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Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.” —Stephen Wright, comedian

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Page 1: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Introduction to Forensic Science

“In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

—Stephen Wright, comedian

Page 2: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 2

Introduction Define forensic science

Understand the growth and development of forensic science through history

Describe the steps used in the scientific method

Account for rapid growth of forensic labs in the past 40 years

Objectives:

Page 3: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Warm-Up Question

What is forensic science?

Page 4: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 4

Forensic Science Forensic science is the application of science to

criminal and civil laws. The word forensic is derived from the Latin “forensis”

meaning forum, a public place where, in Roman times, senators and others debated and held judicial proceedings.

We will cover the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.

Page 5: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Why study Forensic Science?

You will use science to study physical evidence, such as fingerprints and blood

Learn how to investigate and analyze crime scenes

Understand how forensic science is used in the service of the law

Video - what is forensic science?

Page 6: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Ted Bundy, Serial Killer Responsible for 40

murders between 1964 and

1978 His victims were typically young women

and murdered with a blunt instrument or strangulation

He was charged with murder based on matching bite marks on victim’s body

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 6

Page 7: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Forensic science encompasses many different sciences

Biology Chemistry Physics Geology Computer Technology

7

Page 8: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 8

Page 9: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Professions that practice Forensic Science

CriminalisticsToxicologyOdontologyPathology/BiologyPhysical AnthropologyDigital and Multimedia Sciences

9

Page 10: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

ProjectHistory of the Development of Forensic ScienceDue Date: Tuesday October 14 You will choose a topic or scientist that somehow contributed to the development of forensic science. Email me your topic. This is a first come first serve basis.

 Create a small poster that describes your event or person. You are to research the topic and provide the following information to the class.

It should include: •A detailed summary of the event or person describing their significance in the development of forensic science. •All work should be written/typed in a font large enough to read•Heading or Title at the top of the poster•The date when the event took place under the heading.•At least one picture, photo or drawing.• Please reference your source(s) on the back. •Your name and block on the back.

Page 11: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

History and Development of Forensic Science

Earliest record of applying forensics to solve a criminal case comes from third century China

A woman in China was suspected of murdering her husband and burning his body.

A coroner experimented with pigs and determined the wife had lied about her husband’s death

11

Page 12: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Forensic Science Timeline Orfila (1814) father

of forensic toxicology Bertillon (1879)

father of criminal identification (anthropometry)

Galton (1892) first to study and classify fingerprints

Landsteiner (1901) discovered A,B,O blood types

Lattes (1915) developed a simple technique for identifying blood group of dried blood stains

Page 13: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

1814 - Mathieu Bonaventure Orfila

In 1814, published the first scientific study of the effects of poisons on animals

Father of forensic toxicology

In 1840, gave expert testimony in a French arsenic poisoning murder case

Page 14: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

1879 - Alphonse Bertillon Considered the Father

of criminal identification Developed the science

of measurement called Anthropometry

Based on taking a specific series of body measurements as a means of personal identification

Page 15: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

AnthropometryThere were eleven measurements:

1. Height2. Stretch: Length of body from

left shoulder to right middle finger when arm is raised

3. Bust: Length of torso from head to seat, taken when seate

4. Length of head: Crown to forehead

5. Width of head: Temple to temple

6. Length of right ear7. Length of left foot8. Length of left middle finger9. Length of left cubit: Elbow to tip

of middle finger10. Width of cheeks11. Length of left pinky

Page 16: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

History and Development of Forensic Science

Hans Gross—wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation.

Edmond Locard—incorporated Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory.

16

Locard’s Exchange Principle—states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.

Locard help solve a case involving counterfeit coins

Page 17: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Locard Principle in ActionYou have 2 children and a cat. You run out to take care of some errands that include stopping at a furniture store, the laundry, and the house of a friend who has one child and a dog. From a forensic standpoint, this sequence of events can provide a gold mine of information.

What “traces” of you are left behind at each stop?What evidence of each stop do you take with you?

Page 18: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Crime LaboratoriesA facility specifically dedicated to

forensic analysis of criminal evidence.

18

Page 19: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 19

Crime Lab History

First police crime lab in the world was established in France in 1910 by Edmond Locard

First police crime lab in the U.S. opened in 1923 in Los Angeles

The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932, under the directorship of J. Edgar Hoover

Video 1 Boulder Crime LabVideo 2 Utah Crime LabVideo 3 Boston Bombing

Page 20: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 20

The Crime Lab The development of crime laboratories in

the United States has been characterized by rapid growth

At present, approximately 400 public crime laboratories operate at various levels of government—federal, state, county, and municipal.

Page 21: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 21

The Crime Lab The ever increasing number of crime

laboratories is partly the result of the following: Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s

responsible for police placing greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence.

Crime laboratories inundated with drug specimens due to accelerated drug abuse.

The increase of DNA profiling.

Page 22: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 22

Major Crime Laboratories FBI DEA ATF U.S. Postal Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

http://www.veoh.com/watch/v189007707349fgsp?h1=Modern+Marvels+-+FBI+Crime+Lab

Page 23: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 23

Crime Lab—Basic Services Physical Science Unit

Chemistry Physics Geology

Biology Unit Firearms Unit Document Examination

Unit Photography Unit

Page 24: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Physical Science Unit

Applies principals and techniques of chemistry, physics and geology to the identification and comparison of crime-scene evidence

Evidence can be drugs, glass, paint, explosives and soil

Page 25: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Biology Unit Biologists and

biochemists identify and perform DNA profiling

DNA can be extracted from bloodstains, body fluids, hairs

Compare and identify hairs and fibers, wood, plants and other botanical materials

Page 26: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Firearms Unit Examine garments and

other objects that might be exposed to gunshot residue and target distance

Examines firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells and ammunition of all types

Also examine tool marks

Page 27: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Document Examination Unit

Studies handwriting, typewriting on questioned documents

Determines authenticity and or certifies source of document

Analyzes paper, ink, writing depressions, obliterations, erasures, and burned or charged documents

Page 28: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Photography Unit

Examines and records physical evidence

Uses digital imaging, infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray photography

Make invisible information visible

Demo

Page 29: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Page 30: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Optional Crime Laboratory Services

THESE SERVICES ARE FOUND IN

CENTRALIZED LABORATORIES:

TOXICOLOGY UNIT LATENT FINGERPRINT UNIT POLYGRAPH UNIT VOICEPRINT ANALYSIS UNIT CRIME-SCENE INVESTIGATION UNIT

Page 31: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Toxicology Unit Examines body

fluids and organs to determine the presence or absence of drugs or poisons

Page 32: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Latent Fingerprint Unit

Processes and examines evidence for latent (or non-visible) fingerprints or palm prints

Page 33: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Polygraph Unit Polygraph (lie

detector) technology is usually used by criminal investigators

Technicians are trained in interrogation techniques

Page 34: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Voiceprint Analysis Believed that speech

patterns are unique to an individual

Analysis of telephoned threats or taped messages

Uses sound spectrograph, that transforms speech into a visual graphic display called a voiceprint

Page 35: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Crime-scene Investigation Unit Specially trained

personnel that travel to a crime scene to collect and preserve physical evidence

Must be able to distinguish between physical evidence that is valuable and that which is not

Page 36: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Special Forensic Science Services

A number of special forensic science services are available to the law enforcement community to augment the services of the crime laboratory.

These services include forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, forensic entomology, forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology, forensic computer and digital analysis, and forensic engineering.

Page 37: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1 37

Special Forensic Science Services Forensic Pathology involves the

investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths. Forensic pathologists in their role as medical

examiners or coroners are charged with determining cause of death.

The forensic pathologist may conduct an autopsy which is the medical dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death.

Page 38: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Special Forensic Science Services

Forensic Psychiatry is an area in which the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings is examined.

Forensic Odontology involves using teeth to provide information about the identification of victims when a body is left in an unrecognizable state. Also investigates bite marks.

Page 39: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Special Forensic Science Services

Forensic Engineering is concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, and causes and origins of fires or explosions.

Forensic Entomologist – studies insects and their relation to a criminal investigation

Forensic Anthropology deals with the identification and examination of human skeletal remains.

Page 40: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Functions of a Forensic Scientist

Applies physical and natural science techniques to analyze the many types of physical evidence

(Only physical evidence is free of error or bias)

Subjects all physical evidence to principals of Scientific Method

Explain the significance of the results in a court of law as an expert witness

Page 41: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

The expert witness presents scientific evidence in court. He/She will:Establish credibility through credentials, background experience.Evaluate evidence.Expresses an opinion about the evidence. The judge may accept or reject the opinion’s significance.

The Expert Witness

Video

Page 42: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Introduction to Forensic Scienceand the Law

In order for scientific evidence to be admitted in a court of law, it must be:

Probative: actually proves something

Material: addresses an issue that is relevant to the particular crime

Federal Rules of Evidence Do Not Write!

Page 43: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

The Frye StandardFrom the 1923 case Frye v. United States Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom if it is generally accepted by the relevant scientific community. The Frye standard does not offer any guidance on reliability. The evidence is presented in the trial and the jury decides if it can be used.

Admissibility of Evidence

Page 44: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

The Daubert Ruling

From the 1993 case Daubert v. Dow

The judge decides if the evidence can be entered into the trial. Admissibility is determined by:

Whether the theory or technique can be tested

Whether the science has been offered for peer review

Whether the rate of error is acceptable

Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread acceptance

Whether the theory or technique follows standards

Admissibility of Evidence

Page 45: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

The Scientific MethodScientific method – A process that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information

Formulate a question worthy of investigation.Formulate a reasonable hypothesis to answer the question.Test the hypothesis through experimentation.Analyze data and validate of the hypothesis, it becomes suitable as scientific evidence.Formulate a conclusion *After evidence is validated, it becomes suitable as scientific evidence to be allowed for admission in a court of law

Page 46: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.”

Chapter 1

Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet

www.forensicpage.comwww.forensic.to/forensic.htmlwww.officer.com

Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company 46


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