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Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2008-2009

Enviro Analysts & Engineers Pvt. Ltd.

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CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION OF MIRA-BHAYANDER 1.1 PURPOSE

The overall purpose of this study is to identify and assess future environmental trends in the region and to evaluate alternative strategies for environmental protection. The Environmental Status Report is a comprehensive study of the selected region and is intended to summarize and synthesize existing information in order to identify key driving forces and both current and future

environmental issues. More specifically, the goal of this report is to describe the causes of growth and change, to assess the driving forces which create both benefits and environmental concerns for the region, and to characterize the current status of environmental conditions related to air, water,

and land resources. The report will serve as a basic reference document and the results will help to guide future study directions.

Initially Water, Air, Soil samples were collected form respective sites; also the noise levels

were recorded at various junctions. These samples were analysed in a laboratory and reports were compiled. Following information about Mira-Bhayander was gathered, such as:

a) Topography,

b) Climate,

c) Population

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Mira-Bhayander is a city, in the district of Thane with an area 79 sq. km., in the western state of Maharashtra, in India, located around 20 kms to the north of Mumbai on the Mumbai-

Ahmedabad highway. It extends between 18º42’ N to 20º20’ N latitude and 0º25’ E to 73º44’ E.

Mira-Bhayander area is situated at the northern threshold of Brihan Mumbai Metropolis

and has been identified as one of the growth centers. Mira-Bhayander has gradually developed into

an important residential locality due to its proximity to Mumbai and lower cost of living. Earlier Bhayander was administrated by the Gram Panchayat system of local government. However subsequently in accordance with recommendations of MMRDA Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation (MBMC) has been constituted for this area on 12th June 1985. Khari, Ghoddeo,

Ghodbunder, Pen-pada, Mira, Kashi, Navghar, Bhayander and Mahajan wadi are the nine villages under its jurisdiction. Adjoining villages of the limits of Municipal Corporation are also showing trend of urbanization. Therefore govt. under its notification extended the limits of MBMC by

including following 10 villages: Chene, Varsave, Rai murdhe, Murdhe, Morva, Uttan, Dongri, Tarodi Pali Chowk.

Bhayander is divided into two parts by the Mumbai suburban rail line - East and West. The West was traditionally residential, and the East was predominantly an industrial area. Recent population growth and a flurry of construction has blurred the boundaries between Bhayander and

neighboring Mira Road on the East side of the rail tracks, turning it into a populous suburb. Government owned Salt Pans and marshland in West Mira Road have restricted the southward



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spread of Bhayander. Mira road is situated on the island of Salcette. A marshy creek divides Mira Road from Mumbai. Earlier, Mira Road was divided into two main parts, Shanti Nagar and Naya

Nagar. In recent times, several new localities like Jangid, Silver Park, Beverly Park, and Evershine

Enclave have come up. Shanti Nagar is a cosmopolitan locality.

1.3 TOPOGRAPHY

It is located in the northern part of the Konkan region to the west of sahyadri hill ranges. The whole town is on a plain level land. The vasai creek surrounds the city from east to north, followed by the Arabian Sea, till the west. The Mumbai city is situated on the southwest. To the

south is the Sanjay Gandhi national park and on the southeast thane city. Geographically the city falls in the Deccan lava terrain. Geologically the city falls in lava terrain. Uttan and Ghodbunder are hilly regions. The plain terrain forms a wide area of water logged and marshy land.

Figure no. 1.1 Location Map



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1.4 METEROLOGY

1.4.1 Climate

The climate in the month of October is wet and hot followed by cool and pleasant weather

from December to February and dry and hot weather from March to June. The climate of Mira-

Bhayander is typically coastal, sultry and not really hot. There are virtually two distinct seasons, namely Monsoon and dry season. The later covers both summer and winter.

Table no. 1.1 Climatic Condition

Sr. no.

Season Max. temp ºC

Min. temp ºC

1. Summer 34.57 32.37

2. Winter 20.5 17.6

1.4.2 Rainfall

The rainy season starts at the beginning of June and ends in the last week of September. Annual mean rainfall of 2400 mm. the maximum rainfall is in the month of July averaging to 800

mm.

1.4.3 Humidity

The humidity ranges from 49% to 87% with the highest humidity in the month of July.

1.5 DEMOGRAPHY

1.5.1 Distribution of Population

In year 2008-2009 the population of Mira-Bhayander has been recorded app. 9,00,000. The

total male population is 55% of the total population i.e. 4,95,000 and the total female population is 4,05,000 (45%) of total population. In Mira-Bhayander 1,17,000 population is under 6 years of age i.e. 13% of total population.

Table no. 1.2 : Distribution of Population

Sr. No. Particulars Study Area 1 Total Population 9,00,000 2 Male Population 4,95,000

3 Female Population 4,05,000 4 Population (0-6) 1,17,000

1.5.2 Literacy Level

Mira-Bhayander has an average literacy rate of 81% which is higher than the national

average of 59.5%. In this region, male literacy is found to be 81% of total male population i.e. 4,00,950 and female literacy is 74% i.e. 6,66,000 of total female population.



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AREA (HECTARES)Residential Area

Industrial Area

Commercial area

Public utilty

Transportation

Open spaces (Playgrounds &

gardens)Graveyard

Barren land & Salt pans

Forest and Mountain Area

Water Logged Area

Table no. 1.3 : Literacy Level

Sr. No. Particulars Oservation 1 Total literates 7,29,000 2 Male literates 4,00,950

3 Female literates 6,66,000

4 Average literacy rate (%) 81% 5 Male literacy rate (%) 81%

6 Female literacy rate (%) 74%

1.6 LAND USE PATTERN

The Mira- Bhayander Municipal Corporation area is 79.40sq.km. it was incurred in the

previous BMRDA development plan. The independent development of the plan was sanctioned by the State Government as per the government rule dated 14th May 1990. The planning was as follows;

Table no. 1.4: Land use details of study area

SR. NO. LAND USE AREA (HECTARES)

I. Developed area 2034.36 1. Residential Area 1157.75

2. Industrial Area 138.29 3. Commercial area 53.91

4. Public Utility 251.49

5. Transportation 254.17 6. Open spaces (Playgrounds & gardens) 175.05

7. Graveyard 3.70

II. Undeveloped area 4554.77 1. Barren land & Salt pans 139.33

2. Forest and Mountain Area 1064.96

3. Water Logged Area 3350.48

Figure no.1.2: Pie Diagram showing Land Use Pattern of Mira Bhayander



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� Residential area: In last few years Mira-Bhayander has emerged as the fastest growing suburb of the Mumbai City. Due to the increasing population pressure on Mumbai and easy communication facilities for

commuters going to and coming from Mumbai from Mira- Bhayander, the population has shifted towards the Mira-Bhayander region. As a result large housing complex have come up in this area. This has also lead to the development of slum pockets in the area. At present, 13,182 no. of slum household have been recorded in the area of which only 10,261 no. are authorized and 2,921 nos. are unauthorized.

� Commercial area: Residential growth of the area has lead to the massive commercial establishment. Earlier the commercial activities were limited mainly on Bhayander Uttan road form Bhayander station (W) upto Municipal Corporation offi ce and on east of Bhayander railway station activity was concentrated to Balaram Patil road. In last year the area around Mira Bhayander road and Mira – Bhayander Bridge has emerged as the largest commercial development of the region. Maxus Mall, Reliance Fresh, Spinach bank,

Restaurants, showrooms of famous brands like Reebok, Woodland, Vijay sales etc. have come up here. Further, many banks such as, SBI, Corporation Bank etc. had also open their branches in this region.

� Industrial area: This user covers around 1.59% of the total area. As per the latest records of MBMC there are around 383 industrial esta tes wi th around 5000 industrial galas are existing in the area. It is estimated that around 20,000 workers are working in this industrial area.

� Land under Public and Semi public Use : This category includes areas occupied by Educational institutions such primary and secondary schools, Religious places such as temple, church, mosque etc,

Government and semi-government offices. It covers nearly 0.151% of the total area.

� Land under open spaces: Mira-Bhayander is bounded by natural water tanks scattered in various parts of the town. The municipal corporation has developed three lakes enriched with proper landscaping viz. MBMC Main Office Lake, Goddeo lake and Shivar lake wherein boating activity is also available for citizens. The open spaces and recreational grounds are lungs of the town and they cater active and passive

recreation needs of the city.

There are several salt pans in Mira-Bhayander region. These Salt pans are shallow man-made ponds designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large pans and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested.

Figure no. 1.3 Salt pans at Morva gaon



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CHAPTER - 2

WATER ENVIRONMENTS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life. About

1,460 teratonnes (Tt) of water cover 71% of Earth's surface, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. Saltwater oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%; and other land surface water such as rivers and

lakes 0.025%. When toxic substances enter Lakes, Streams, Rivers, Oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the

pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems.

Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.

Mira-Bhayander is having a variety of water bodies nearby such as Lakes, Borewell, Creek,

and Nallah. They are regularly monitored to check the pollution levels. Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health of humans and animals. Water pollution may not damage our health immediately but can be harmful after long term exposure. Different forms of pollutants

affect the health of animals in different ways:

• Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as fish and shellfish, and subsequently to the humans who eat

them. Heavy metals can slow development; result in birth defects and some are

carcinogenic. • Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that damage the health of aquatic

animals and those who eat them. Some of the toxins in industrial waste may only have a

mild effect whereas other can be fatal. They can cause immune suppression, reproductive failure or acute poisoning.

• Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious diseases that infect aquatic life and terrestrial life through drinking water. Microbial water pollution is a major problem in the developing world, with diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever being the primary

cause of infant mortality. • Organic matter and nutrients causes an increase in aerobic algae and depletes oxygen from the water column. This causes the suffocation of fish and other aquatic organisms.

• Sulfate particles from acid rain can cause harm the health of marine life in the rivers and lakes it contaminates, and can result in mortality.

• Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality of drinking water for humans and the aquatic environment for marine life. Suspended particles can often reduce the amount of

sunlight penetrating the water, disrupting the growth of photosynthetic plants and micro-organisms.

• In order to assess the water quality in Mira- Bhayander corporation area three types of

water namely Nalla water, Industrial water, and Bore well water were collected from different location and analysed



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2.2 WATER QUALITY

2.2.1 Municipal / Drinking Water Samples :

Municipal / Drinking water are sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are

listed below,

Table no. 2.1: Municipal Water Sampling sites / Locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. Bhayander (W) Village

2. Cabin Road

3. Shanti Nagar

4. Uttan gaon

5. Dongari goan

6. Navghar Road

7. B.P. road

8. Raai village

9. MBMC Water Treatment Plant

10. Golden nest complex

11. Penkar pada

12. Palli village

13. Morva gaon

14. Jesal Park

15. Poonam Sagar Complex

16. Shirdi nagar

17. Asmita tower

18. Naya nagar

19. Versave

20. Ghodbander Road

Average Municipal Water Analysis report is given in table 2.2 for the month of May 2008 to

April 2009.



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Table no.2.2 (a): Average Analysis results of Municipal / Drinking water samples from May 2008 – April 2009

PARAMETERS UNITS STD

LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.37 7.25 7.89 7.62 7.55 6.97 6.6 7.14 8.56 8.05 TSS ppm < 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TDS ppm < 1000 25.01 24.87 28.68 35.74 34.96 34.65 40.45 42.75 48.37 50.91

Total Solids ppm <1500 25.01 24.87 28.68 35.74 34.96 34.65 40.45 42.75 48.37 50.91

BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total Hardness ppm < 250 150 128 132 147 150 162 155 140 106 140

Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 38 50 24 70 59 50 48 36 25 22

Copper ppm < 0.05 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.008 0.01 0.004 0.005

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.0001 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.001 0.006 0.002 Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.01

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.021 0.025 0.034 0.081 0.062 0.001 0.01 0.01

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.054 0.026 0.001 0.002 0.010 0.01 0.003 0.02

Ammonia - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nitrate - - 0.1 0.27 0.15 0.12 0.25 0.41 0.74 0.86 0.51 0.52 Inorganic Phosphate

- - 0 0 0.52 0.47 0.16 0.35 0.84 0.94 0.54 0.67

Total Phosphate

-

- 0 0 1.02 0.96 0.5 0.75 1.05 1.45 1.1 1.2

MPN - 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. Coli Colony /100

ml

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. Coli Colony /100

ml

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



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Yearly Average Analysis Results Of Municipal Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

std 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Sampling Locations

Analy

sis

Results

Ph

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

Figure – 2.1 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples

Note: Std: Standard limit for Parameter prescribed by MPCB; 1 – 10: Sampling Locations



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Table no.2.2 (b): Average Analysis results of Municipal / Drinking water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.59 8 6.69 6.86 6.53 7.56 7.48 7.89 7.16 6.94 TSS ppm < 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TDS ppm < 1000 25 34 38 69 46 37 47 55 53 49

Total Solids ppm <1500 25 34 38 69 46 37 47 55 53 49

BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Copper ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.001 0.01 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.003 0.034 0.01 0.025

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.024 0.065 0.095 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.003 0.041 0.075 0.003 Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.002 0.001 0.01 0.082 0.006 0.005

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.003 0.01 0.03 0.01 0 0.01 0.01 0.065 0.023 0.045

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.021 0.052 0.068 0.001 0.003 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.050 0.091

Ammonia - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


- - 0.11 0.35 0.45 0.62 0.31 0.94 0.79 0.83 0.29 0.87

Total Phosphate

-

- 0.3 0.75 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.3 1.64 0.59 1.75

MPN - 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. Coli Colony /100

ml

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E. Coli Colony /100

ml

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



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Yearly Average Analysis of Municipal Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sampling Locations

Analysis R

esults

Ph

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

Figure – 2.1 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Municipal water samples




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2.2.2 Borewell Water Samples

Borewell water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,

Table no. 2.3: Borewell water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. Raai village

2. Morva gaon

3. Palli village


5. Dongari goan

6. Naya nagar

7. B.P. road

8. Penkar pada

9. Uttan goan

10. Shirdi nagar

11. Navghar road

12. Cabin Road

13. Bander vadi

14. Mira road station

15. 60 ft. road

16. 90 ft. road

17. Asmita tower

18. Jesal park

19. Gaurav garden

20. Kashimira road

Average Borewell Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.4 for the month of May

2008 to April 2009.



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Table no.2.4 (a): Average Analysis results of Borewell water samples from May 2008 – April 2009

PARAMETERS UNITS

STD

LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.24 7.59 7.38 7.64 7.3 7.57 6.81 6.76 6.85 6.92 TSS ppm < 100 52 24 26 36 59 85 65 74 12 45

TDS ppm < 1000 1135 1271 1422 1824 1874 1061 674 696 659 725

Total Solids ppm <1500 1584 1651 1741 1455 1362 1145 1126 1520 1145 1542 BOD ppm < 30 12 25 32 26 28 29 24 15 22 20

Total Hardness ppm < 250 121 115 128 134 142 157 129 133 138 145 Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 118 121 101 129 114 125 85 78 91 96

Copper ppm < 0.05 0.003 0.002 0.024 0.054 0.01 0.02 0.009 0.01 0.024 0.015

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.0001 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.001 0.006 0.002 Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.01

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.021 0.025 0.034 0.081 0.062 0.001 0.01 0.01

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.054 0.026 0.001 0.002 0.010 0.01 0.003 0.02

Ammonia - - 0.1 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.2 0.24 0.19 0.25 0.22 0.31

Nitrate - - 0.22 0.21 0.35 0.2 0.14 0.25 0.26 0.15 0.19 0.22 Inorganic

Phosphate - -

0.3 0.11 0.41 0.94 0.37 0.34 0.26 0.21 0.19 0.25

Total Phosphate

-

- 0.96 0.51 0.87 1.73 0.72 0.64 0.43 0.34 0.25 0.54

MPN - 50 12 14 16 17 16 24 19 21 22 3

F. Coli Colony /100

ml

10 4 2 6 8 2 1 5 8 7 9

E. Coli Colony /100 ml

15 10 13 15 19 20 17 15 18 12 10



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Average Yearly Analysis of Borewell Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900


Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

MPN

Colony / 100ml F.

Coli

Colony / 100ml E.

Coli

Figure – 2.2 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Borewell water samples




15

Table no.2.4 (b): Average Analysis results of Borewell water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.59 8 6.69 6.86 6.53 7.56 7.48 7.89 7.16 6.94

TSS ppm < 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TDS ppm < 1000 25 34 38 69 46 37 47 55 53 49

Total Solids ppm <1500 25 34 38 69 46 37 47 55 53 49

BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Copper ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.001 0.01 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.003 0.034 0.01 0.025

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.024 0.065 0.095 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.003 0.041 0.075 0.003

Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.002 0.001 0.01 0.082 0.006 0.005 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.003 0.01 0.03 0.01 0 0.01 0.01 0.065 0.023 0.045

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.021 0.052 0.068 0.001 0.003 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.050 0.091

Ammonia - - 0.24 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.2 0.1 0.19 0.25 0.22 0.31

Nitrate - - 0.52 0.15 0.36 0.48 0.59 0.75 0.85 0.94 0.54 0.26

Inorganic

Phosphate - -

0.11 0.35 0.45 0.62 0.31 0.94 0.79 0.83 0.29 0.87

Total Phosphate

-

- 0.3 0.75 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.3 1.64 0.59 1.75

MPN - 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F. Coli Colony /100 ml

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



16

Yearly Average Analysis of Borewell Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600


Analysis R

esults

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg

PO4

ppm Total

PO4

MPN

Colony / 100ml F. Coli

Colony / 100ml E.Coli

Figure – 2.2 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Borewell water samples




17

2.2.3 Ground Water Samples

Water is such an excellent solvent it can contain lots of dissolved chemicals. Since ground

water moves through rocks and subsurface soil, it has a lot of opportunity to dissolve substances as it moves. For that reason, ground water will often have more dissolved substances than surface

water will.

Even though the ground is an excellent mechanism for filtering out particulate matter, such as leaves, soil, and bugs, dissolved chemicals and gases can still occur in large enough concentrations in ground water to cause problems. Underground water can get contaminated from

industrial, domestic, and agricultural chemicals from the surface. This includes chemicals such as pesticides and herbicides that many home owners apply to their lawns.

Naturally occurring contaminants are present in the rocks and sediments. As ground water

flows through sediments, metals such as iron and manganese are dissolved and may later be found in high concentrations in the water. Industrial discharges, urban activities, agriculture, ground-

water pumpage, and disposal of waste all can affect ground-water quality. Contaminants from

leaking fuel tanks or fuel or toxic chemical spills may enter the ground water and contaminate the aquifer. Pesticides and fertilizers applied to lawns and crops can accumulate and migrate to the

water table. Ground water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,



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Table no. 2.5 : Ground water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. Dongari gaon

2. Shirdi nagar

3. Asmita tower

4. Naya nagar

5. B.P. road

6. Raai village

7. Bander vadi

8. Palli village

9. Morva gaon


11. Penkar pada

12. Uttan gaon


14. Cabin Road

15. Shanti Nagar

16. 90 ft. road


18. Ghodbander Road

19. Versave

20. 60 ft. road

Average Borewell Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.6 for the month of May 2008 to April 2009.



19

Table no.2.6 (a): Average Analysis results of Ground water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 8.02 7.72 7.86 8.41 7.54 8.62 8.98 8.15 7.63 7.28

TSS ppm < 100 145 110 124 116 131 129 120 99 128 120 TDS ppm < 1000 1028 921 398 375 691 508 356 264 322 550




Copper ppm < 0.05 0.01 0.006 0.016 0.016 0.003 0.016 0.016 0.016 1.42 0

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.008 0.045 0.021 0.65 0.011 1.55 1.42 0.016 0 0

Zinc ppm < 5 2.39 2.02 0.016 1.78 0.016 0.005 1.35 0.016 0.016 0.016 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.016 0.016 0.0 0.016 0.78 0.003 0.001 0.0 0.016 0.84

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.016 0.016 0.002 0.78 0.003 0.65 0.016 1.4 0.85 0.016

Ammonia - - 1.23 1.45 0.65 0.78 0.023 0.11 0.37 1.22 1.04 1.14

Nitrate - - 2.34 5.12 2.12 1.3 1.28 0.97 3.01 1.65 1.42 1.73

Inorganic Phosphate

- - 1.51 0.64 2.01 0.79 0.31 0.89 1.46 1.77 0.06 0.052

Total

Phosphate

-

-

1.98 1.34 3.12 1.64 0.85 1.03 1.55 2.2 0.67 0.88

MPN - 50 36 40 44 22 64 60 78 41 39 25


10 2 9 8 3 1 7 6 2 5 8


15 17 23 24 33 34 48 45 29 33 37



20

Yearly Average Analysis of Ground Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg

PO4

ppm Total

PO4

ppm MPN

Colony/100

ml Fcoli

Colony/100

ml Ecoli

Figure – 2.3 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Ground water samples

Note: Std: Standard limit for Parameter prescribed by MPCB; 1 –10: Sampling Locations



21

Table no.2.6 (b): Average Analysis results of Ground water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.59 8 6.69 6.86 6.53 7.56 7.48 7.89 7.16 6.94

TSS ppm < 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TDS ppm < 1000 25 34 38 69 46 37 47 55 53 49

Total Solids ppm <1500 25 34 38 69 46 37 47 55 53 49

BOD ppm < 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



Copper ppm < 0.05 0..35 0.016 0.016 0.016 2.39 0.02 0.016 0.078 0.040 0.052

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.021 0.027 0.021 0.016 0.010 0.011 0.024 0.018

Zinc ppm < 5 0.02 0.018 0.025 0.022 0.014 0.030 21 0.06 0.03 0.02 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0.008 0.05 0.012 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.007

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.001 0.002 0.0006 0.001 0.004 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.010 0.020

Ammonia - - 1.25 1.36 0.75 0.31 0.054 0.15 0.39 1.25 1.04 1.12

Nitrate - - 0.52 0.15 0.36 0.48 0.59 0.75 0.85 0.94 0.54 0.26

Inorganic

Phosphate - -

0.11 0.35 0.45 0.62 0.31 0.94 0.79 0.83 0.29 0.87

Total Phosphate

-

- 0.3 0.75 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.5 1.3 1.64 0.59 1.75

MPN - 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0



22

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600


Analy

sis

Results

pH

ppmTSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Ing PO4

ppm Total PO4

MPN

Colony/100ml Fcoli

Colony/100ml Ecoli

Colony/100ml Ecoli

Figure – 2.3 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Ground water samples




23

2.2.4 River Water Samples

River water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,

Table no. 2.7 : River water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. Bhayander ( W) Village

2. Shreepati Complex

3. Silver Park Road

4. Ghodbander Road

5. Versave Naka

6. Cabin Road

7. Morva Goan

8. Uttan Goan

9. Dongari Goan

10. Naya Nagar

11. B.P. Road

12. Raai Village

13. Shanti Nagar

14. Bander Vadi

15. Pendkar Pada

16. Palli Village

17. Jesal Park

18. Asmita Tower

19. Shirdi Nagar

20. Golden Nest Complex

Average River Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.8 for the month of May 2008

to April 2009.



24

Table no.2.8 (a): Average Analysis results of River water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 6.62 6.59 7.23 7.15 8.24 8.16 7.63 7.54 7.32 7.48 TSS ppm < 100 42 35 74 82 75 60 78 77 46 35

TDS ppm < 1000 150 162 167 123 140 155 128 146 117 147




Copper ppm < 0.05 0.010 0.01 0.003 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.054 0.026

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.0001 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.001 0.006 0.002 Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.01

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.021 0.025 0.034 0.081 0.062 0.001 0.01 0.01

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.054 0.026 0.001 0.002 0.010 0.01 0.003 0.02

Ammonia - - 1.23 1.45 0.65 0.78 0.23 0.21 0.37 1.22 1.04 1.42

Nitrate - - 2.15 2.21 2.13 3.1 1.8 1.99 2.15 1.21 1.42 1.27

Inorganic Phosphate

- - 1.51 0.84 2.01 0.79 0.31 0.89 1.46 1.77 0.6 0.53

Total

Phosphate

-

-

1.98 1.04 3.12 1.64 0.85 1.3 1.55 2.21 0.67 0.88

MPN - 50 28 40 44 22 64 60 78 41 39 25


10 8 5 2 6 7 1 3 8 9 2


15 17 23 24 33 34 48 45 29 33 37



25

Yearly Average Analysis of River Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

ppm MPN

Colony/100ml

Fcoli

Colony/100ml

Ecoli

Figure – 2.4 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of River water samples




26

Table no.2.8 (b): Average Analysis results of River water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.85 7.72 7.08 7.34 7.31 7.22 7.16 8.24 7.34 6.94

TSS ppm < 100 52 45 56 61 57 49 43 32 26 28 TDS ppm < 1000 78.22 70.12 50.8 63.38 55.49 152.4 162 171.2 162.8 156.4

Total Solids ppm <1500 130.22 115.12 106.8 124.38 112.49 201.4 205 203.2 188.8 184.4 BOD ppm < 30 75 81 90 45 108 120 150 75 81 90

Total Hardness ppm < 250 65.25 50.19 45.78 50.27 54.76 55.2 56.75 51.3 55 47.3


Copper ppm < 0.05 0.050 0.019 0.044 0.001 0.050 0.037 0.091 .72 2.53 2.85

Lead ppm < 0.1 1.50 1.13 1.78 1.45 1.21 1.34 0.91 1.64 1.27 1.31

Zinc ppm < 5 2.35 1.04 1.73 0.46 0.79 1.67 1.43 1.30 2.13 2.23 Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.03 0.054 0.069 0.02 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.36 0.087 0.001

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.098 0.065 0.045 0.098 0.021 0.025 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.005

Ammonia - - 130.4 126.5 124.2 128.6 1314 142.6 162.6 112.5 134.3 122.7

Nitrate - - 25.7 12.6 24.3 21.5 23.6 26.3 24.3 26.6 27.8 21.2

Inorganic Phosphate

- - 31.6 45.6 42.3 56.3 53.8 54.2 64.6 55.9 53.1 40.6

Total

Phosphate

-

-

131.2 126.4 122.4 126.3 123.2 116.6 130.2 123.6 141.4 132.7

MPN - 50 16 18 12 17 22 15 12 32 16 32


10 7 8 9 6 2 3 4 6 4 9


15 9 3 5 6 4 7 6 7 6 1



27

Yearly Average Analysis Results of River Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sampling Locations

Analysis R

esults

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg

PO4

ppm Total

PO4

MPN

Colony/100ml

Fcoli

Colony/100ml

Ecoli

Figure – 2.4 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of River water samples




28

2.2.5 Creek Water Samples

Creek water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,

Table no. 2.9 : Creek water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. Shanti Nagar


3. Shreepati Complex

4. Silver Park Road

5. Ghodbander Road

6. Versave Naka

7. Uttan Goan

8. Bhayander Chowpatti

9. Palli Village


11. Cabin Road

12. Shanti Nagar

13. Dongari Goan

14. Raai Village

15. Morva Goan

16. Jesal Park

17. B. P. Road

18. Kashimira Road

19. Old Raviraj Complex

20. Chowk Sea Garden

Average Creek Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.10 for the month of May

2008 to April 2009.



29

Table no.2.10 (a): Average Analysis results of Creek water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 8.04 7.93 7.2 7.8 7.14 8.5 7.4 6.2 8.3 7.5 TSS ppm < 100 78 110 74 65 85 73 96 87 94 83

TDS ppm < 1000 258 423 472 654 536 763 542 612 425 519




Copper ppm < 0.05 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.008 0.01 0.004 0.005

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.0001 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.001 0.006 0.002 Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.01

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.021 0.025 0.034 0.081 0.062 0.001 0.01 0.01

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.054 0.026 0.001 0.002 0.010 0.01 0.003 0.02

Ammonia - - 15 20 34 24 27 30 15 29 30 32

Nitrate - - 40 42 50 54 65 60 68 70 76 80

Inorganic Phosphate

- - 10 9 12 16 12 11 10 8 17 10

Total

Phosphate

-

-

20 29 22 26 22 21 20 28 27 20

MPN - 50 26 25 20 30 32 34 35 32 31 20


10 2 1 6 2 6 5 2 3 2 1


15 16 15 10 12 13 14 15 12 11 12



30

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Creek Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600


Analy

sis

Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm

Nitrate

ppm InorgPO4

ppm TotalPO4

MPN

Colony/100

ml Fcoli

Colony/100

ml Ecoli

Figure – 2.5 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Creek water samples




31

Table no.2.10 (b): Average Analysis results of Creek water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.04 7.11 7.78 8.22 8.18 7.96 7.35 8.49 7.32 7.81

TSS ppm < 100 64 79 60 85 64 74 82 69 45 56

TDS ppm < 1000 654 628 623 649 716 676 714 761 692 743




Copper ppm < 0.05 0.054 0.062 0.25 0.036 0.014 0.065 0.36 0.20 0.003 0.002

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.85 0.020 0.64 0.20 0.30 0.01 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.005 Zinc ppm < 5 0.58 0.54 0.02 0.001 0.065 0.054 0.02 0.001 0.002 0.003

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.25 0.36 0.85 0.64 0.25 0.14 0.025 0.65 0.054 0.25

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.008 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.026 0.098 0.026 0.025 0.014 0.002

Ammonia - - 1. 32 1.6 1.55 1.6 1.96 1.24 1.76 1.48 1.42 1.27


- - 0.54 0.67 0.85 0.94 0.73 0.92 0.64 0.67 0.53 0.48

Total Phosphate

-

- 0.61 0.72 0.93 1.12 1.35 1.64 0.75 0.95 1.76 1.85

MPN - 50 10 12 9 5 17 4 15 16 19 20


10 8 9 5 16 5 21 8 6 9 3


15 5 2 19 15 20 24 18 2 9 21



32

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Creel Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sampling Locations

Analysis R

esults

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

MPN

Colony/100ml

Fcoli

Colony/100ml

Ecoli

Figure – 2.5 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Creek water samples




33

2.2.6 Nallah Water Samples

Nallah water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,

Table no. 2.11: Nallah water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations


2. Cabin Road

3. Morva gaon

4. Uttan gaon

5. Dongari goan

6. Naya nagar

7. B.P. road

8. Raai village

9. Bander vadi


11. Penkar pada

12. Palli village


14. Shirdi nagar

15. Asmita tower

16. Versave Naka

17. Navghar Road

18. Kashimira Road

19. Silver Park Road

20. Uttan Road

Average Nallah Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.12 for the month of May

2008 to April 2009.



34

Table no.2.12 (a): Average Analysis results of Nallah water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 9.05 8.87 8.42 7.56 8.12 6.58 8.05 7.81 7.64 9.2 TSS ppm < 100 1123 897 556 578 2231 1025 1187 3014 741 625

TDS ppm < 1000 981 1241 2045 645 4120 553 991 2500 378 4512


COD ppm <250 312.4 215.7 199.8 212.4 316.9 202.6 214.2 332.6 216.1 670



MPN - 50 62 83 74 59 96 77 127 124 134 76

F. Coli

Colony

/100 ml

10 26 43 62 39 55 38 82 105 62 37

E. Coli Colony /100

ml

15 20 26 27 17 22 32 29 18 24 27



35

Yearly Analysis Results of Nallah Water Samples

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

3250

3500

3750

4000

4250

4500

4750

5000

5250

5500

5750

6000

6250

6500

6750

std 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm COD

ppm TH

ppm TA

MPN

Colony/100mlFcoli

Colony/100mlEcoli

Figure – 2.6 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Nallah water samples




36

Table no.2.12 (b): Average Analysis results of Nallah water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.4 8.42 7.28 7.26 7.75 7.64 7.62 8.15 8.9 7.4

TSS ppm < 100 275 330 382 269 236 225 362 428 530 286

TDS ppm < 1000 1256 1180 1026 870 786 681 580 640 963 1121

Total Solids ppm <1500 1531 1510 1408 1139 1022 906 942 1068 1493 1407

BOD ppm < 30 34 38 41 29 28 32 52 42 16 25

COD ppm <250 125 186 141 102 142 194 298 262 120 148


MPN - 50 51 56 66 40 70 78 44 55 60 57


10 16 22 17 20 19 33 29 15 21 25


15 26 22 28 20 19 30 15 32 18 35



37

Yearly Analysis Results of Nallah Water Samples

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

std 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sampling Locations

Analysis R

esults

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm COD

ppm TH

ppm TA

MPN

Colony/100mlFcoli

Colony/100mlEcoli

Figure – 2.6 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Nallah water samples




38

2.2.7 Industrial Water Samples

Industrial water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,

Table no. 2.13: Industrial water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. M.I. Udyog nagar

2. Penkar pada

3. Versave

4. Cabin crossroad

5. Uttan gaon

6. Dongari goan

7. Naya nagar

8. Raai village

9. Bander vadi


11. Near Thakur Mall

12. MIDC

13. Navghar road

14. Kashimira Road

15. Swami Vivekanand Road

16. 90ft Road

17. Mira - Bhayanader Road

18. B.P.road

19. Palli village

20. Ghodbunder road

Average Industrial Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.13 for the month of

May 2008 to April 2009.



39

Table no.2.14 (a): Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 9.05 8.87 8.42 7.56 8.12 6.58 8.05 7.81 7.64 9.2

TSS ppm < 100 1123 897 556 578 2231 1025 1187 3014 741 625

TDS ppm < 1000 981 1241 2045 645 4120 553 991 2500 378 4512


COD ppm <250 312.4 215.7 199.8 212.4 316.9 202.6 214.2 332.6 216.1 670



MPN - 50 62 83 74 59 96 77 127 124 134 76

F. Coli Colony /100

ml

10 26 43 62 39 55 38 82 105 62 37

E. Coli Colony /100

ml

15 20 26 27 17 22 32 29 18 24 27



40

Yearly Analysis Results of Industrial Water Samples

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

3250

3500

3750

4000

4250

4500

4750

5000

5250

5500

5750

6000

6250

6500

std 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm COD

ppm TH

ppm TA

MPN

Colony/100ml Fcoli

Colony/100ml Ecoli

Figure – 2.7 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples




41

Table no.2.14 (b): Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.39 7.59 7.12 8.37 8.18 7.96 7.62 8.01 7.36 7.88

TSS ppm < 100 123 285 170 158 169 298 385 358 451 514

TDS ppm < 1000 255 285 270 364 312 248 188 207 184 252

Total Solids ppm <1500 2561 1532 1351 2620 1772 1627 1314 2989 1417 1456

BOD ppm < 30 50 37 43 75 64 56 42 69 63 72

COD ppm <250 80 59 72 104 91 67 58 86 82 92


Total Alkalinity ppm < 250 215 350 278 446 325 374 480 390 512 520 MPN - 50 37 56 60 38 53 63 32 47 52 62

F. Coli

Colony

/100 ml

10

27 22 24 10 17 26 18 10 15 21


15 12 10 14 18 17 22 25 28 22 23



42

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Industrial Water Samples

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

std 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sampling Locations

Analysis R

esults

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm COD

ppm TH

ppm TA

MPN

Colony/100ml

Fcoli

Colony/100mlEcoli

Figure – 2.7 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Industrial water samples




43

2.2.8 Lake Water Samples

Lake is a low-lying part of the Earth's surface in which rainwater, surface water run-off,

outflow from a river, and water from other sources accumulates. Almost half of the world's lakes are degraded, depleted, and contaminated mainly by human activities. The main causes are inflow

of domestic sewage, agricultural run-off, discharge of industrial effluents, over-fishing,

introduction of exotic species and habitat degradation from population growth, expansion of cities.

Lake water is sampled 20 times per month. The sampling locations are listed below,

Table no. 2..15 : Lake water sampling sites / locations

Sr.No. Locations

1. Sukal lake

2. Mira Goanthan lake

3. MIDC lake

4. Shivar lake

5. Jarimari lake

6. Ghodbunder lake

7. Navghar old lake

8. Navghar new lake

9. Khari lake

10. Mandali lake

11. Gaondevi lake Murdha

12. Ram Mandir lake Murdha

13. Ram Mandir lake Rai

14. Gandhi lake Rai

15. Morva lake.

16. Dev lake Uttan

Murdha Ram Mandir lake Uttan Moh Lake



44

17. Moha lake Uttan

18. Goddeo lake.

19. Mira Goanthan lake

20. Mandali lake

Average Lake Water Sample Analysis report is given in table 2.15 for the month of May 2008 to April 2009.

Table no.2.16 (a): Average Analysis results of Lake Water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.62 8.23 7.29 7.37 7.58 7.56 7.74 8.78 7.56 7.2

TSS ppm < 100 267 129 255 280 115 268 28 194 81 70

TDS ppm < 1000 419 453 391 936 821 360 240 585 220 156

Total Solids ppm <1500 686 582 646 1216 936 628 268 779 301 226

BOD ppm < 30 120 130 108 111 171 99 30 78 45 39

COD ppm <250 410 435 357 374 551 294 122 213 140 123


Copper ppm < 0.05 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.65 0.87 0.65 0.008 0.010 0.65 0.95

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.005 0.008 0.006 0..10 0.65 0.47 0.06 0.020 0.25 0.65 Zinc ppm < 5 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.25 0.68 0.25 0.008 0.032 0.005 0.04

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.65 0.85 0.94 0.005 0.05 0.002 0.04

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.007 0.001 0.025 0069 0.25 0.20 0.002 0.08 0.001 0.01

Ammonia - - 2.31 1.39 2.14 0.56 1.1 2.37 1.78 0.67 0.96 1.35

Nitrate - - 2.56 3.78 1.89 2.37 5.71 8.37 10.32 1.51 1.11 0.67 Inorganic

Phosphate - - 0.35 1.38 0.23 0.71 0.64 0.96 2.3 1.22 0.56 0.61

Total Phosphate

-

- 1.03 1.98 1.34 2.35 0.88 1.37 3.51 2.23 1.09 1.18

MPN - 50 29 30 47 36 65 71 52 49 34 27

F. Coli Colony /100

ml

10 3 14 15 22 38 25 13 27 16 18

E. Coli Colony /100

ml

15 66 52 71 58 35 64 28 54 25 31



45

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Lake Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm COD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

MPN

Colony/100mlFcoli

Colony/100mlEcoli

Figure – 2.8 (a) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Lake Water samples




46

Table no.2.16 (b): Average Analysis results of Lake Water samples from May 2008 – April 2009


LIMITS 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

pH - 6.5 – 9.2 7.22 8.45 7.56 7.81 6.53 7.64 7.92 8.64 8.05 7.79

TSS ppm < 100 110 200 135 147 153 210 88 123 198 196 TDS ppm < 1000 569.3 451.2 332.8 119.9 135.7 564.9 325.8 433.7 314 537

Total Solids ppm <1500 679.3 651.2 467.8 266.9 288.7 774.9 413.8 556.7 512 678

BOD ppm < 30 18 12 33 27 30 36 15 42 45 39 COD ppm <250 56.3 37.4 100.7 84.6 91.6 120.7 50.5 122.8 130.2 159



Copper ppm < 0.05 0.003 0.002 0.024 0.054 0.01 0.02 0.009 0.01 0.024 0.015

Lead ppm < 0.1 0.0001 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.001 0.006 0.002 Zinc ppm < 5 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.01

Cadmium ppm < 0.01 0.001 0.01 0.021 0.025 0.034 0.081 0.062 0.001 0.01 0.01

Chromium ppm < 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.054 0.026 0.001 0.002 0.010 0.01 0.003 0.02

Ammonia - - 0.026 0.041 0.084 0.072 0.96 0.025 0.006 0.58 0.06 0.37


- - 0.63 0.68 0.82 0.5 0.48 0.65 0.72 0.7 0.82 0.96

Total Phosphate

-

- 1.15 1.1 2.37 2.36 2.21 2.17 2.14 2.39 3.48 1.2

MPN - 50 22 31 26 27 24 26 30 22 36 21


10 12 9 5 4 8 3 11 12 13 10


15 22 26 24 20 29 27 31 24 26 32



47

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Lake Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

std 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH

ppm TSS

ppm TDS

ppm TS

ppm BOD

ppm COD

ppm TH

ppm TA

ppm NH3

ppm Nitrate

ppm Inorg PO4

ppm Total PO4

MPN

Colony/100ml

Fcoli

Colony/100mlEcoli

Figure – 2.8 (b) Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis results of Lake Water samples


Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation. Environmental Status Report 2008- 2009

Enviro Analysts & Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 48

CHAPTER - 3

ATMOSPHERE

33..11 AAIIRR EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

Air pollution is the presence in the atmosphere of one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or

plant life. It is the contamination of air by the discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere, which is leading to climate change.

Modernization and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years. Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors

responsible for air pollution.

In Mira-Bhayander air monitoring is done at various locations it includes residential area, commercial area and solid waste disposal site. 3.2 SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollutants consist of gaseous pollutants, odours, and SPM, (suspended particulate matter) such as dust, fumes, mist, and smoke. The concentration of these in and near the urban

areas causes severe pollution to the surroundings. The largest sources of human-created air pollution are energy generation, transportation, and industries that use a great deal of energy sources. Depending on their source and interactions with other components of the air, they can

have different chemical compositions and health impacts. Since these pollutants are generally concentrated in and around urban areas, the outdoor urban pollution levels are far higher than in the rural areas. Fires are another major source of air pollution and can lead to severe problems if the

smoke is inhaled for a period of time. These fires can either be forest fires, oil well fires, burning of leaves in the backyard or as in the case of rural areas, large-scale burning of agricultural waste. Other sources include industries and power plants located in these areas.

Table no. 3.1 -Common atmospheric pollution sources and their pollutants

Category Source Emitting pollutants

Agriculture Open burning Suspended particulate matter, carbon

monoxide, volatile organic compounds Mining and

quarrying

Coal mining; crude oil and

gas production; stone quarrying

Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide,

oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds

Power

generation

Electricity; gas; steam Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide,

oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, sulphur trioxide, lead

Transport Combustion engines Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide,

oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, lead

Community service

Municipal incinerators Suspended particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, volatile



organic compounds, lead

Indoor air pollution can be particularly hazardous to health as it is released in close proximity to people. It is stated that a pollutant released indoors is many times more likely to reach the lung than that released outdoors. In the developing countries a fairly large portion of the

population is dependent on biomass for their energy requirements. These include wood, charcoal, agricultural residue, and animal waste. Open fires used for cooking and heating are commonly found in the household both in the rural and the urban areas. The stove is often at floor level,

adding to the risk of accident and the hygiene factor. In addition, they are often not fitted with a chimney to remove the pollutants. In such households the children and women are most likely to

be affected, as they are the group that spends more time indoors. The main pollutant in this

environment is the SPM. In fact, death due to indoor air pollution, mainly particulate matters, in the rural areas of India is one of the highest in the world. Many of the deaths are due to acute

respiratory infections in children; others are due to cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and

chronic respiratory diseases in adults. If emissions are high and ventilation is poor, household use of coal and biomass can severely affect the indoor air quality.

Pollutant emissions per meal are also very high compared to those of other fuels. Household

use of fossil fuel is also fairly common in the developing countries, particularly coal. These are particularly damaging as they burn inefficiently and emit considerable quantities of air pollutants. If emissions are high and ventilation poor, then the exposure levels to the gases emitted are far

higher. The most harmful of the gases and agents that are emitted are particulate matter, carbon dioxide, polycyclic organic matter, and formaldehyde. The indoor concentrations of these are far higher than the acceptable levels and are cause for concern in rural areas.

3.3 HEALTH IMPACT OF SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS

Some of these gases can seriously and adversely affect the health of the population and should be given due attention by the concerned authority. The gases mentioned below are mainly

outdoor air pollutants but some of them can and do occur indoor depending on the source and the

circumstances.

Tobacco smoke: Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals and is a major

cause of ill health, as it is known to cause cancer, not only to the smoker but affecting passive smokers too. It is well-known that smoking affects the passive smoker (the person who is in the

vicinity of a smoker and is not himself/herself a smoker) ranging from burning sensation in the eyes or nose, and throat irritation, to cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma, and a decrease in lung function.

Biological pollutants: These are mostly allergens that can cause asthma, hay fever, and other

allergic diseases.

Volatile organic compounds: Volatile compounds can cause irritation of the eye, nose and

throat. In severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination. In the longer run, some of them are suspected to cause damage to the liver and other parts of the body. Formaldehyde: Exposure causes irritation to the eyes, nose and may cause allergies in some

people.



Lead: Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause cancer. It is especially hazardous to small children.

Radon: A radioactive gas that can accumulate inside the house, it originates from the rocks and soil under the house and its level is dominated by the outdoor air and also to some extent the other

gases being emitted indoors. Exposure to this gas increases the risk of lung cancer.

Ozone: Exposure to this gas makes our eyes itch, burn, and water and it has also been associated

with increase in respiratory disorders such as asthma. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.

Oxides of nitrogen: This gas can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in the winters.

Carbon monoxide: CO (carbon monoxide) combines with haemoglobin to lessen the amount of oxygen that enters our blood through our lungs. The binding with other haeme proteins causes

changes in the function of the affected organs such as the brain and the cardiovascular system, and also the developing foetus. It can impair our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.

Sulphur dioxide: SO2 (sulphur dioxide) in the air is caused due to the rise in combustion of fossil fuels. It can oxidize and form sulphuric acid mist. SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and

other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Long-term effects are more difficult to ascertain as SO2 exposure is often combined with that of SPM.

SPM (suspended particulate matter): Suspended matter consists of dust, fumes, mist and smoke. The main chemical component of SPM that is of major concern is lead, others being nickel, arsenic, and those present in diesel exhaust. These particles when breathed in, lodge in our lung tissues and

cause lung damage and respiratory problems. The importance of SPM as a major pollutant needs special emphasis as a) it affects more people globally than any other pollutant on a continuing basis; b) there is more monitoring data available on this than any other pollutant; and c) more epidemiological evidence has been collected on the exposure to this than to any other pollutant.

3.4 RESPIRABLE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER

Particulate matter is characterized according to size - mainly because of the different health effects associated with particles of different diameters. Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of tiny particles that consists of dry solid fragments, solid cores with liquid coatings, and small

droplets of liquid. It includes aerosols, smoke, fumes, dust, ash and pollen. These particles vary greatly in shape, size and chemical composition, and can be made up of many different materials

such as metals, soot, soil, and dust. Particles 10 microns or less in diameter are defined as

"Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter". Respirable particulates, lodge in the lung capillaries and alveoli, causing adverse health effects. The composition of particulate matter varies with place,

season and weather conditions.



3.5 SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Sulfur dioxide, or SO2, belongs to the family of sulfur oxide gases (SOx). These gases

dissolve easily in water. Sulfur is prevalent in all raw materials, including crude oil, coal, and ore that contains common metals like aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, and iron. SOx gases are formed when fuel containing sulfur, such as coal and oil, is burned, and when gasoline is extracted from

oil, or metals are extracted from ore. SO2 dissolves in water vapor to form acid, and interacts with other gases and particles in the air to form sulfates and other products that cab be harmful to people and their environment.

3.6 NITROGEN OXIDES

A nitrogen oxide, or NOx, is the generic term for a group of highly reactive gases, all of

which contain nitrogen and oxygen in varying amounts. Many of the nitrogen oxides are colorless

and odorless. However, one common pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) along with particles in the air can often be seen as a reddish-brown layer over many urban areas. Nitrogen oxides form when

fuel is burned at high temperatures, as in a combustion process. The primary manmade sources of NOx are motor vehicles, electric utilities, and other industrial, commercial, and residential sources that burn fuels. NOx can also be formed naturally.

3.7 SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Sampling of air is done every month from 11 sampling locations. Ambient air quality monitoring locations are listed below,

Table No. 3.2 Sampling Locations

Sr.No. Sampling Locations name

1 Kashimira Chowk near Chatrapathi Shivaji statue. 2 Junction near Bhayander Police station

3 Mira road railway station. 4 Bhayander East, Cabin road 5 Bhayander East, B.P. road.

6 Bhayander East, Navghar station road 7 Bhayander West, Railway Station

8 S.K. Stone Chowk

9 Uttan naka, (Bus Stop Chowk) 10 Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk

11 Kanakia Police station Mira Road

Yearly Average Analysis report of ambient air samples is given in table 3.3 for the month of May 2008 to April 2009.



Table No. 3.3 Average Analysis Results of Ambient Air Samples from May 2008 – April 2009

SAMPLING SITES SAMPLING PERIOD (hrs)

CONCENTRATIONS (µµµµg/cum)

RSPM (100µµµµg/cum)*

SOx (80µµµµg/cum)*

NOx (80µµµµg/cum)*

Kashimira Chowk near Chatrapathi Shivaji statue.

12 73.2 25.3 18.5

Junction near Bhayander Police station 12 75.4 24.7 10.1

Mira road railway station. 12 66.8 26.4 18.3

Bhayander East, Cabin road 12 89.3 23.7 14.24

Bhayander East, B.P. road. 12 111.2 24.22 15.17

Bhayander East, Navghar station road 12 99.6 29.4 14.22

Bhayander West, Railway Station 12 93.2 27.6 11.56

S.K. Stone Chowk 12 74.6 20.9 18.2

Uttan naka, (Bus Stop Chowk)

12 77.1 23.5 20.3

Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk

12 75.4 29.7 11.6

Kanakia Police station Mira Road 12 55.7 27.3 13.4



FFiigg 33..11 BBaarr ––CChhaarrtt sshhoowwiinngg YYeeaarrllyy AAvveerraaggee AAnnaallyyssiiss RReessuullttss ooff AAmmbbiieenntt AAiirr SSaammpplleess

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Ambient Air Samples

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

STD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results RSPM(µg

/cum)

SOx

(µg/cum)

NOx(µg/cum)



CCHHAAPPTTEERR -- 44

SSOOIILL EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

44..11 SSOOIILL EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

DEFINITION:

Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of persistent toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.

4.2 SOURCE OF SOIL POLLUTION

There are various means of soil pollution. Soil pollution in Mira – Bhayander is increasing day by day resulting in poor crop stand along with health hazards of human beings and animals.

Major sources of soil pollution in Mira – Bhayander are as follows:

1. Industrial effluents 2. Sewage Sludge

3. Fertilizers and pesticides application. 4. Non - degradable Solid Waste 5. Bio- medical Waste.

4.3 SOIL SAMPLING LOCATION

Soil Sampling is done quaterly i.e, thrice a year from three sampling locations . Soil

sampling location of Mira – Bhayander is as follows

1) Jesal Park

2) Creek Sediments

3) Near Mira Road railway station

4.4 SOIL ANALYSIS REPORT

Yearly Average Soil analysis report from May – 2008 to April -2009 is as follows,

SAMPLING SITES

pH( 20% suspension)

EC mS/cm

ORGANIC CARBON

% P2O5 % K2O %

ORGANIC MATTER

% per gram Jesal Park 8.12 0.010 2.61 5.25 10.10 2.61

Creek sediments 7.89 0.12 3.24 6.42 9.8 3.24

Near Mira road railway station

7.69 0.67 2.94 7.54 14.75 2.94



Fig – 4.1 Barchart showing Yaerly Average Analysis Results of Soil samples from May 2008 to April 2009

Yearly Average Analysis Results of Soil Samples

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3

Sampling Locations

Analysis Results

pH( 20% suspension) EC mS/cm

ORGANIC CARBON % P2O5 %

K2O% ORGANIC MATTER % per gram



CCHHAAPPTTEERR -- 55

NNOOIISSEE EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

55..11 NNOOIISSEE EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT

Noise pollution is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the environment. The overarching source of most noise worldwide is generated by transportation

systems, principally motor vehicle noise, but also including aircraft noise. Besides transportation noise, other prominent sources are office equipment, factory machinery, appliances, power tools

and audio entertainment systems.

In Mira-Bhayander noise levels are monitored in different sectors such as Residential & commercial area and Industrial area. In each month noise levels are recorded with the help of

Noisemeter.

5.2 NOISE SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Table 5.1 Sampling Locations for measuring Noise levels

Sr.No. Sampling Locations name 1 Kashimira Chowk near Chatrapathi Shivaji statue. 2 Junction near Bhayander Police station

3 Mira road railway station. 4 Bhayander East, Cabin road

5 Bhayander East, B.P. road. 6 Bhayander East, Navghar station road

7 Bhayander West, Railway Station

8 S.K. Stone Chowk 9 Uttan naka, (Bus Stop Chowk)

10 Near Pali, St Andrew Chowk

11 Kanakia Police station Mira Road



Yaerly Average Analysis Results of Noise Levels

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sampling Locations

Noise levels Measured

NOISELEVELS

(dB)

Table no. 5.2. – Yearly Average Noise levels measured during May 2008 to April 2009

SITES NOISE LEVELS (dB)

1 59

2 58

3 45 4 65

5 78 6 78

7 65

8 56 9 54

10 78

11 68

Figure no. 5.1 Barchart showing Yearly Average Analysis of Noise levels from May 2008 to April

2009



CCHHAAPPTTEERR –– 66

CCOOMMPPAARRAATTIIVVEE SSTTUUDDIIEESS

In comparative study the objects are specimens or cases which are similar in some respects

but they differ in some respects. These differences become the focus of examination. The goal is to find out why the cases are different to reveal the general underlying structure which allows and

generates such a variation.

In this section pollution load of 07-08 and 08-09 is compared. This is done to keep a check on the pollution levels so that the proper measures can be taken.

66..11 CCOOMMPPAARRAATTIIVVEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF WWAATTEERR SSAAMMPPLLEESS

6.1.1 Annual Comparative Study of Minicipal / Drinking Water Samples

Table no. 6.1 Comparison between Municipal Water Samples

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

PH 7.77 7.39

TSS 0 0 TDS 74.88 40.96

TS 52.63 40.96 BOD 0 0 TH 120.47 137.8

TA 85.6 92.1 NH3 0 0

Nitrate 0.38 0.47

Inorganic PO4 0.63 0.50 Total PO4 0.84 0.93

MPN 0 0

F. Coli 0 0 E. Coli 0 0

Municipal water analysis results of previous year and this year are compared, shown in following graph.



Comparision of Municipal Water Samples

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

PH

TSS

TDS TS

BOD

TH TANH3

Nitrate

Inorganic PO4

Total PO4

MPN

F. Coli

E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

Figure no. 6.1 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Municipal Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are slightly on higher side than the previous year.

6.1.2 Annual Comparative Study of Borewell Water Samples

Table no.6.2 Comparison between Borewell Water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009 PH 7.24 7.41

TSS 67.21 54.85

TDS 462.7 598.1 TS 625.31 799.85

BOD 20.69 22.65

TH 241.20 125.6 TA 96.58 108.7

NH3 0.10 0.16

Nitrate 0.30 0.22 Inorganic PO4 0.25 0.30



Total PO4 7.54 8.51 MPN 3 5

F. Coli 5 5

E. Coli 8 10.2

Borewell water analysis results of previous years and this year are compared, shown in following

graph.

Comparision of Analysis Results of Borewell Samples

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750800

850

PH

TSS

TDS TS

BOD TH TA

NH3

Nit rate

Inorganic PO4

Total PO4

MPN

F. Coli

E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis R

esults

2007-2008

2008-2009

Figure no. 6.2 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Borewell Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are slightly on higher side than the previous year.

6.1.3 Annual Comparative Study of Ground Water Samples

Table no. 6.3 Comparison between Ground Water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

PH 7.25 7.8

TSS 65.23 90.5 TDS 325.41 409.5

TS 476.21 569.05 BOD 25.14 27.15



TH 100.45 191.3 TA 142.69 163.35

NH3 0.31 0.40

Nitrate 5.36 7.54 Inorganic PO4 0.36 0.53

Total PO4 0.63 1.06

MPN 24 34 F. Coli 25 17

E. Coli 30 24

Ground water analysis results of previous years and this year are compared, shown in following graph.

Comparision of Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

PH

TSS

TDS TS

BOD

TH TA NH3

Nitrate

Inorganic PO4

Total PO4

MPN

F. Coli

E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

Figure no. 6.3 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are slightly on higher

side than the previous year.

6.1.4 Annual Comparative Study of River water Samples

Table no.6.4 Comparison between River water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009 PH 7.00 7.41

TSS 50.2 52.7

TDS 114.62 127.3 TS 355.7 381.5



BOD 45.91 57.70 TH 84.67 86.14

TA 98.48 123.05

NH3 156.9 125.4 Nitrate 26.94 12.70

Inorganic PO4 26.42 25.44

Total PO4 49.31 64.50 MPN 21 32

F. Coli 8 6

E. Coli 22 19

River water analysis results of previous year and this year are compared, shown in following graph.

Comparision of Average Analysis Results of River Water Samples

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

PH

TSS

TDS

TS

BOD

TH

TA

NH3

Nitrate

Inorganic PO4

Total PO4

MPN

F. Coli

E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

Figure no. 6.4 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Ground Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are slightly on higher do not show much difference.

6.1.5 Annual Comparative Study of Creek Water Samples

Table no. 6.5 Comparison between Creek Water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

PH 6.89 7.66

TSS 68.26 76.15 TDS 501.84 603

TS 641.61 660.35

BOD 25.68 29.3 TH 100.58 169.9



TA 56.94 152.6 NH3 8.67 14.20

Nitrate 29.37 31.13

Inorganic PO4 10.84 6.10 Total PO4 12.48 12.33

MPN 30 21

F. Coli 8 6 E. Coli 10 13

Comparison of Average Analysis Results of Creek Water Samples

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

PH

TSS

TDS

TS

BOD

TH

TA

NH3

Nitrate

Inorganic PO4

Total PO4

MPN

F. Coli

E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-

2008

2008-2009

Figure no. 6.5 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Creek Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are slightly on higher do not show much difference.

6.1.6 Annual Comparative Study of Nallah Water Samples

Table no. 6.6 Comparison between Nallah Water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

PH 6.5 7.9

TSS 520 765 TDS 823 1354

TS 731 2114 BOD 41.09 65.15

COD 50.8 230.54

TH 106.7 229.10 TA 134.6 237.05



Comparision of Average Analysis Results of Nallah Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

PH TSS TDS TS BOD COD TH TA MPN F. Coli E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-2008

2008-2009

MPN 30 75 F. Coli 10 23

E. Coli 12 25

Figure no. 6.6 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Nallah Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are on higher side than the previous year.

6.1.7 Annual Comparative Study of Industrial Water Samples

Table no. 6.7 Comparison between Industrial Water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

PH 6.18 7.94 TSS 412 744

TDS 726 1027

TS 1264 2424 BOD 50.94 76.85

COD 103.96 184.20

TH 140 283.25 TA 236 312

MPN 52 71

F. Coli 36 24 E. Coli 14 22



Comparision of Average Analysis Results of Industrial Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

PH TSS TDS TS BOD COD TH TA MPN F. Coli E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-2008

2008-2009

Figure no. 6.7 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Industrial Water Samples


6.1.8 Annual Comparative Study of Lake Water Samples

Table no. 6.8 Comparison between Lake Water

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

PH 7.01 7.73 TSS 103.72 162.35 TDS 287.26 418.27

TS 326 578 BOD 38 61

COD 96 199 TH 115 224

TA 84 158 NH3 0.24 0.84 Nitrate 0.91 2.13

Inorganic PO4 0.31 0.80 Total PO4 0.42 1.88 MPN 24 35

F. Coli 10 14 E. Coli 26 38



Comparision between Average Analysis Results of Lake Water Samples

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

PH

TSS

TDS

TS

BOD

COD

TH

TA

NH3

Nitrate

Inorganic PO4

Total PO4

MPN

F. Coli

E. Coli

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-2008

2008-2009

Figure no. 6.8 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Lake Water Samples

The graphical representations shown that the analysed values for this year are on higher side than

the previous year.

66..22 CCOOMMPPAARRAATTIIVVEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF SSOOIILL SSAAMMPPLLEESS

In this section pollution load of 07-08 and 08-09 on Soil is compared. This is done to keep a

check on the pollution levels so that the proper measures can be taken.

6.2.1 Annual Comparative Study of Soil Samples

Table no.6.9 Comparison between Soil Samples

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009 PH ( 20% suspension) 6.3 7.9

EC mS/cm 0.15 0.27

ORGANIC CARBON % 0.93 2.93

P2O5 % 1.3 6.9

K2O % 9.7 17.17 ORGANIC

MATTER% 1.63 2.93



Comparision of Average Analysis Results of Soil Samples

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

PH EC ORGANIC

CARBON

P2O5 K2O ORGANIC

MATTER

Parameters

Analysis Results

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

Figure no. 6.9 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Soil Samples


66..33 CCOOMMPPAARRAATTIIVVEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF AAMMBBIIEENNTT AAIIRR SSAAMMPPLLEESS

6.3.1 Annual Comparative Study of Ambient Air Samples

Table no.6.10 Comparison between Soil Samples

Parameters 2007-2008 2008-2009

RSPM 83 95

SOx 30 65

NOx 21 32



Comparsion of Average Analysis Results of Ambient Air Samples

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

RSPM SOx NOx

Parameters

Analysed Values

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

Figure no. 6.10 Barchart showing Comparision between Analysis Results of Soil Samples


66..44 CCOOMMPPAARRAATTIIVVEE SSTTUUDDYY OOFF NNOOIISSEE LLEEVVEELLSS

6.4.1 Annual Comparative Study of Noise Levels

Table no.6.11 Comparison between Noise Levels

Sampling Location 2007-2008 2008-2009

1 68 59

2 42 58

3 40 45

4 53 65

5 80 78

6 63 78

7 56 65

8 45 56

9 50 54

10 69 78

11 59 68



Comparision between Average Analysed Noise Levels

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Sampling Locations

Noise Levels Measured

2007-

2008

2008-

2009

Figure no. 6.11 Barchart showing Comparision between Average Analysed Noise Levels




CHAPTER – 7

FACILITIES

7.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Mira-Bhayander region has population of about 9 lakhs. Mira - Bhayander gets 86MLD from

Shahad Temghar Management (STEM) while 30MLD as sanctioned amount. But present water supply from MIDC is average 9MLD. But water requirement of Mira – Bhayander area is arround 105MLD, thus having defecieny of from MIDC is surrounded by several water bodies such as

Lakes, Creek etc. but the water requirement of the population is fulfilled by Municipal treated water and bore well water. MBMC has also undertaken Rain Water Harvesting project. This has helped to reduce the pressure on bore well water usage. To fulfill the water requirements of the

ever increasing population, 10 MLD extra water pipeline was sanctioned from 1995-96 onwards. Accordingly, Rs. 110 crore project was carried under Maharastra Jeevan Pradhikaran for 86 MLD

additional water supply. This project was implemented from 2002, the project is now looked after

by STEM. A sanction scheme of 30 MLD water from MIDC is also a support source, but at present only 8.00 MLD is actually supplied from this scheme.

The avoid leakage in water piping system many programmes are undertaken. One from these is replacement of craking cement pipes carring water. And also it is made sure that each and every part of Mira – Bhayander has water connection. Thw Water Tax during 2008 – 2009 is 90% which comes around to Rs.2563.30 lakh while from this Rs. 2321.48 lakh is recovered. Thus this year

90.57% tax is recovered. There are 29372 water connections in Mira Bhayander area of which 26979 connection are for residential purpose and 2393 water connections are for commercial purposes.

Table No. 7.1 Water Supply

Year Population Water Requirement

(MLD)

Permissible water

Amount

Present Water supply

Defficiency

2009 9 lakh 120 STEM – 86 MIDC – 30

TOTAL - 116

STEM – 83 MIDC - 7

TOTAL - 93

27MLD Defficient

2011 9.83 lakh 147 STEM – 86 MIDC – 30 SURYA DAM WATER SUPPLY – 100

TOTAL - 213

2021 14.74 lakh 221 - do -

2031 22.11 lakh 331 - do -

7.2 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

The suburb is very close to the city and despite being situated in Thane district, it enjoys all

the facilities provided by the Mira-Bhayander Municipal Corporation (MBMC) including power

from Reliance, telecom facilities from MTNL. These factors have been instrumental in people choosing to live in Mira-Bhayander. There are 8948 street lights pole and total electricity



consumption is 60 lakh kWh per annum. In Municipal Corporation Head Office Garden, Rai Smashan Bhoomi, area stands on solar panel system.

7.3 TRANSPORTATION

The Western Railway Suburban local train service is the primary means of transport and

commute to Mumbai. At present the Borivali- Virar railway track is four lanes and many new trains had been started to cater the increasing commuter in the region. The government has further plans to have more trains running between Virar and Borivali. This should somewhat ease the commute to and from Mira-Bhayander. A railway yard has also in pipeline in the Bhayander area. This is just

the start and if the development continues then Mira road and Bhayander will be the most important stations in the Western Railway circuit.

Mr. Ganesh Naik, Environmental Minister has inaugurated the Mira-Bhayander

transportation program on 15th Sep. 2005 and hence forth the Mira-Bhayander bus service was started. Currently 50 busses are running on 15 routes under MBMC’s transportation program.

Mira-Bhayander has well connected network of roads and flyovers, designed to cater to the ever increasing number of vehic les and public transport. Over years, several new roads have been added and many existing roads widened. Most of the roads now have sufficiently wide foot paths. The

only road route to Bhayander is through Mira Road which in turn connects to Mumbai through the Western Express Highway (NH - 8). Existing developed roads area is 154.91 sq.km. There are 12 signals to control smooth traffic run. There is only one existing road connecting NH – 8 and ROB.

This is not sufficient ot catter increasing traffic. There fore, necessities to develop ring route of roads. Under ring route project 11 roads are proposed of which 9 are still be completed.

State Transport (S.T.) and Thane Municipal Transport (T.M.T.) buses have started running between Mira Road and Thane. Recently, MBMT (Mira Bhayander Transport Corporation) buses

have started running between Mira Road and Bhayander. Frequencies of these buses are being increased to ease the travel a bit. The Mira Road-Bhayander Link Road and the two new railway

lines which are soon to become the USPs for Mira-Bhayander. Western Railways and BEST provide

the transportation needed by the suburb. There are also private buses and auto-rickshaws that make life easier. MBMT is also granting concession for students and commuters under monthly, 2

monthly and quarterly pass schemes also free transportation facility is given to the soldiers.

7.4 FIRE BRIGADE & EMERGENCY SERVICE CENTER

MBMC’s Fire brigade and Emergency service centre is functioning 24 hrs. for benefit of the citizens. The department is always working to avoid deaths during accidents and natural

calamities. To make citizens more alert during such situation they are giving primary training by arranging demonstration programs in schools, colleges, police stations etc. The department is not only working for Mira-Bhayander but also helping the regions nearby. Presently there is one fire

brigade station at 60 ft. road, Bhayander (W.) 7.5 HEALTH & MEDICAL FACILITIES

The city has both private as well as municipal primary health care centers are operating in

Mira – Bhayander Corporation area. There are about 2026 no. of vaccination programs conducted per month. Medical health centre of MBMC provides medical facility and distributes medicines for



epidemic diseases such as Gastro, Cholera, jaundice, Polio, Typhoid etc. Ambulance and Mobile clinic service are made available 24 hrs for the citizens.

Table No. 7.2 Health & Medical Facilities

SR. NO. TYPE OF FACILITY TOTAL NO.

1. Private Hospitals 44 2. Maternity Hospital 31

3. Government Veterinary Hospital 01

4. Pathology lab 28 5. Dispensaries 369

6. Ambulance Services 03

Birth and Death centre of MBMC is working according to Birth-Death Registration rule

1969, Maharashtra Birth-Death Registration rule 2000 and Mumbai regional municipal corporation rule 1949 under section 263 to 271. MBMC’s new and advanced Public care center has been started on 31.01.05 this centre issues birth and death certificates. In year 2007; 58 Dengue cases were

registered along with 173 Maleria cases. In year 2008, 143 Malerial cases were observed with 1 death due to Dengue. In year 2009, uptill know 23 Malerial cases are registered with no deaths.

7.6 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

Education has become the basic right and necessary of each and every individual. It not only

facilitates good culture but also helps in the overall sustenance of the individual in this competitive world. MBMC has excellent facilities and infrastructure with the help of which it is providing exceptional quality of education.

Literacy level of Mira-Bhayander is 81%. There are 34 Municipal Corporation schools, 20

schools are government affiliated and 131 no. of private schools. These schools and colleges are for both poor and medium class children. Good level of teaching is developed and is maintained. There

are separate scholarships and funds given to the poor students.

The medium of instruction are varied from Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and Urdu. At present

202 Teachers are teaching in municipal scholls in this corporation jurisdiction. 7.7 GARDENS AND PARKS

In Mira-Bhayander plantation program is carried on a large scale and varieties of plants are being planted. At present, there are approximately 1,89,842 number of trees, according to 2005 –

2006 census. Two nurseries have been developed by MBMC which consists of plants of various species. These plants are given free to the citizens/organizations as per the requirement. Tulsi plants are developed and are gifted to the students on various occasions and they are also

encouraged to carry out the plantation.

Gardens and open spaces provide recreational areas for people and children of the city. Large variety of trees are planted on road side, in open spaces, in gardens etc.

World Environment Day is celebrated on 5th June and 16 June Tree Plantation Day is celebrated in Municipal Corporation by organizing rallies at 4 places in 4 departments. All the



offisers and administratives are present for thses function.. Large no. of trees are planted on this day to reduce the pollution level, to increase the green zone, to protect the old trees as well as to plant new ones. People with Botanical knowledge who help conserve the greenery and

surrounding are awarded with symbol of Sal & Coconut.

MBMC provides special attention to stop the tree cutting. MBMC has developed and decorated 32 gardens, 3 playgrounds, 2 seashores, 13 graveyards.

All gardens and parks are well maintained. The Shivar lake and Navghar udyan are used

for recreational purpose, gardens are provided with swings, see-saws etc. to maintain cleanliness in the park, they are provided with dustbins, toilets and drinking water. Lawns and Joggers Park provided for morning walk.

Work done by the forest department for the advancement of Mira-Bhayander:

1. Navghar old lake, Navghar Lake has been very nicely developed not only for the children but

for the people form all age groups.

2. Playground outside the Penkarpada is decorated. 3. Landscaping of Raai Gandhi Lake is done and is made available to children.

4. Landscaping of Chimaji Appa Udyan is done and has become a favorite tourist spot.

5. Navghar graveyard is decorated through plantation. 6. Morning walk track is developed on Navghar Marathi school’s ground.

7. Landscaping of Nana - Nani park at Mira road sector no. 1 is done and is well decorated. 8. Traffic gardens are developed and well maintained at Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj road

Kashimira.

9. Murdha graveyard is converted into Nani-Nani Park and jogging track is also constructed there.

10. Same Raai graveyard is also decorated through landscaping.

Figure No. 7.1 Plantation at Velankini Church Uttan, Bhate



Following list of plants which are observed within corporation area:

a) Wild Varieties : Raintree, Gulmohor, Kadam, Accacia, Asoka, Saptaparni, Badam, Peltophorum, Coconut, Bottle – Base Palm. Vad, Peeple,Umbar etc.

b) Medicinal Varieties : Kaduneem, Bel, Aritha, Rakgota, Asagandha, Berda, Hirda, Awla, Sabja etc.

c) Decorative Varieties : Golden Duranta, Areca Palm, Kaneri, Kardal, Croton, Acacia, Acalypha, Tulsi, Bougan villa, Lalbadshah, Parijatak, etc.

7.8 ENTERTAINMENT CENTERS

A large no. of shops, showrooms, restaurants has been opened in the Municipal area. Multiplexes, shopping centers, malls etc. have started here. The local authority maintains a record

of the number of shops, Commercial establishments, Theatres etc. registered or cancelled for year to year with number of employees in respective establishments.

7.9 TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Gorai is also popular for its beach and nearby Manori beach and is a popular weekend

getaway for Bhayander residents. These beaches are generally safe to swim except during the monsoons.

Mira-Bhayander is a historical city and an important business port. The Ghodbunder fort is notified in the gazette of the archeological survey of India. The fort was established in the Maratha era to protect the Bassain fort. The Daravi fort was also established in the Maratha era by Chimaji

Appa in 1663, to protect the Bassien fort. Bhayander fort was established by Peshwas.

Essel World has a special place in the hearts of Mumbaikars and also people across the country. This is because it is the oldest amusement park in the city. Though being one of the first Amusement Parks, it is new in style and concept. Essel world is an international-style theme park

Figure no. 7.2 Mira Saibaba Park Figure no. 7.3 Muradha Baludhyan



and amusement park that has defined the parameters of modern fun. It is located just a few Kilometers outside city limits at Gorai, it is situated on a green landscaped, island on an area of 64 acres. It can be reached by ferry from Gorai creek or Marve Beach.

7.10 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

A sewage treatment plant is meant for the purification of sewage originating from residential & commercial areas of Mira-Bhayander town of Maharashtra state. The domestic sewage

bears large amount of suspended solids of various origins. Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, both runoff and domestic. It includes processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its

objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge which is suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment.

In Mira-Bhayander STP is located at following places:

Table no.7.3 : Name & Capcity of STP in Mira - Bhayander

Sr. no. Name of STP Capacity

1. Jesal park STP 2.0 MLD

2. Srushti STP 2.0 MLD 3. Shanti Nagar sector

No. 10 STP 5.0 MLD

4. Shanti Park STP 2.0 MLD 5. R.N.A STP 1.5 MLD

Figure 7.4 - STP at Jesal Park



Table no.7.4 List of MBR, ESR, & GSR

Sr. no.

Name of ESR/SUMP Capacity in lakh liters

1. Dongri MBR 7.60

2. Chene ESR 1.00

3. Versave ESR 0.80 4. Kashi ESR 2.50 5. Mira ESR 3.00

6. Fathak ESR 3.80 7. Goddev ESR 12.50

8. Kamala Park ESR 17.50

9. Morva ESR 5.00 10. Uttan ESR 10.00

11. Light House ESR 0.80 12. Navghar School ESR 25.00

13. Kanakiya ESR 12.50

14. Sudama Nagar ESR 8.00 15. Survey No. 777 ESR 20.00

16. Silver Park ESR 20.00

17. Asmita Park ESR 20.00 18. MIDC (LL) ESR 20.00

19. MIDC (HL) ESR 6.00

20. Jesal Park ESR 4.00 21. Shanti Nagar Sec.7 ESR 1.10

22. Shanti Nagar Sec. 11 ESR 0.87 23. Kashi Janata Nagar GSR &

Pumping Station

2.50

24. Dongri Sump & Pumping 1.20 25. Asmita Park Sump & Pumping 10.00

26. MIDC Sump & Pumping 20.00

27. Shanti Nagar Sec. 7 Sump & Pumping

1.10

28. Shanti Nagar Sec. 11 Sump & Pumping

1.07

TOTAL 237.84 lakh liters

7.11 UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE SCHEME UNDER JNNRUM

1) Name of the project : Design, Buid & Operate Under Ground Sewerage Scheme for Mira – Bhayander Municipal Corporation.

2) A.A. : Hon. General Body Resolution No. 59 Date 18/12/04.

3) Cost of the project : 349.18 Crore

Mira – Bhayander Corporation plans to treat total 110 MLD Sewerage under phase – I and for ultimate stage it will be 306 MLD in total three phases. Due to acute shortage of land and to avoid Railway Crossing and Highway Crossing, Corporation has made 10 zones during 1st phase. Zonewise capacity of STP is as given below;



Table No. 7.5: Zonewise capacity of STP

Zone Capacity 1 14 MLD

2 8 MLD

3 17 MLD

4 12 MLD

5 7 MLD

6.A 13 MLD

6B 7 MLD

6C 11 MLD

7 12 MLD

8 9 MLD

The project planned to execute satisfactory commisioning of underground sewerage scheme to Mira – Bhayander city.

4) Collection & Conveyance System :

Providing and Laying of 89km Np – 4 & Np – 3 RCC/HDPE pipes having diameters ranging

from 150mm to 1200mm and RCC manholes having depths rangign from 1.5 m to 9m along with allied items & works.

5) STP’s & Pumping Stations :

Since the Scheme is based on de – centralised waste water system the Sewerage Treatment

Plants proposedare packaged Treatment Plants. There are total 10 STP proposed in 9 zones

having treatment capacity ranging from 7 MLD to 17 MLD. Total capacity is 100MLD.

6) Flow Measurements :

It is proposed to install total 18 nos. of full bore Electromagnetic flow meters with GSM capacity

to measure the inflow to the system and flow from STP.

7) Out Fall Sewer :

The treated sewage from each Sewerage Treatment Plant is to be pumped to the nearest nallah through GRP pipes ranging from 400mm to 600mm dia and length 200m to 2000m.

8) SCADA for complete Network :

Since the entire system is working under different sub systems and the treated water is intenetd

to use for non – portable uses, there is need for continuous monitoring of treated water quality and analysis of various scenarious which is proposed through SCADA.



10) Capital contribution and Inflow for Project

Source Total Contribution (Cores)

Actual Amount Releated

Utilization

G.O.I 115.99 28.99 -

State 49.71 12.42 -

ULB 165.71 - - TOTAL 331.42 Crore 41.42 Crore 49.19 Crore

11) Present Position :

Survey work of all sites is completed. Collection system design of zone no. 4 is completed. 1km

pipes has been supplied by agency. STP design and collection system of remaing zones is under progress. Supply of pipes is under progress. Establishment of offices is also under progress.

In this project treated sewage is reused for gardens farm, flushing and industry. Because of this lot of water will be saved. In this project package treatment plan STP is included and Eco

sanitation and Decentralized is used.

Sewage is created by Residences, Institutions, and Commercial and Industrial

establishments. It can be treated close to where it is created or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant. Sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local and state regulations and standards. Industrial sources of

wastewater often require specialized treatment processes.

The raw sewage mainly contains dissolved and suspended organic matters. This treatment facility involves separation of suspended solids followed by its stabilization, by the action of microorganisms, under anaerobic conditions. The anaerobically digested sludge is disposed off.

The clarified sewage emanating from the settling tanks is chlorinated, before being disposed off.

The salient features of the treatment process adopted in this plant are:

a. Plain sedimentation of raw sewage in settling tanks. b. Sludge digestion in digesters.

c. Chlorination of settled sewage before disposal.

The units are designed for maximum efficiency within the design flow range and sewage characteristics close control. Co-ordination in operation of different units is to be exercised for efficient plant operation. The sewage treatment facility comprises of,

1. Screen Channel: AS the sewage passes through the screen bar, the screen arrests the floating materials and other debris. The screenings are manually raked out and disposed off to a suitable location by using wheelbarrow. There are two screens, one working and the other standby, and are

manually operated.

2. Grit Chamber : The screened sewage is conveyed to the grit chamber by gravity. However, the entire sewage can be bypassed directly into the partial flume through the bypass channel. As the sewage passes through the grit chamber, materials having higher density, like sand, settle down due

to the reduction in the velocity of flow. The settled grit is swept by a mechanical scrapping device into a peripheral pit at one side of the tank from where it is lifted continuously with the help of rake



classifier and conveyed to a standing trolley. The de - gritted sewage overflows the grit chamber and is conveyed to the flow measurer.

3. Flow Measurer : Raw sewage from the grit chamber enters the flow measurer for flow measurement. This unit is suitable for measuring the flow in an open channel with a contraction,

which gives level variation for different flows. The level measurement actually indicates the rate of flow. Flow is measured locally by a float-operated indicator moving on a calibrated scale.

4. Primary Settling Tank: The de-gritted sewage after the flow measurement is received in the primary settling tank by gravity. The entire raw sewage can be bypassed directly to the chlorine contact chamber through distribution chambers at the inlet of settling tank no. 1. The primary settling tanks are circular sedimentation tanks wi th a central inlet chute and a peripheral overflow launder.

The settlement of suspended solids is due to gravity. The sewage is received in the settling tank through a central feed pipe, which delivers into a circular M.S. inlet chute, which distributes the flow

equally in all directions, thus, utilizing its capacity to the fullest. The clarified sewage overflows the peripheral overflow launder and is collected over the launder channel from where it is conveyed to the chlorine contact by gravity. The scraper arm suspended from the rotating bridge pushes the sludge settled at the bottom, into the central sludge zone. A scum board is fixed to the bridge for the purpose of removing the floating scum. The settled sludge collected at the central sludge zone is withdrawn periodically into the sludge sump and dumped out to the thickener for further treatment.

5. Raw Sludge Sump & Pump House: The settled sludge from the primary settling tank is received in the raw sludge sump. Two pumps, one working and the other standby, are installed in the pump

house. They convey the sludge to the thickener, where the sludge is thickened and withdrawn with the help of thickened sludge pumps provided in the sludge pump house and conveyed to the digests for further treatment.

6. Thickener: The sludge from the primary settling tank settles in the raw sludge sump due to gravity, from where it is pumped into the thickener by raw sludge pump. The sludge is denatured and thickened from 3 - 6% It settles at the bottom of the thickener while the supernatant overflows to the

launders and conveyed to the raw sewage sump. The thickened sludge is scraped and pushed towards the central sludge zone motor coupled to a reduction gearbox.

7.12 RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

Mira-Bhayander region is located near creek, as there are less natural water reservoirs; the town offer suffers from water shortage. Presently this region is receiving 86 MLD water form STEM. Although there is adequate water available for the citizens of Mira-Bhayander yet MBMC is

making every effort to save and conserve the water.

As the average rainfall of the region is 2500 mm. to 3000 mm. the Roof Rain Water

Harvesting Project is implemented for the main building. Daily many people come to MBMC’s office for various work hence increasing the water usage. Every day 20,000 lit. Potable water is used in Office toilets, Garden, Cleaning of vehicle, Inner and outs.



Figure 7.5 - Roof Rain Water Harvesting

There was an extra unwanted usage of water in MBMC’s main building at Bhayander (W.)

So with the help of natural resources a ‘Roof Rain Water Harvesting Project’ was implemented to balance the over usage of water. Accordingly a place was selected for the project in premises of MBMC’s main building. A pit of size 10’x10’x10’ was dug; it is then filled with some Stones,

Crushed stones and Sand. Rain water accumulated on building’s terrace is directed to pit through a pipe. Due to this an increase in the level of water table is observed and also the water quality is improved. Water collected form Roof Rain Water Harvesting Project is analysed for various

parameters and the results indicate that it can be used for drinking purpose. Increase in the quality and purity of water will be observed in next 3-4 years. Around 3.9 lac rupees are invested in the project. Daily 20 to 22 MLD water is made available through this project. This harvested water is used in Toilets, Garden, Cleaning of vehicle, Inner and outside cleaning of main building; hence

15,000 to 20,000 lit. of water is being saved everyday.

MBMC has arranged the workshop with the help of Rambhau Mhalagi Prabodhini for social

organization and social workers to make them understand the importance of this Roof Rain Water

Harvesting Project. MBMC has published a booklet during the workshop to spread awareness of the importance of saving the water. This has inspired private developers/housing agency to

implement additional 7 projects of such type. These projects are running successfully and

harvesting 3.0 lac lit. Water per day.

77..1133 SSOOLLIIDD WWAASSTTEE MM AANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

Solid waste management includes all activities that seek to minimise the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid wastes. Solid waste can be

defined as material that no longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a pipe. It does not normally

include human excreta. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agricultural and

mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets

and public places. The words “garbage”, “trash”, “refuses” and “rubbish” is used to refer to some forms of solid waste.



Garbage is divided into 4 categories:

Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.

• Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.

• Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics. • Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.

Types of solid waste: Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:

a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste, b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and

commercial complexes.

Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances.

Certain types of household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste

include old batteries.

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biologicals. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures,

discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious

threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner.

M/s. Enviro Vigil has the authorization from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board for the collection, transport and disposal of bio-medical waste (MPCB / ROT / BMW – 3 / 2003) like

human & animal blood, organs, dressing materials, syringes, etc., generated within the Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation by the government and private labs, pathological laboratories, nursing homes, maternity hospitals, clinics, etc. By the rules of biomedical waste disposal, 1998, the

waste is collected in coloured bags that are internationally approved and then sent to Thane for treatment and disposal. Every month approximately 1742 kg of biomedical waste gets transported to Thane. Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation has an agreement with Bhayander Medical Association and M/s. Enviro Vigil for the management of biomedical waste.

7.13.1 Integrated Multi product Municipal Solid Waste Project

In Mira Bhayander region, the total solid waste generation is about 450 tons per day. District

Collector of Thane has handed over the 31 hectare land at Mauje Uttan Pali to MBMC on 26.12.03 for management of solid waste under Solid Waste Management Program. Further, MBMC has

given the solid waste management work to M/s Henjer Biotech Mira Energy purely on the basis of

build, operate and transfer. For this purpose, 30 acre land has been given to the company for 30 years lease for which Mira Bhayander Municipal Corporation receivesRs. 1/ sq.m./year as rent.



Salient Features of the Project:

1. In this project, daily produced solid waste will be segregated and treated at the site.

2. The high heat content solid waste will be converted to Eco- coal for substitute of coal.

3. Bio- degradable waste will be converted to compost and will be available to Municipal Corporation at 35% less than market cost for plantation purposes.

4. Soil and sand will be separated from the solid waste and converted to Eco bricks which will be useful for construction field.

5. The 19%rejected material from the project will be send to landfill site according to the MSW Rules, 2000. Work is under process for preparation of landfill site.

Figure no. 7.6 Solid waste Processing site is being developed at Uttan Pali



CHAPTER - 8

SUGGESTIVE MEASURES

Based on the assessment of the environmental status of the areas under MBMC jurisdiction,

an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared which describes the measures that MBMC may follow for the protection and betterment of the environment. This plan is aimed to

assist the efforts of the MBMC to achieve continued environmental improvements and quality of life of the people residing in MBMC areas. The environmental problems are area specific, the environmental Management Plan prepared for MBMC takes in to account those problems and

remedial measures are suggested

Key Issue Suggested Measures Land Usage Proper survey should be carried out on the land usage pattern in MBMC area

which may shoul be updated regularly. Adequate infrastructure viz. roads, parking places for the movement of Vehicles,

goods vehicles shall be provided in the industrial area. Avenue plantation should be carried out on the roads in all the areas so that adequate green cover is developed over a period of time. Special attention shall be

paid to ensure the survival rate of the avenue plantation. Flowering trees shall be used for the avenue plantation and Monoculture may be strictly avoided since

those trees do not support bird fauna. Adequate attention shall be paid to ensure that the forest areas are protected from

illegal cultivation dumping of debris, etc. The industries generating hazardous wastes have a tendency to dispose of such wastes in open areas. Therefore, such industries shall be watched and any illegal industrial waste dumping in the coastal areas or open areas shall be prevented.

The open burning of the garbage or any other waste shall be strictly prohibited. Housing and Slums Development of illegal slum colonies from springing in the city shall be prevented.

Undertake measures for all necessary steps shall be taken to improve the living

conditions in the low income residential areas/slums.



The dilapidated buildings shall be identified and steps shall be taken to protect the residents of such buildings from the possible mishaps and loss of life.

Implementation of SRA Schemes as well as Rental Housing Schemes for settlement

of Slum population. Public Health & Hygiene

Generate a comprehensive and advanced database on the various health problems by collecting information from Municipal and private health clinics/ hospi tals and other health care establishments in parameters at all health centers, hospi tals in MBMC area.

Assess the current epidemic preparedness and take effe ctive steps to improve the emergency response if any epidemic breaks out. Provide adequate assistance to Municipal hospi tals to improve their capabilities to

handle emergencies.

It shall be ensured that Bio-medical waste generated by the hospitals in MBMC area shall be sent to the BMW facility, by periodically visiting and checking the

practices followed by the municipal and private health care establishments to meet the statutory requirement in respect of BMW treatment and disposal.

Water Supply & Sanitation

Identify the alternate water resources to meet the deficit water demand. The

dependence on the ground water resources shall be minimized as far as possible to protect the GW resources for use during emergency requirement. The drawal of excessive GW in the coastal area by mechanical means shall be prevented so that there is no salinity ingress in the ground water. Ground water extraction for construction activity shall be prevented as far as possible.

Implementation of Rain water Harvesting schemes on large scale shall be indentified and steps shall be taken to implement those schemes. The initiative shall start from the Corporation administra tive building. The RWH schemes

proposed by the Private parties shall be encouraged by the corporation while giving the building permissions.

Take adequate steps to implement measures for preventing the contamination of ground water as well water supplied by the Corporation. Adequate chlorine dosing shall be provided in water mains and the residual chlorine levels shall meet the drinking water standards.

Initiate water conservation program involving the consumers including rationalization of water tariff, to prevent wastage of water by consumers.

Use of Treated Water from STP for secondary purposes, Gardening and fire –

fighting in Residential and aCommercial Complexs will reduce load on Municipality.

Sewerage and Drainage System

Undertake long term plan for the Collection, Treatment and disposal of sewage

from all areas of the city, especially those without access to sewerage lines. Carry out the assessment of the sewage disposal and its impact on ecological status of receiving water bodies and take measures to protect the ecology and environment of the recipient water bodies.

Optimize the existing sewage pumping stations in order to improve the efficiency of the present network. Regular clearing of municipal drains to avoid the water logging during rainy season.

Survey to assess the efficiency of the existing drainage system so that measures can be taken accordingly.

Lakes and Water Bodies

Undertake catchments area development program, in order to minimize pollutant ingresses in the water bodies.



Ensure adequate level of treatment for all the liquid wastes discharged into the creek. The treated partially or untreated sewage shall not be disposed in these water bodies. The open defecation/squatting or animal or vehicle washing in the

fresh water bodies shall be prevented. Conduct comprehensive survey of the creek and river areas, in order to identify the carrying capacity of the aquatic environment

Deveopment of artificial ponds especially for Ganesh chaturthi. Schemes to be planned for the development of areas around the lakes, water bodies

into recreational, picnic spots. Air and Noise Quality Adequate parking spaces shall be provided to avoid the traffic congestion. For this

purpose, a parking policy shall be prepared and the vacant land shall be identified

for its use as a temporary parking area.

Provision of adequate parking space in the upcoming residential industrial and commercial projects in the area.

Quality of roads to be improved to improve the traffic movement.

Road side plantation should be done to improve the air quality. Display of air quality status at the corporation offi ce and main traffic signals.

Widening of the roads, wherever possible, to cope up with increasing no. of vehicles in the area.

Create no honking zones near hospitals, schools etc. in accordance with the Noise

Pollution control Rules.

Provision of in centives to the public vehicles to convert to CNG so that air quality is protected. Proper tra ffic management shall be done in coordination with RTO and local police to avoid traffic jams.

Solid Waste Disposal Regular monitoring of working of integrated solid waste management site at Uttan.

Proper means of collection and transportation of solid waste (viz. provision of

compacters and closed trucks for transporting the MSW to the site) to avoid the littering of solid waste on the roads and smell nuisance control during transportation.

Rain Water Harvesting System

Conservation of Rain water through Rain water Harvesting system. Recharging of ground water table through Rain Water harvesting system. Harvested rain water can be used for Secondary purposed and also in gardening.

Storage tanks can be good option to conserve rain water in residential and commercial complexes as well in industries.

Solar Energy Harvesting System

Use of non conventional energy to reduce load on electricity department. Use of Solar panels for Street lighting in Housing and commercial complexes.

Use of Solar panels for Street lights and taffic lights. Green Buffer Zone Development of Grren buffer zone in Industrial areas as well as in residential area.

Development of Traffic islands to reduce pollution on traffic signals.

Development of Green Belt for every infrastructure project to be made compulsory. Conservation and maintanence of mongroove forests in corporation area. Developments of Nurseries anad gardens to increase diversity of the area.

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