Notes

Chapter 1

1. This is a Cuban NGO that reports to the Ministry of Agriculture and supervisesagricultural developments throughout Cuba. It is funded by Canada, BasqueCountry, Spain, and Australia, as is FANJ.

Chapter 3

1. Radiesthesia is the ability to detect radiation within the human body. Allhuman bodies are believed to give off unique or characteristic radiations asdo all other physical bodies or objects, referred to as their aura (Wikipedia2011).

2. A Pendulum is made with a piece of quartz suspended from a string. The quartzchannels energy emanating from the body, which responds to questions asked bythe handler of the pendulum. According to the rotation sense of the Pendulum,the answers are negative or positive.

3. Cardo santo, scientific name Argemone Mexicana L. Papaverceas, known also asMexican Thistle or Mexican Poppy. The sap is used for lip blisters, herpes, orwarts. The seeds also have purgative effects when they are freshly picked (EcuRed2011).

4. African slaves were taken to Cuba due to the scarcity of manual labor on sugarplantations. The indigenous population on the island was rapidly decimated byviolence, illness, and suicide. At the beginning of the nineteenth century therewas large Chinese migration. It started in 1847 when Cantonese contract workerswere brought to work the sugar fields.

5. In 1983 the United States led an invasion of Grenada after leftist prime min-ister Maurice Bishop was killed during an internal power struggle. Cuba wasalarmed that, upon a US invasion so close to home, the Soviet Union had not sentreinforcements to Cuba. This was one of the first indications that Cuban-Sovietrelations were cooling down. Cuba began to prepare for a possible US invasionwithout Soviet support.

6. For a full list of the therapies and methods officially sanctioned by Cuban legisla-tion see the PDF of Resolucin No. 261 available at INFOMED web page http://www.sld.cu/sitios/mednat/.

196 Notes

7. This term refers to the Cuban soldiers who fought against Spain in the Ten YearsWar (18681878) and the War of Independence (18951898).

8. Ach is the primal energy that includes the power, grace, blood, and life force ofall reality. It is invisible, amoral, and present in everything, even wind, fire, andwater.

9. Pumpkin-like vegetable used as vessel when dry.10. Language of the Yoruba people, also used as ritual language in Santera.11. Government funded and directed association that unites practitioners of different

branches of Santera. It organizes activities, represents Santera on a national leveland holds the official ceremony of the letter of the year, an annual divinationceremony that forecasts the social, economic, and political climate for the comingyear (Routon 2009).

12. This is a pun on the word diplo-tienda (diplomatic shop), which existed whenuse of the dollar was penalized and only foreign diplomats could shop in thesestores.

13. Temple houses headed by one babalawo, or priest.14. Some opinions of this debate are registered in Amador Torres 2010; Araujo

Macas 2010; Betancourt Npoles 2010; Bonzn Hernndez 2010; BorgesMujica 2010; Cordobi Rosaba 2010; Cruz Cruz 2010; Cruz Vento 2010;Elosegui Fernndez 2010; Gonzlez Cruz 2010; Gonzlez de la Cruz 2010;Guzmn Lpez 2010; Lpez Daz 2010; Macas Prez 2010; Rondn Velasques2010; Tamayo Arias 2010; Valds Carrasco 2010; Vzquez Crdenas 2009.

15. Spanish Text:

Aquellos trabajadores que siendo o no propietarios de los medios y obje-tos de trabajo, no estn sujetos a un contrato laboral con una personajurdica, no reciben una remuneracin salarial, elaboran su produccino prestan sus servicios de una forma individual o colectiva, mediante elempleo, segn procede, de ayudas familiares, y se encargan directamente dela comercializacin.

16. Famous Cuban painter Aexis Leyva, Kcho, declared himself in favor of voluntarylabor for the benefit of the people, and assured that those who earn more shouldbe taxed more. He is often recruited to speak at public events (CafFuerte 2012).

17. This lack of visa requirement has seen numbers of Cubans entering Ecuador jumpfrom 4,700 in 2007 to 27,000 in 2011 (Adams 2012).

Chapter 4

1. Since Fidel Castro fell sick and was replaced by Ral, he began to be referred toas the historic leader of the Revolution.

2. For a comprehensive analysis of the different connotations that socialist ideologytakes, not only within the state, but also as articulated by the people, see Gordy(forthcoming).

Notes 197

3. Spanish version of the definition of Revolution by Fidel on May 1, 2000:

Revolucin es sentido del momento histrico; es cambiar todo lo que debeser cambiado; es igualdad y libertad plenas; es ser tratado y tratar a los demscomo seres humanos; es emanciparnos por nosotros mismos y con nuestrospropios esfuerzos; es desafiar poderosas fuerzas dominantes dentro y fueradel mbito social y nacional; es defender valores en los que se cree al pre-cio de cualquier sacrificio; es modestia, desinters, altruismo, solidaridad yherosmo; es luchar con audacia, inteligencia y realismo; es no mentir jamsni violar principios ticos; es conviccin profunda de que no existe fuerza enel mundo capaz de aplastar la fuerza de la verdad y las ideas. Revolucin esunidad, es independencia, es luchar por nuestros sueos de justicia para Cubay para el mundo, que es la base de nuestro patriotismo, nuestro socialismo ynuestro internacionalismo.

4. Fidel Castro: The ideas of Bolvar and Mart shall triumph!; Cuba will benobodys colony; CDRs with more combat power, in line with Fidel; BecauseIm proud not only of everything Cuban but of everything done in Cuba. JosMart: He shall be immortal who deserves it. Ral Castro: To have more wemust produce more.

5. A fierce debate has existed between Cubans on the island and exiles, who claimto be the standard-bearers of Cuban nationalism and national identity. The legit-imacy of the Revolution is most vehemently contested by this group of Cubanmigrs, who left in the 1960s and hold a different idea of the Cuban imaginedcommunity (see Eckstein 2009).

6. For an analysis of the paradoxical attitude taken by Cubans (visceral allegiance tothe Revolution while expressing deep disaffection with it) see Martin Holbraads(2014) paper Revolucin o Muerte: Self-Sacrifice and the Ontology of CubanRevolution, in Ethnos 79: 3, 36587.

7. Fidel first said this in a speech in 1960 after the attack on Le Coubre, emphasizingthat the enemy can attack Cubans, but that Cubans will defend their fatherlandor die. Later that year in a speech to the first national congress of the NationalFederation of Barbers and Hairdressers in June, he declared: for each one of us,individually, the instruction is Fatherland or Death, but for the people, that willeventually be victorious, the instruction is We shall prevail (Venceremos).

8. The 5-year old boy and his mother left Cuba illegally in a makeshift raft onNovember 22, 1999. In rough seas the raft did not hold and all but the boydrowned. He was found a few days later by the American coastguard and placedin the custody of his mothers relatives in Miami. His father, still in Cuba,reclaimed the boy, but the Miami relatives did not want to return him. A five-month legal and political battle ensued before the boy was eventually reunitedwith his father back in Cuba in June 2000.

9. The words between inverted commas represent the actual words used by Cubanswhen they spoke about the beginning of the Battle of Ideas. One of my infor-mants, a young man in his thirties who participated in some of the university

198 Notes

movements resulting from the Battle of Ideas, doubts whether the initial pro-posal to organize a march was indeed spontaneous; he implied that the idea wouldhave come from higher up and entrusted to a member of the youth organizationin order to generate a youth-focused wave of activism, and therefore generatecommitment and support for the Revolution among dissatisfied youth.

10. I heard this many times throughout my fieldwork: situations where people whohad formally occupied a high post within the state were removed and placed inlow-profile jobs, often related to what the person had studied in university, butmost likely not practiced for their entire career. This was the case with the formerminister of Foreign Affairs Felipe Prez Roque, and Vice-President Carlos Lage.

11. The 1976 National Commission for the Protection of the Environment andConservation of Natural Resources; the Article 27 of the National Constitu-tion; the 1981 Law for the Protection of the Environment and Rational Useof Natural Resources, the modification of Article 27 of the Constitution follow-ing the 1992 Rio Summit; the 1993 National Program for Development andthe Environment; the 1994 creation of the Ministry of Science, Technology andthe Environment (CITMA); the creation in 1995 of the Agency of the Envi-ronment; the development in 1996 of the policies of National EnvironmentalStrategies and the new Law for the Environment (Borges Hernndez and DazMorejn 1997).

12. These criteria include a Human Development Index as an indicator of well-being,and the ecological footprint as a measure of demand on the biosphere (Watts2007).

13. A similar example, where sustainable development becomes entangled withdiscourses of national identity and nationalism, is post-Soviet Latvia. Visionsof nationhood, rural development, and nature stewardship are reinterpretedthrough new discourses of sustainable development and environmentalism popu-lar in Western Europe, in order to access the monies made available by emergingNGOs. However, local visions of nature and sustainability, centered on a nation-of-farmers notion of national identity, contrast with those of internationalists,who have reimagined Latvian nature in terms of global biodiversity values,transcontinental flyways, and wilderness tourism. In the way that permacultureand agro-ecology are the buzz words in Cuba, management for natural pro-cesses (Schwartz 2005) has become the dominant environmental discourse inLatvia.

14. It was a practice of the Revolution to provide food at every work center. This hasonly recently been stopped, in 2009, since the food was of poor quality and costthe state too much, and people were unhappy with the type of food they weregetting. Of course, as soon as the state eliminated workplace lunch, people beganto complain about the failings of the state.

15. An example of such critiques is James Fergusons (1990) analysis of developmentprograms in Lesotho, which reveals their failure as a lack of understanding of localcategories of status, the role of livestock in the community, gender relations, andprevious involvements of Lesotho with the market. Ferguson analyzes not only

Notes 199

the relationship between development and capitalism as a factor in the applica-tion of development aid, but also the crucial role that development plays as amachine for reinforcing and expanding the exercise of bureaucratic state power(Ferguson 1990: 180), which uses poverty as an entry point and justification forits expansion.

Chapter 5

1. Spanish text:

No dudo que Casa Vieja como historia pueda pasar en cualquier lugar delmundo, pero esa casa vieja y esos personajes tienen condiciones que respondennicamente a un pas como el nuestro, en un momento como el nuestro,y la marca de la bandera es como mi tatuaje, est ah, y refleja de dndesomos y por qu somos as. La bandera de Cuba me permiti ratificar nuestraidentidad, ella es lo que somos y este filme habla de eso. Si algn placer meha dado esta produccin, es el de una pelcula cubana en Cuba, con recursosnicamente cubanos, y eso es un orgullo para m, como lo es que el premioms importante que tiene se lo haya dado el pblico de Cuba, porque es unfilme sobre nosotros y desde nosotros.

2. Spanish text:

El hecho migratoriosin que lo geogrfico pierda connotaciones simblicaspuede servir para explicar algunas cuestiones, acaso porque en este procesotanto poltico como econmicose ha dimensionado la identidad cubanaactual en un juego de construcciones y deconstrucciones expresadas en lanecesidad de una nueva relacin individuo-colectivo-nacin.

3. Remarkably, in 2013 the annual demographic report revealed that for the first timesince the Republic years, Cuba has recived more immigration than emigration(ONE 2013).

4. This may soon change, as diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United Stateshave taken a dramatic turn since December 2014, as Cuba released Alan Gross, asubcontractor for the US Agency for International Development, arrested in 2009,and the US released the Cinco Heroes (the Cuban Five imprisoned in the UnitedStates in 1998 for suspected espionage).

5. Every last Thursday of each month the editor of the magazine, Rafael Hernndez,chairs a forum on a specific topic. The migration theme was last treated in 2002.

6. For examples of how Cuban migrants in the United States construct themselvesas victims, see Cohen 1996; Nackerud et al. 1999; Pedraza-Bailey 1985; Pedraza2008; Skop 2001.

7. See web page of Nation and Migration conferences for reference Http://www.Nacionyemigracion.Com/Antecedentes/Dialogo78.Html, Nacin Y Emigracin:

200 Notes

Dilogo Del 78, , accessed May 13, 2009.

8. Original text in Spanish of final paragraph of Article 3, Cuban Constitution 2002:

El socialismo y el sistema poltico y social revolucionario establecido en estaConstitucin, probado por aos de heroica resistencia frente a las agresionesde todo tipo y la guerra econmica de los gobiernos de la potencia imperialistams poderosa que ha existido y habiendo demostrado su capacidad de trans-formar el pas y crear una sociedad enteramente nueva y justa, es irrevocable,y Cuba no volver jams al capitalismo.

Chapter 6

1. For some proponents of this view, see Bray and Woodford Bray 2002; Brundenius2002; Buchardt 2002; Corrales 2001; Erikson 2005; Fisk 2001; Geyer 2001;Otero and OBryan 2002.

2. Some authors that analyze the Revolutions capacity to change are Anderson 2002;Angotti 2009; Azicri 2009; Berg Rundle 2001; Brotherton 2008; Cole 2002;Hernndez 2010; and Rumbaut and Rumbaut 2009.

3. Verde Olivo is not just the color of Fidels (and other military) suits; it is also thename of the magazine of the FAR.

4. The eleggu is one of the deities of the Santera pantheon, and is in charge ofopening up paths.

5. Martiano, upholding the ideas of Jos Mart.

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Index

Note: Locators followed by the letter n refer to notes.

Abrams, Philip, 169, 181Acanda, Jorge Luis, 99, 179acupuncture, 4853, 59Afro-Cubans, 48, 54, 62, 82, 192agriculture, see farming; permaculture;

urban agricultureagro-ecology, 1078, 11920, 178, 184,

191, 198n13Agromercados or Agros (agricultural

markets), 1314, 212, 43, 61, 68,701, 80

Alarcn de Quesada, Ricardo, 91Alarcn Santana, Marlon, 21Alba (landlady), 801, 86Alfredo (appliance repairman), 823alternative medicine, 14, 4865

acupuncture, 4853, 59herbal medicine, 26, 48, 502,

5764, 689homeopathy, 48, 50, 523Pendulum diagnosis, 48, 50, 53, 55,

58, 195n2Pyramidal Energy, 545Reiki, 536, 58Santera, 12, 478, 50, 556,

5866, 68, 75, 161, 183, 191Universal Energy, 50, 53, 55, 58

lvarez Pitaluga, Antonio Nestor, 100Amuchastegui, Domingo, 107, 166, 168Anderson, Benedict, 7, 98Anderson, Tim, 72, 200n2Angola, 24, 51, 105, 127

antes (before 1959), 256, 28, 103anthropology, 1011, 18, 119, 157, 180

fieldwork, 12, 89, 1117, 21, 75,85, 153, 166, 198n10

Appelbaum, D., 52, 58Argentina, 78, 98, 105, 147, 152

and gift transfers, 130medical and pharmaceutical

industries, 10, 12, 52, 55, 56, 65trade with Cuba, 10, 12

Armengol, Roberto I., 80, 83Asociacin Cubana de Produccin Animal

(ACPA, Cuban Association ofAnimal Production), 57

Asociacin Cubana de Tcnicos Agrcolas yForestales (ACTAF, CubanAssociation of Forestry andAgricultural Technicians), 16, 57,66, 11820, 178

Asociacin de Combatientes de laRevolucin Cubana (ACRC,Combatants Association of theCuban Revolution), 58

Asociacin Nacional de AgricultoresPequeos (ANAP, NationalAssociation of Small-scaleAgriculturalists), 57, 118, 175, 178

Australia, 11, 12, 29, 37, 52, 65, 118,130, 142, 195n1

Ayorinde, Christine, 62, 64Azcuy Henrquez, Hugo, 179

226 Index

banks and banking, 13, 77, 88, 133,150, 1845

Bas, Japji Anna, 70Basic Units of Cooperative Production,

see Unidad Bsica de ProducinCooperativa (UBPC, Basic Units ofCooperative Production)

Basque Country, 195n1Bastin 2009, 127batalla (battle), 39

see also struggleBatista, Fulgencio, 267, 29, 312, 34,

36, 39, 945, 101, 1378, 143,151, 161, 186, 190

overthrow of, 9Battle of Ideas, 1067, 1978n9Bay of Pigs, 108, 167, 185biomedicine, 16, 19, 4850, 536,

589, 634, 132Bolender, Keith, 31Bolvar, Simon, 78, 190, 197n4Bolivia, 150, 187, 192Borges Hernndez, Teresita, 109,

198n11Bourdieu, Pierre, 7, 83, 95, 1889Brazil, 52, 57, 65, 152, 187, 192Brotherton, Sean Pierre, 478, 512,

556, 63, 69, 200n2Bush, George W., 147Buzn, Lorena, 1679

Cabrera, Lydia, 601Canada, 57, 65, 76, 109, 118, 154,

195n1Cannell, Dollan, 15960capitalism, 29, 37, 3940, 74, 78, 801,

84, 867, 99, 111, 11316, 1257,137, 1423, 14950, 152, 159,168, 181, 192, 1989n15

and Soviet model, 1089and Special Period, 93, 103

Carbonell, Brenden M., 166, 168,1823

Carter, Jimmy, 140Casa de la Cultura (Culture House), 134

Casa Vieja (film), 1234, 134,199n12

casas particulares, 131Castro, Fidel, 11, 46, 180, 200n3

in accounts of the Revolution, 224,279, 32, 34

appellatives for, 17beard of, 15960on being Cuban, 126on circumscription delegate, 175on Cuban migrs, 139and Cuban government structure, 18,

172and cuentapropismo, 85, 89current role of, 172on economic development, 1089and education, 36and Elin Gonzlez case, 106and environmentalism, 11214health of, 58, 116, 127, 196n1on internationalism, 105and mass organizations, 1756,

197n4and migration, 13843on national independence, 126on October 10th (start of Ten Years

War), 27and patria (fatherland), 107, 116,

197n6on el pueblo, 99on Revolution, 24, 912, 94, 968,

101, 1034, 1078, 15769on revolutionary process, 99on socialism, 92, 103, 105, 109, 114speeches of, 22, 92, 94, 98, 106, 108,

11213, 126, 1623, 165,1756, 197n7

and the State, 15865stories about, 1624and sustainability, 89, 107, 112, 114,

120, 178and transition to Ral Castro, 20, 37,

39, 116, 159, 1669, 196n1Castro, Ral, 92, 102, 138, 180, 197n4

and cuentapropismo, 72, 85, 87, 89current roles of, 1723

Index 227

and economic efficiency, 72, 107,11517, 120, 1658

and migration, 20, 123, 149and the military, 1667, 183and natural medicine, 51pragmatism of, 1659and Revolution, 1659speeches of, 87, 116, 149, 165and the State, 158, 1659and sustainability, 64, 11617, 120transition to power, 20, 37, 39, 116,

159, 1669, 172, 196n1and urban agriculture, 69wife of (Vilma Espin), 69

Castro Medel, Osviel, 67Centre for Natural and Alternative

Medicine, 57Chvez, Hugo, 22, 72, 11617, 192Chile, 52, 53, 55, 65, 69, 152China, 49, 50, 523, 65, 154, 161,

195n4Cienfuegos, Camilo, 29, 138, 167civil society, 18, 20, 456, 56, 74, 87,

93, 120, 158, 170, 17681, 183,191

Cold War, 7, 40, 104, 126see also Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile

Crisis; Soviet UnionColombia, 12930, 147colonialism, 8, 39, 969, 112, 115, 126,

137, 164, 1878anticolonialism, 7, 20, 967, 116,

190neocolonialism, 6, 27, 978, 144,

190Comandante, El, 17Combatants Association of the Cuban

Revolution, see Asociacin deCombatientes de la RevolucinCubana (ACRC, CombatantsAssociation of the CubanRevolution)

Comit de Defensa Revolucionaria (CDR,Committee for the Defense of theRevolution), 16, 223, 30, 54,

567, 63, 67, 71, 801, 867, 100,134, 157, 1757, 180, 191

Communist Cuban Party, see PartidoComunista Cubano (PCC,Communist Cuban Party)

Communist Youth Union, see Unin deJvenes Comunistas (UJC,Communist Youth Union)

communitarians, 125, 131, 135, 1427,149, 1757, 180, 191, 197n4

compaero (comrade), 33, 94, 161Compaero Fidel, 17Congo, 105, 127consultorios (small clinics), 523Correa, Rafael, 192Costa Rica, 134, 140Council of Churches, 63, 118Cuban Association of Animal

Production, see Asociacin Cubanade Produccin Animal (ACPA,Cuban Association of AnimalProduction)

Cuban Association of Forestry andAgricultural Technicians, seeAsociacin Cubana de TcnicosAgrcolas y Forestales (ACTAF,Cuban Association of Forestry andAgricultural Technicians)

Cuban Constitution, 109, 146, 150,152, 167, 1715, 198n11, 200n8

Cuban Convertible pesos (CUCs),1214, 21, 62, 701, 77, 7980,84, 105, 130, 145

Cuban Missile Crisis, 104, 108, 139Cuban political system

Bur Politico (politburo), 164, 169,1713

circumscriptions delegates, 171,1745, 180

justice system, 1734Ministers Council, 67, 162, 169,

171, 173Municipal and Provincial Assemblies,

1745National Assembly of Popular Power,

146, 14950, 1715

228 Index

Cuban political systemcontinuedpopular councils, 171, 175State Council, 67, 152, 167,

1713cuentapropistas and cuentapropismo

(self-employed Cubans), 11, 19,35, 103, 142, 146

emergence of, 734and gender, 789and hired contract labor, 86and invento (invention), 73, 75,

778, 823, 149legalization of, 856paladares (private restaurants in

homes), 72, 75, 77, 7981, 83,135, 1634

and rental properties, 7481and Revolution, 23, 7289, 94, 103,

154, 1656, 1778, 180,1845, 189

and socialism, 15, 74, 84, 867and sociolismo, 15support system of, 84and tourism, 80and trade unions, 184urban gardeners as, 66, 70, 7289and unionization, 87

currency, 13, 70, 78, 1501Cuban Convertible pesos (CUCs),

1214, 21, 62, 701, 77,7980, 84, 105, 130, 145

hard currency, 13, 22, 47, 51, 54, 64,68, 778, 812, 84, 86, 108,125, 133, 135, 148, 1501,154, 162, 176

Daisy (biologist), 57del Llano, Eduardo, 2, 1012del Toro Garca, Grisel, 52, 55Deleuze, Gilles, 8, 18, 55, 120, 1823,

191Delgado, Frank, 146Delgado, Kevin M., 62development, 178, 198n15

agronomic, 667and civil society, 178

community, 678, 72and entrepreneurs, 74and FAR (Fuerzas Armadas

Revolucionarias), 167and labor, 153and microcredits, 74and modernity, 6, 11012and permaculture, 118Soviet model, 112sustainable, 10710, 11220

Daz-Briquets, Sergio, 126, 145Daz Castan, Maria del Pilar, 935Daz Morejn, Cristbal, 109, 198n11Dilla Alfonso, Harold, 159, 177Domnguez, Jorge, 158, 169Dominican Republic, 105, 133, 147Douglas, Mary, 7doxa, 7, 95Duharte Daz, Emilio, 1701

Eckstein, Susan, 103, 128, 142, 14850,1756, 197n5

economic efficiency, 15, 72, 86, 94,107, 11516, 160, 1656, 168,184

Ecuador, 78, 154, 187, 192, 196n17El Brujo (the Warlock, yerbero), 58Eliseo (yerbero), 612Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 11415emigration, see migrationEmigration Permit (Permiso de

Emigracin), 130Empresa Minorista de Medicamentos del

Este, 57Enrquez, Laura J., 6970environment, see sustainabilityErisman, H. Michael, 51Ernesto (scientist), 12, 35, 38, 124Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina

(ELAM, Latin American MedicineSchool), 106, 192

Escuela Vocacional Vladimir Illich Lenin(La Lenin, Lenin VocationalSchool), 33

especulacin (speculation), 62Espinosa, Juan Carlos, 177

Index 229

farming, 3, 13, 1617, 26, 40, 51, 578,657, 162, 198n13

farmers markets, 70, 81, 845, 178Federacin de Mujeres Cubana (FMC,

Federation of Cuban Women), 22,30, 46, 57, 86, 100, 134, 175

Feit, Marta Elena, 745Fernandes, Sujatha, 41Fernndez, Damin J., 29, 42, 210Fernndez, Gastn A., 145Fernndez Robaina, Toms, 68Fernndez Soriano, Armando, 115, 180Feyerabend, Paul, 10Finley Research Institute, see Instituto

Finley de Investigacin y Produccinde Vacunas (Research Institute forVaccine Development)

flex organizations, 456, 54, 63, 77food, 30, 59, 78, 140, 185, 198n14

concerns, 19farmers markets, 70, 81, 845, 178imports, 108, 118markets/vendors, 13, 73as payment, 47production, 64, 92, 109, 118and Revolution, 6572scarcity, 1, 4, 31, 37, 39, 83, 117service licenses, 86see also urban agriculture

Foundation Antonio Nuez Jimnez ofNature and Humanity, seeFundacin Antonio Nuez Jimnez(FANJ, Foundation AntonioNuez Jimnez of Nature andHumanity)

Freedom Flights, 139Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (FAR,

Revolutionary Armed Forces), 11,19, 51, 556, 58, 69, 78, 88, 133,157, 1659, 184, 200n3

Fundacin Antonio Nuez Jimnez(FANJ, Foundation AntonioNuez Jimnez of Nature andHumanity), 58, 68, 11820, 178,195n1

Fundacin Fernando Ortiz (FFO,Fernando Ortiz Foundation),1112, 14, 16

generational cohorts, 2, 6, 9, 17, 2241,18991

and migration, 1324, 13742and Special Period, 31, 38, 100, 103,

133, 137and struggle, 3941, 191

Geoffray, Marie Laure, 100Germany, 37, 98, 133, 164Geyer, Georgie Anne, 91, 159, 200n1Global Financial Crisis, 34, 113, 185Global North and the Global South,

111Gonzlez, Elin, 106, 161Gorbachev, Mikhail, 108Gott, Richard, 96, 105, 108, 1379,

141, 161, 200n2governmental nongovernmental

organizations (GNGOs), 46, 178Gramsci, Antonio, 179Grant, Simone, 1767green medicine, 19, 4850, 556,

5861, 64, 69, 191Greenwood, John, 1703, 176Grupo de Administracin Empresarial S.A

(GAESA, Group of BusinessAdministration), 168

Guattari, Felix, 8, 18, 55, 120, 1823,191

Guevara, Ernesto Che, 27, 29, 51, 71,91, 93, 1023, 105, 138, 1512

Gupta, Akhil, 181gusano (worm), 289, 96, 138, 144Gustavo (scientist), 13, 378, 53, 123

habitus, 7, 20, 126, 18590Haiti, 25, 105, 1278, 141, 151, 192Hamlet, Lester, 1234Hardt, Michael, 37, 97Hatuey, 105, 190health and health care, see alternative

medicine; biomedicine; traditionalmedicine

230 Index

Hearn, Adrian, 111, 118, 178Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 179,

182Henken, Ted, 86, 1401herbal medicine, 26, 48, 502, 5764,

689herbs, see yerberas (herb markets);

yerberos and yerberas (herb sellersfor Santera purposes)

hip-hop, 41Hirschfeld, Katherine, 47, 97Historians Office, see Oficina del

Historiador, 88historiography, 6, 19, 94, 978Hobsbawm, Eric, 7Holbraad, Martin, 62, 64, 197n6Holmgren, David, 118homeopathy, 48, 50, 523

ideology, 410, 734, 956, 11213,1235, 15760, 16970, 17980,18592, 196n2

Ileana (founder of neighborhoodgrandparents circle, committed toRevolution), 2831, 35, 54, 100,103

Instituto Finley de Investigacin yProduccin de Vacunas (ResearchInstitute for VaccineDevelopment), 512, 567

internationalism, 4, 22, 26, 92, 1035,127, 129, 151, 1678, 187,198n13

invento (invention), 73, 75, 778, 823,149

Ivelis (landlady), 767, 7981, 86

Japan, 16, 57, 65, 131Johnson, Lyndon B., 139Juan (urban agriculturalist), 11721,

191Juan Marinello Research Institute, 14,

16, 189

Kant, Immanuel, 7, 165Kapcia, Antoni, 4, 106, 112

Kapferer, Bruce, 29, 989, 1823,1878

Karnoouh, Lorraine, 104, 190Karp, Ivan, 110, 120Kenya, 110Khilnani, Sunil, 178Kirk, John M., 51Klepak, Hal, 167, 168

Labacena Romero, Yuniel, 152Labor Day Parade, 87Lage, Carlos, 37, 91, 166, 168, 198n10Lambie, George, 1703, 176, 1867Land Reform, 40Latin American Medicine School, see

Escuela Latinoamericana deMedicina (ELAM, Latin AmericanMedicine School)

Leal, Eusebio, 30, 144Lefort, Claude, 113, 1645Lenin Vocational School, see Escuela

Vocacional Vladimir Illich Lenin(La Lenin, Lenin VocationalSchool)

Lon, Francisco, 56Leonel (alternative medicine

practitioner), 58Ley de Ajuste Cubano (Cuban