chapter 1. long tradition eternal questions – who are we? – why do we act the way we do? – how...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1
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Long Tradition
• Eternal Questions– Who are we?– Why do we act the way we do?– How can we understand and manage others?
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Short History
• Wilhelm Wundt (1879)– First Lab– Used introspection
• Charles Darwin– Voyage around the world– Naturalist– Origin of the Species
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Short History
• Sigmund Freud– 19th century Vienna– Jewish MD– Hypnosis– Emphasized the unconscious
• Early Women in Psychology– Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn
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Short History
• Humanistic Psychology– Another response to behaviorism– Carl Rogers and Abram Maslow– “self-” is indicative of humanistic psychology (e.g.,
self-esteem, self-image, self-actualization– Brought human agency back into psychology
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Short History
• Behaviorism– Begun by John B. Watson– (think of him at Walmart checkout)– Fully developed by B. F. Skinner– Brought animals back into psychology (especially
rats and pigeons)
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Short History
• The (so called) Cognitive Revolution– More of an evolution– Begins around 1945– Computer and Computer metaphor– Computer is hardware– Thinking is software
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Science
• Attitude– Naturalistic explanations
• Method– Each science has its own methods (e.g., geologists
and rock hammers)– All methods are objective and data driven– Psychology methods covered near end of chapter
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Contemporary Psychology
• Neuroscience—Chap 2• Evolutionary—Chap 2• Behavioral Genetics (hot area)—Chap 2• Psychodynamic (Freud, etc.)-Chaps 11, 12, 13• Behavioral—Chap 6• Cognitive—Chap 7• Social Cultural—We will not cover
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Big Ideas
• Critical Thinking-(e.g., happiness)• Biosocial Approach-biology, psychology, and
sociocultural• Two-track Mind (conscious-unconscious)-blind
woman who can still grab objects• Human Strengths-positive psychology: +
emotions, +character, +groups, communities, and cultures
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Why Do Psychology?
• Limits of Intuition and Common Sense– Hindsight Bias– Overconfidence
• Scientific Attitude– Curiosity– Skepticism– Humility
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How We Ask and Answer Questions
• The Scientific Method– Theories– Hypotheses– Operational Definitions– Replications
• Types of Psychological Research– Descriptive– Correlational– Experiments
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Descriptive Methods
• Case Studies– Close study of person or group
• Surveys– Most common method– Sampling is key (random samples)
• Naturalistic Observation– Observing people or animals in their natural habitat
• Participant Observation*– Inserting self into a naturalistic situation
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Correlations
• Relationship between two or more variables• Range from -1.00 to + 1.00• Positive vs. Negative (show cheerleader i.e.)• Cannot show cause and effect• Illusory Correlations
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Experiments
• Two group minimum• Independent Variable (IV)• Dependent Variable (DV)• Control and Experimental Groups• Single and Double Blind• Placebos• Toothpaste and Nox-Out©
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FAQs About Psychology
• Does lab research reveal general principles?• What are the ethical safeguards for human
and animal research?– See APA Ethical Standards
• Is psychology value free?
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Advantages of Science
• Rapid Communication– Internet, Meetings, Journals, Books– “invisible university”
• Reliable Data– Replication helps avoid issues like “cold fusion”
• Intellectual Freedom– Freedom to follow ideas and data
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Disadvantages of Science
• Information Overload– PsycINFO and other databases to the rescue
• Scientific Fraud• Anti-Scientific Bias• Politics (e.g., global warming, evolution)• Popularity (stiff academic requirements) STEM• Moral (e.g., Hobby Lobby, evolution)
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Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Psychology criticized in past for being “the study of American college sophomores”
• Social Cultural values affect behavior and mental life
• Brazil and Clocks– Levine found that Brazilians have a different sense
of time– Follow up studies of bank clocks confirmed that
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Cognitive Science
• Newer area; serves as “umbrella for:– Psychology, computer science, linguistics, AI, logic,
and neuroscience• Includes humans, animals, and machines• Chess, AI, and Deep Blue– Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in chess
• Robotics and Autonomous Navigation– Would you board a driverless bus?
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Mind-Body Problem
• Mind = internal; Body = external• Descartes separated the two into equal and
co-acting parts: “interactionism”– Could not supply a physiological mechanism
• Alternatives to interactionism include: idealism and materialism
• Psychology must deal with both halves
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What Psychologists Do
• Ask Questions– Motivational Questions• Jim Jones or Heaven’s Gate
– Ecological Questions• How, Where, How Often
• Report Findings– Internet, meetings, articles, books
• Interpret Findings
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Test 1
• 20 True-False– Not tricky
• 20 Multiple Choice– Four choices each time
• 10 Matching– 5 people– 5 things– Strategy explained