstablished colony at QuebecSearch for Northwest Passage – discovered Great Lakes and Mississippi RiverAllied with Ottawa Indians against IroquoisEstablished exchange program between Indians and French

The FrenchWhy the French colony remained smallFrench emphasis on trade not settlementFrance lacked middle classCanada not an attractive destination Immigration encouraged through salaries, cash for babies, women (city

women not country girls)No cash crop emerged

The French

Fur trade damaged environmentAlcohol damaged Indian cultureJesuit missionaries (Black Robes) not

popular – unwilling to adapt to Indian ways

All settlers Catholic – foreigners and Huguenots not welcome

Caribbean colonies more lucrative – Canada a side show

The DutchDutch East India Company – Henry Hudson and Northwest Passage

1624 – Manhattan – 30 family settlement

Settlement lasted only 40 years

Goals of Dutch Fur trade Fort Orange (Albany) – receive goods Manhattan – ship goods

The DutchThe Dutch colonyDutch were scrupulous in land deals with IndiansPatroonship – man who recruited 50 settlers received large lots of

landIndian wars under Governor William Kieft caused whites to leave

colonyGovernor Peter Stuyvesant ended wars – attempted to end gun

trade with Indians

The DutchNew Netherlands did not grow due to emphasis on trade versus

settlementNew Amsterdam was hodge-podge of nationalities, religions, and

languagesJews arrived 1654 but left due to anti-Semitic policies of

StuyvesantNew Amsterdam captured by four British warships – became

property of the Duke of York (king’s brother)Albany remained Dutch

MarylandProprietary colony – personal property?George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) given grant by Charles IWanted Maryland as haven for CatholicsColony soon had Protestant majority due to labor and immigrants from other colonies

MarylandReligious disputes broke out (due to English Civil War) resulting in Toleration Act of 1649All religions including Quakers toleratedLittle to no conflict with Indians

MarylandMajor forms of labor

Indentured Convict Free-Willers – recruited by “crimps”

Disease especially malaria common – over 40 percent of servants died before contract

Many freed servants could not get land due to surveying and registration fees

MarylandWomenFewer numbers allowed pick of suitorsFemale indentured servants often had contracts bought outHigh mortality rate – only 1/3 of marriages lasted longer than ten years20 percent of children orphaned by age 12

The CarolinasProprietary colonyEnvisioned with huge estates worked by a peasant classReality was like Virginia and MarylandFirst settlers from Barbados 1670 – two areas focus of settlement: Charles Town and AlbemarleCharles Town thrived on trade / Albemarle poorer – later split as South and North Carolina

The Middle ColoniesNew York taken from DutchNew Jersey granted as proprietary colony – later portion sold to QuakersKing Charles II gave Wm Penn grant to Pennsylvania to settle debtDelaware ceded to Penn by Duke of York

The Middle ColoniesPenn and Quakers intent on dealing with Indians fairlyGood lands in Pennsylvania attracted large German (“Dutch” = Deutsch) migrationFertile lands made Pennsylvania prosperous colony with agricultural exports to Europe and Caribbean

Indians & Europeans Indian influencesFlora and faunaAgriculture – especially cornBirchbark canoe

European InfluencesMetal objectsClothingAttitudes – war, property, power