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Chapter 1EUROPE IN THE AMERICAS
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ColumbusReasons for European exploration
Demand for spice and other trade goods High cost through Middle East Competition with Portugal
Prince Henry the NavigatorPortugal’s opening of the Indian Ocean
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ColumbusSpain and Queen Isabella circa 1492
The Deal Title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea Political control of discovered lands Ten percent of profits made in trade
Four voyages
Did Columbus really not know the truth?
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Spanish AmericaTreaty of Tordesillas
1513 - Balboa - Pacific Ocean
1513 - Ponce de Leon - Florida
1519 - Cortes - Aztecs
1519 - Magellan
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Spanish America1520’s - Cabeza de Vaca - Gulf coast and American Southwest
1530’s - Pizarro – Incas
1530’s - de Soto and Coronado – north to Kansas and Grand Canyon
By 1600’s permanent settlements at St. Augustine in Florida and Santa Fe in New Mexico
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Journey of Cabeza de Vaca
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Indians & EuropeansEuropeans = godsThe Spanish requerimientoMistreatment and slaughterChristianizing the nativesNew England – fair treatment?
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Cultural DifferencesReligious differences – “heathens” versus Christians
European materialism versus Indian non-materialism
Political leadership – kings versus chiefs
Indian communal lands versus European farms
Differences in warfare – goals and tactics
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Disease & Population LossGenocide? A live Indian is better than a dead oneBartolome de Las Casas – Spanish crueltyThe Black LegendDisease – decimation of Indian populations
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European RivalsFrance and England claimed areas of North America due to voyages of Verrazano and John CabotWhy did Spain dominate the New World?Spain experienced relative domestic tranquility while France and
England suffered political and religious conflictSpain controlled areas best suited for quick returnsSpain dominated Europe under Charles V
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European RivalsSpanish peak and decline under Philip II
Break-up of Holy Roman Empire with ascension of Philip II
Corruption of Spanish court Spanish involvement in religious wars =
debt Failure of the Spanish Armada in 1588 1588 – The year that changed the world
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Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation was a mix of different movementsReligious movement led by Martin
Luther and John CalvinPolitical movement to escape power
of the Catholic ChurchEconomic movement with
Protestant work ethic as core value
Reformation
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English BeginningsEnglish joint-stock companies financed expeditions for Northwest PassageQueen Elizabeth I covertly authorized Francis Drake to attack Spanish vesselsEfforts to establish English colonies at Newfoundland in 1583 (Sir Humphrey Gilbert) and Roanoke in 1585 (Sir Walter Raleigh)
Roanoke
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VirginiaJamestownFounded in 1607 Impetus for settlement was
profitColonization also seen as
solution to unemployment and rid cities of “rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars”
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VirginiaPowhatan Confederacy- 32 tribes
Strategic importance of Jamestown
Treasure versus farming
John Smith – leadership
Deterioration of relations with Indians
300 new arrivals – colony could not support
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VirginiaThe “starving time”New governor – Lord De La WarrNew laws: church, sodomy, adultery
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VirginiaTobacco – West Indies transplantsJames IMarriage of Pocahontas & John RolfeShipment of women, poor and orphans
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VirginiaSelf-government – House of BurgessesOf 4,000 settlers 1618-1622 barely ¼ survivedOnly success was tobacco – success caused expansion
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VirginiaIndian warEnglish policy of separating
communities made them easier to attack
Several settlements destroyed / 350 colonists killed
War bankrupted the Virginia Company
During company’s tenure of 7,289 total settlers, 6,040 died or returned to England
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VirginiaAfter Indian war, expeditions sent out 3x year to kill Indians
Treaty created demarcation line
War in 1644-1646 banished Indians from the peninsula altogether
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VirginiaAttempts by the crown to make Jamestown’s economy more diverse were fruitlessEfforts to create towns also failed due to plantation economyColonists created English-style counties with sheriff, constable, coroner, etc
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VirginiaTobacco – labor intensive cropIndentured servitude“Crimps”1619 – First slavesComparable service and treatmentSlavery preferred – docile, cheaper, could not runaway
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VirginiaIncreasing reliance on slaveryPoor whites and new immigrants forced to move westwardLack of solid middle class – rise of aristocracyBy middle of 1600s 100 families controlled colony’s wealth and power
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VirginiaPlanter had to play role of merchantLack of towns caused plantation to become self-sufficientTransactions took place on plantation docksVery little development of investment capitalDevelopment of American products discouraged
Jamestown
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PurificationQueen Mary (Bloody Mary)Elizabeth IAnglican Church The Middle Road Radical Protestants (Puritans) wanted the Church purified – believed it was
still too CatholicPuritans even more unhappy under James I
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Plymouth Colony19 November 1620Second English foothold in New WorldPrivate joint-stock companyThe Puritans and the Separatists Scrooby Holland
Grant from King James I
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Plymouth ColonyOnly 41 out of 102 colonists were PilgrimsLanded at Cape Cod – Virginia was their patentMayflower CompactIndians and diseaseDeveloped successful “forest diplomacy”December 20 – landing at Plymouth harbor
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Plymouth ColonyDifferences with Jamestown Families Purpose Teamwork
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Plymouth ColonyIndian relations
Samoset and Squanto Engagement in regional politics Alliance with Wampanoag versus Narragansett Trade – presence of fishing stations Problems with Squanto Jamestown attack – construction of fort
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Plymouth ColonyColony BusinessWilliam Bradford Investors and fur trade1623- move to privatization versus
collectivism (incentive)1624- population at 180 – crime?Arrival of Massachusetts Bay Colony –
demand for crops
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Plymouth ColonyThreatMerrymountThomas Morton and cast-off
indentured servantsAmerica’s first counter-cultureMaypole and gun sales to IndiansMiles Standish
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Plymouth ColonyProblems in Paradise 1630- population of 300 Expansion versus religious ties Plymouth un-influential Lack of recruits
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Massachusetts Bay ColonyMigrations due to crisesKing Charles I and Wm LaudThe Great Migration of 1630’s Religious persecution Economic depression Unemployment Poor harvests
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Massachusetts Bay ColonyJohn Winthrop Massachusetts Bay Colony 1630 Endecott Salem Boston
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Massachusetts Bay ColonyColony structureEach town built around a church and congregationPolitical participation restricted to church members only Land distributed giving each
◦ House, garden, and orchard◦ Farmland, woodland, pasture, and meadow◦ Other land held in common
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Massachusetts Bay ColonyStatusTownships based on
quasi-feudal structureClass conscious – church
pewsUndemocraticDiscriminatoryUniformity rewarded –
individualism squashed
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Massachusetts Bay ColonyDissension = new colonyNo tolerance for or dilution of ideals – strict orthodoxyPull of individualismWithout a threat, Puritan ideology began to unravel
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Massachusetts Bay Colony“City Upon a Hill” versus expansion"For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the
eyes of all people are upon us; so that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses . . ." --John Winthrop, aboard the Arbella, 1630
Clip- Pilgrims & Puritans
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Troublemakers
Roger Williams RadicalNegotiated with Indians and founded
ProvidenceGained charter – founded Rhode Island
colonyTolerated all religions – separation of
church and state
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TroublemakersQuakersAnne HutchisonOutspoken critic of Puritan doctrinePut on trial for defaming the clergyCast out of MassachusettsMoved to Rhode Island
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Other New England ColoniesConnecticutIndians perished along Connecticut River due to diseasePuritans moved inFour-way struggle between Puritans, Pilgrims, Dutch, and IndiansPuritan treatment of IndiansPilgrims give up claim on land
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Other New England Colonies1637 Pequot massacreSafety from Indians brought new
government separate from Massachusetts
New England Confederation 1643 Allied Massachusetts, Plymouth,
Connecticut, and New HavenMaine and Rhode Island excluded
for religious views
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The French1564 - French Huguenots est. Fort Caroline in FloridaFriendly Indians helped but French reduced to starvationWhy?1565 - French relief arrived with men & suppliesSpanish felt French fort was threat
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The FrenchSpanish expedition under command of Menendez de Aviles arrived in Florida 1565 Stonecutters, carpenters, blacksmiths, smelters, weavers, tanners, coopers,
bakers, brewers, barbers, arms-makers, and even notaryHalf of soldiers were also farmers26 Families
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The FrenchSpanish expedition founded St. Augustine (40 miles south of Fort Caroline)French and Spanish mount simultaneous attacksCape Canaveral massacre“I do not do this as unto Frenchmen but as unto Lutherans”
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The FrenchFrance was the most populous state in Europe (16 million versus Spain with 8 and England with 5.5)King Henry IV offered fur trade to anyone who would finance itCompany of New France founded (10% to Crown)
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The FrenchSamuel de Champlain – “Father of New France”Established failed settlements in Nova ScotiaMany settlers lost to scurvyEstablished colony at QuebecSearch for Northwest Passage – discovered Great Lakes and Mississippi RiverAllied with Ottawa Indians against IroquoisEstablished exchange program between Indians and French
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The FrenchWhy the French colony remained smallFrench emphasis on trade not settlementFrance lacked middle classCanada not an attractive destination Immigration encouraged through salaries, cash for babies, women (city
women not country girls)No cash crop emerged
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The French
Fur trade damaged environmentAlcohol damaged Indian cultureJesuit missionaries (Black Robes) not
popular – unwilling to adapt to Indian ways
All settlers Catholic – foreigners and Huguenots not welcome
Caribbean colonies more lucrative – Canada a side show
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The DutchDutch East India Company – Henry Hudson and Northwest Passage
1624 – Manhattan – 30 family settlement
Settlement lasted only 40 years
Goals of Dutch Fur trade Fort Orange (Albany) – receive goods Manhattan – ship goods
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The DutchThe Dutch colonyDutch were scrupulous in land deals with IndiansPatroonship – man who recruited 50 settlers received large lots of
landIndian wars under Governor William Kieft caused whites to leave
colonyGovernor Peter Stuyvesant ended wars – attempted to end gun
trade with Indians
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The DutchNew Netherlands did not grow due to emphasis on trade versus
settlementNew Amsterdam was hodge-podge of nationalities, religions, and
languagesJews arrived 1654 but left due to anti-Semitic policies of
StuyvesantNew Amsterdam captured by four British warships – became
property of the Duke of York (king’s brother)Albany remained Dutch
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MarylandProprietary colony – personal property?George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) given grant by Charles IWanted Maryland as haven for CatholicsColony soon had Protestant majority due to labor and immigrants from other colonies
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MarylandReligious disputes broke out (due to English Civil War) resulting in Toleration Act of 1649All religions including Quakers toleratedLittle to no conflict with Indians
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MarylandMajor forms of labor
Indentured Convict Free-Willers – recruited by “crimps”
Disease especially malaria common – over 40 percent of servants died before contract
Many freed servants could not get land due to surveying and registration fees
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MarylandWomenFewer numbers allowed pick of suitorsFemale indentured servants often had contracts bought outHigh mortality rate – only 1/3 of marriages lasted longer than ten years20 percent of children orphaned by age 12
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The CarolinasProprietary colonyEnvisioned with huge estates worked by a peasant classReality was like Virginia and MarylandFirst settlers from Barbados 1670 – two areas focus of settlement: Charles Town and AlbemarleCharles Town thrived on trade / Albemarle poorer – later split as South and North Carolina
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The Middle ColoniesNew York taken from DutchNew Jersey granted as proprietary colony – later portion sold to QuakersKing Charles II gave Wm Penn grant to Pennsylvania to settle debtDelaware ceded to Penn by Duke of York
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The Middle ColoniesPenn and Quakers intent on dealing with Indians fairlyGood lands in Pennsylvania attracted large German (“Dutch” = Deutsch) migrationFertile lands made Pennsylvania prosperous colony with agricultural exports to Europe and Caribbean
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Indians & Europeans Indian influencesFlora and faunaAgriculture – especially cornBirchbark canoe
European InfluencesMetal objectsClothingAttitudes – war, property, power