chapter 1: management account · ibrahim sameer (mba - specialized ... your research project theme...

Research ProjectIbrahim Sameer (MBA - Specialized in Finance,

B.Com – Specialized in Accounting & Marketing)

www.ibrahimsameer.wordpress.com

Introduction to Research

Proposal (RP)

• RP is a detailed document that you, as a

researcher, submit to your lecturer with the

purpose to convince him/her that you have a

worthwhile research project to do.


Proposal (RP)

• Scientifically speaking, the RP is a “blue print” of

the proposed project. Thus it must contain every

single item of the research project. The format of

RP is there in the research guide book which I

have provided for you (Check page 29).


Proposal (RP)

• Specially, the RP should be able to address the

following questions:


Proposal (RP)

• What you propose to do?


Proposal (RP)

• Why you propose to do?


Proposal (RP)

• What is the problem with the current setting?


Proposal (RP)

• What is wrong with the present system?


Proposal (RP)

• Is there is any unanswered questions arise?


Proposal (RP)

• What do you want to prove?


Proposal (RP)

• What is your methodology?


Proposal (RP)

• Who is your target population?


Proposal (RP)

• Where do you plan to obtain samples?


Proposal (RP)

• What are the main variables of interest in your

study?


Proposal (RP)

• What is the importance of your study?


Proposal (RP)

• Who will benefits from your research?

What Do You Want to Research?

What do you want to research?


• This simply means what is the title of your

research project.


• Your research title should be concise and

comprehensive.


• Avoid the title that reflects something that is too

general because it cannot catch audience’s

attention.


• What do you think about this topic?

An examination of quality dimensions in service

industry.


An examination of quality dimensions in service

industry.

• This title should be avoided because it is too

broad, it has no specific focus and it fails to

catch readers attention.

• Rather we can change title such as:

An examination of service quality dimension in higher

education of public university in Maldives


• What do you think about this topic?

Employee Motivation & Performance in an

Organization.


Employee Motivation & Performance in an

Organization.

• This title should be avoided because it is too

vague, it has no specific focus and it fails to

catch readers attention.

• Rather we can change title such as:

A Study on Employees Work Motivation and its Effect

on their Performance and Business Productivity:

Evidence from Private Sector in Maldives

Your Research Project Theme

• The Pearson set theme for this unit Research

Project as:

“The impact of digital technology on business activity”

Group Work

• List down at least 7 research topic that you can device based on the

following theme.

“The impact of digital technology on business activity”

• The range of topics that you can discussed could cover the following:

• The stages that organizations have to go through for digital

transformation

• The challenges of integrating emerging technologies within

organizations

• The implications of digital technology on SMEs

• E-commerce and how it drives business success

• Engaging with stakeholders through digital technology

Some Examples of Research

Topic

• Study on the most important new technology for

solving business problems in Maldives?

• Impact of digital technology: Does it make us more

or less productive at work?

• A study of the impact of social media on

consumers: Case of SME’s

• How will technology change our ways of doing

business 20 years from now in Maldives?


Topic

• Customer satisfaction in E-Commerce: A case

study of Maldives.

• Impact of social media marketing on performance

of small business.

• The impact of e-commerce on small-size

companies in Maldives.

• E-Commerce Adoption in Developing Countries:

Evidence from Maldives.


Topic

• The Future of Social Media Marketing: A Look at

Coming Trends.

• The impact of digital technologies on teaching and

learning of Ameeniya School.

• How social media can improve the customer

relationship management?

Research Project

Brief explanation for each item under the respective

chapter in your research.

Chapter 1: The Introduction

• The main intention here is to get your readers to

be interested or excited with your topic.


• Remember, you are selling your idea to be with

you all the way.


• The introduction often contains dramatic and

general statements about the need for the

research study.


• Here you can use illustrations or quotes to set

the tone.


• The objective of the introductory paragraph are:


• To make the audience understand the urgent

need for a solution to the underlying problem.

Thus, the research is hereby needed to remedy

the existing problem in order to bring the situation

back to normal.


• To highlight the gap in literature. The literature gap

can be:


• No research has been carried out on this

particular issue (new issue).


• The research has been carried out but certain

variables are not included. The new research

intends to introduce new variables (mediator,

moderator etc).


• The research has been carried out in other

countries where the characteristics of their

population might be different from ours.


• The time laps of previous research is too long that

certain socioeconomic variable of the population

has changed. Thus new research is required.


• Here goes an example for you.

The Problem Statement of the

Study

• The statement of problem is the center attention

of your research. It is just one main sentence and

supported by a few paragraphs of elaboration. In

your sentence, you should take an opportunity to:


Study

• Highlight an existing problem affecting the future

survival of an organization.


Study

• Highlight the present policy or method that is no

longer seems to be working.


Study

• Highlight something that need close attention

such as increase in customer complaints, declining

in sales volume.


Study

• Highlight current trend, current needs, current

technology that your organization needs to adapt

and change accordingly.


Study

• In short, you must present something critical that

requires your proposed research to be carried out

in order to remedy the problem and ensure the

long term survival. Remember, if you fail to prove

that there is a problem, it simply means you fail

to justify the needs for your proposed

research.

Example 1: Problem Statement

Objective of the Study

• The objective of the study is what you intended to

accomplish when you design your study.


• Remember: at the end of your study you should

provide your suggested solutions to the

underlying problem.


• In other words, the objectives of the study should

arise from the problem statement.

Research Questions (RQ)

• RQ are the “ambiguities” that come across in the

researcher’s mind that triggers him to propose for

a research.


• In his/her research, he/she aims to find the answer

to his/her RQ. RQ often came into researcher’s

mind after he sets his RO.


• These questions are normally typical questions

that would come from the audience after reading

the research report.


• A good researcher is able to predict the

questions that would come from the audience,

and will include these questions as his/her RQ

when he/she prepare his/her research.


• If the researcher completed with many

unanswered questions, then that particular

research is considered a failure.

Examples 1: of RO & RQ

RQ RO

What is the extent of internet

marketing application by SMEs in

Nairobi County?

To establish the extent of internet

marketing application by SMEs in

Nairobi County.

What are the challenges faced in

implementation of internet marketing

by SMEs in Nairobi County?

To determine the challenges faced in

implementation of internet marketing

by SMEs in Nairobi County.

What are the impact of internet

marketing use on the performance of

SMEs in Nairobi County?

To determine the impact of internet

marketing use on the performance of

SMEs in Nairobi County.

TAKEN FROM: “INTERNET MARKETING AND PERFORMANCE

OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI COUNTY”

BY LORRAINE WAHU KITHINJI

Examples 2: of RO & RQRQ RO

What extent does Social Media

entrepreneurs Skills influence growth

of Small and Medium Enterprises?

To establish the influence of social

media entrepreneurs skills towards

growth of Small and Medium

Enterprises.

How does accessibility of Social

Media online services influence


Enterprises?

To determine the influence of social

media accessibility on growth of

Small and Medium Enterprises

How much amount of time utilized

by social media entrepreneurs that

contributes to growth of Small and

Medium Enterprises?

To investigate the influence of time

utilized by social media

entrepreneurs on growth of Small

and Medium Enterprises.

How does online advertising cost

influence growth of Small and

Medium Enterprises?

To examine the influence of online

advertising cost on growth of Small

and Medium Enterprises.

TAKEN FROM: “ACTORS INFLUENCING ADOPTION OF SOCIAL

MEDIA ADVERTISING ON GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM

ENTERPRISES: A CASE OF NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA.”

BY JOHN NDUNGU KABUE

Examples 3: of RO & RQ

RQ RO

What factors that effect the

availability of ICT resources on

student’s learning in Gulu University?

To examine the effect of the

availability of ICT resources on

student’s learning in Gulu University

How does the accessibility of ICT

resources effect the student’s learning

in Gulu University?

To assess the effect of the

accessibility of ICT resources on

student’s learning in Gulu University.

What are the abilities of users use

resources of ICT in Gulu

Univerversity?

To investigate the effect of the user-

ability of ICT resources on student’s

learning in Gulu University

TAKEN FROM: “EFFECTS OF INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON

STUDENTS’ LEARNING: A CASE OF GULU UNIVERSITY”

BY OPIRA GEOFFREY

Research Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is an educated statement or a pre-

conceived idea made by a researcher regarding

the underlying problem of his/her research.

Research Hypothesis

• Hypothesis is a declarative statement made by

researcher whereby he/she would prove it with

empirical evidence.

Research Hypothesis

• A good researcher is the person who can smell

the exact direction for his/her research and is

able to talk in that particular subject with great

confidence.

Example of Research Hypothesis

RQ Hypothesis

What extent does Social Media

entrepreneurs Skills influence growth

of Small and Medium Enterprises?

H0: there is association between

skills of social media adverting on

growth of SME’s.

H1: there is no association between

skills of social media adverting on

growth of SME’s.

How does accessibility of Social

Media online services influence


Enterprises?

H0: there is correlation between

accessibility of Social Media

adverting on growth of SME’s.

H1: there is no correlation between

accessibility of Social Media

adverting on growth of SME’s.





Example of Research Hypothesis

RQ Hypothesis

How much amount of time utilized

by social media entrepreneurs that

contributes to growth of Small and

Medium Enterprises?

H0: there is correlation between time

utilized in Social Media advertising

on growth of SME’s.

H1: there is no correlation between

time utilized in Social Media

advertising on growth of SME’s.

How does online advertising cost

influence growth of Small and

Medium Enterprises?

H0: there is association between

online advertising costs on growth of

SME’s.

H1: there is no association between

online advertising costs on growth of

SME’s.





Significant of the Research

• This section reflects the “value” of your

research. You should take following question into

account while writing this section of your research.


• Why the research is important to the industry?


• How the finding of your research is useful to the

industry?


• Who is going to benefits from your research?


• What solutions or benefits your research will

provide?


• What is the contribution of your research to your

organization, to the society, or to the country, or to

the body of knowledge?

Example 1: of Significant of the

Research


Research

Chapter 2: Literature Review (LR)

• LR are reviewing of published works of

previous researchers. As a researcher, you need

to obtain all research articles within the topic of

your research interest.


• The review of literature must be exhaustive

(extensive/comprehensive) – leaving no stone

unturned.


• This is very important because you want to

examined what the previous researchers have

done in the area so that you will not reinvent the

same wheel.


• Your research should not be repeating what

others have done.


• While reviewing you need to take into following

questions in your mind:


• To ensure that you are not “re-inventing the

wheel”.


• To give credits to those who pioneered the

groundwork for your research.


• To demonstrate your prudent knowledge of the

research problem.


• To demonstrate your thorough understanding of

the underlying theory and research work

related to your research questions.


• To show your ability to critically evaluate

relevant literature information.


• To provide new theoretical insights or develops

a new model as a conceptual framework for

your research.


• To convince that the research will make a

significant and substantial contribution to

literature.


• In reviewing the literature, focus specially on

what you are going to study. All discussion and

argument made in the LR should be able to help

you come out with the theoretical framework

for your study.

Example 1: Literature Review

(LR) – Introductory Paragraph

Literature Review (LR)

• In your LR you should:

Discuss the finding of previous researches in the same area

Discuss the main variable or construct involved in the study

Discuss and compare the findings by previous researchers

The definitions of terms for every variable involved in the study

Discuss the Findings of Previous

Researches in the Same Area

• As a researcher, you need to discuss and debate

all findings obtained in the literatures by

previous researchers in the area related to your

study.

Discuss the Main Variables or

Constructs Involved in the Study

• As a researcher, you also need to discuss the

main variables or constructs that will be used

in your study. Your discussions should cover the

definition of your construct, the measuring

instruments to be used, the origin, the validity and

reliability of the construct as reported in previous

study.

Discuss & Compare the Findings

by Previous Researchers

• In the LR for an academic research, you need to

summarize literatures you read to show how

thorough you have searched what other

researchers have done in the area that you want to

study. In your summery, you need to state

precisely the name of author, the field of study,

the year of study and the key findings obtained

for each research.

The Definition of Terms for Every

Variable Involved in the Study

• The researcher should provide simple definitions

for all terms that may bring unclear meaning to

your reader. Do not let your audience trying to

figure out what you meant with certain term used in

your research. Identify a few keywords and provide

definition for each of them.

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology (RM)

• In this section, you should describe clearly your

research plan. The audience wants to know your

plan of work and the activities necessary for the

completion of your project. To keep the audience

with you, begin with a few attractive introductory

paragraphs that restate the research problem,

RO, RQ and the corresponding hypothesis.

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology (RM)

• In the Chapter 1 & 2 you have decided about what

you are going to write in our research.

• In the chapter 3 the main of this chapter is you are

going to tell reader of your study how you are

going to write in other words it is RM.

• So in this chapter you are tell all of the

methodological stratification research how you can

methodologically position your study base on

different option that you have.

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology (RM)

• Luckily you have one great tool available for you

that is call Saunders et al., (2003) Research

Onion.

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology

• Some of the things that comes under RM are as

follows:

• The target population and unit of analysis (UOA) of

the study.

• The sampling and data collection procedure.

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology

• The theoretical framework of the study

• The measuring instruments for each variable in the

study.

• Determination of sample size to be used in the

study.

• The assumptions required concerning statistical

distribution

• The procedure for data analysis in the study.

The Target Population & Units of

Analysis (UOA) of the Study

• Define your target population precisely and

explain the rationale for selecting that specific

population for your study. Make sure you choose

the right population to launch your study;

otherwise, your conclusion and generalization

might be questionable since you are shooting at

the wrong target.

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology (RM)

Chapter 3: Research

Methodology (RM)

• This research onion has layers.

• This onion illustrates the range of choices,

paradigms, strategies and steps followed by

researchers during the research process.

• You task will be on each of this layer decide which

choice from these layers you go for.

• Am not going to cover the most outer later

research philosophy layer because this course is

not for Phd rather I will cover remain all layers in

the following slide.

Research Approach

• There are 3 different types of research approach in

the research onion:

• Deductive research approach

• Inductive research approach

• Abductive research approach

Master & Degree Student

Normally for Phd Student

Research Approach


• This is the most simple research approach

because it goes from theories to data.

• Your task here is simplified a theories that is very

well known generally define theories and trying to

apply specific phenomenon. Your data then either

approve or disapprove these theories that you

have applied.

Research Approach

• Inductive research approach

• This goes from data to theories.

• In this type of approach you need to have all data

necessary to formulate your own theories so it

is more difficult to manage and justify.

• Truly inductive research is rare.

Research Approach

• Abductive research approach

• This goes from data to theories.

• In this type of approach you need to have

“enough” data to formulate theories and make

assumption.

• Eg: you go to doctor and you tell some symptom,

doctor will not have all information rather he will

have enough information about you base on what

you tell so he can prescribe medication for you.

Research Design

• Previous choice of research approach is going to

influence a choice of research design.

• Quantitative Design

• “Deal” with numbers.

• Remember that quantitative research design

works very well with deductive research

approach and not well with inductive research

approach.

Research Design

• Quantitative research design examines

relationship between variables.

• If you used Quantitative research design you are

going to use some statistical software such as

Excel, SmartPLS, SPSS, Minitab, STATA, R

Research Design

• Mixed Method Design

• In this you use both quantitative and qualitative.

Research Strategy

• Do you remember the research onion that we have

discuss in the previous slide. Well we are moving

one layer deeper inside this research onion and

we are going to discuss research strategy.

Research Strategy

• Now before we go into research strategies you

have to make sure that you are clear about the

choices that you have already made. Choices are:

• Research approach (deductive, inductive &

abductive)

• Research design (quantitative, qualitative or mixed

design)

Research Strategy

• The reason why I say this is that again these

previous choices are going to heavily influence

your decision about the research strategy. So lets

take a look into research strategy now.

Research Strategy

• Definition of research strategy “a research strategy

is simply a plan of how you aim to achieve your

research goal.”

Research Strategy

• These are the choices that you may have under

research strategy:

Research Strategy

• Experiment (Qunt)

• Survey (Qunt)

• Case study (QuntORQual)

• Narrative inquiry (Qual)

• Action research (Qual)

• Archival research (Qunt or Qual)

• Ethnography (Qual)

• Grounded theory (Qual)

Only these I willDiscuss in detail

Reason: Other strategy

Is more related toHigher studies

Experimental Research

• Experimental is associated with quantitative

research design.

• If you plan to do an experiment as a research

strategy you will have you understand that there

are several types of variables that are going to

occur in your experiment.


• Independent variable: is being altered by

researcher.

• Researcher observe changes in dependent

variable are measured.

Influence


• The most well known is Hawthorne studies, which

were conducted by Elton Mayo & Fritz

Roethisberger in 1920s with the workers at the

Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company.


• Independent variables:

• Level of lightning in the room

• Size of work group

• Dependent variable:

• Employee performance

Influence


• Null hypothesis: will say that there is no

relationship between independent and dependent

variable.

• Alternative hypothesis: will say that there is

significant relationship between two variable.


• Example:

• Null hypothesis: “customer services training of IT

telephone support will not leads to a significant

improvement in user’s satisfaction feedback.”

• Alternative hypothesis: “customer services training

of IT telephone support will leads to a significant

improvement in user’s satisfaction feedback.”

Survey

• This is most common research strategy used by

most bachelors and masters student in their thesis.

This strategy works very well with:


• Quantitative research design

• The sampling and data collection techniques for

survey will discuss later in the presentation

Case Study

• This is also one of the most common research

strategy used by most bachelors and masters

student in their thesis.

• Case study is about examining the phenomenon

within its context.

Case Study

• In the case study you can have single case study

or multiple case study.

• Single case study: examine one company within

an industry.

• Multiple case study: examined several companies

within an industry.

• It is always a challenge to justify your choice of

case/s.

Case Study

• Selecting depth of the case study. Here we have

two thing again that is:

• Holistic case study: examine cases as a whole

entity. Every aspect of the company will be

studied.

• Embedded case study: examine just one aspects

of cases. Such as productivity area.

Action Research

• The purpose of an action research strategy is to

promote organizational learning to produce

practical outcomes through identifying issues,

planning action, taking action and evaluating

action.

• In this type of research, the researcher is going to

be part (or component) of the research

phenomena.

Action Research

• A proper action research is iterative process.

Meaning that the 4 phases are sort of repeating all

over again. You start with your research come to

the phenomena may be the company that your

examining you execute these 4 stages and

evaluate what has happen what was good what

was bad and you come back to the may be the

company your researching and you do these four

steps all over again. May be 4 different time all

over again.

Action Research

• Now why it is so practical because imagine you as

a researcher going to interact with your

phenomenon; so that you are going to produce lots

of knowledge that is going to be useful for the

phenomena may be for the company your

studying. So the outcomes of action research have

lots of practical knowledge and usable

knowledge can be produced.

Narrative Inquiry

• Narrative essential mean story.

• Narrator is a person who tell a story.

Narrative Inquiry

• The better way of explaining narrative inquiry is by

comparing with case study as another option of

research strategy.

Narrative Inquiry

Case Study Narrative Inquiry

Structured interviews.

As a results we get concise and

organized information to the point we

asked about

Listening to the story.

As a result we get information about

how events and entities connect with

each other.

Time Horizon

• Now we are moving into additional one more layer

inside of Saunder’s research onion that is time

horizon. In this we are two:

• Cross sectional study

• Longitudinal study

Cross Sectional Study

• “Snapshot” of particular state.

• This is more used approach by the students

because you don’t have much time to do your

research.

• Cross sectional study often associated with survey

and case study.

Longitudinal Study

• This is very interesting approach to researcher.

• In this method the researcher studies the change

and development of phenomena over a long

period of time.

Reliability & Validity of Research

• As a researcher this is two important terminology

you need to be aware.

• When you come for Vivo normally these are the

two questions normally examiner asked to you.

That is:

• Why do you think your research is reliable? &

• Why do you think your research is valid?


• Reliability refers to whether your data collection

techniques and analytic procedure would

reproduce consistent findings if they were

repeated on another occasion or if they were

replicated by another researcher.


• Threats to research reliability:

• Participant error: any factor which adversely

alters the way in which a participant performs.

• Lets say you are doing interview with participants

now you are deciding about time of interview. For

example you decided to interview late night

rather than morning or afternoon will produce

different answers.


• Participant bias: any factor which produce a false

response.

• Lets say you are going to interview in the open

office rather than close. In that case respondent

might not give your true answer in order to please

their boss, specifically if he is around with them.


• Researcher error: any factor which alters the

researcher’s interpretation.

• Lets say you are going to take all interview in one

day may leads researcher error. For example you

try to take 10 interviews in one day may leads

researcher error, so to avoid this you may take 2

interviews within 5 days time.


• Researcher bias: any factor which induces bias in

the researcher’s recording of responses.

• Researcher is simply human being, as human

being researcher may be subjective (biased) so

researcher may interpret the results he/she got

from his/her respondent in a subjective ways. So

be aware of it and try to stay objective (unbiased) .


• When your are asked the examiner regarding the

reliability of your research; you should address

these four point and justify why they did not occur

in your research. so that your research is reliable.


• Validity of research; it comes in three form:

• Construct validity: is concerned with the extent to

which your research measures what it claims to

measure.

• All those above fancy sentences are all about

methodological choices that you made while

designing your research. So justification of why

you have selected this research nature, the

particular research strategy and so on.


• Internal validly: is established when your

research demonstrates a causal relationship

between two variable. Normally this is true in

experimental research or normally on quantitative

research.


• Internal validity is asking is why are you making

these assumption from the early beginning that this

relationship is existent. For example lets say your

selecting IV as customers supports staff

educational level leads to more customer

satisfaction. It is fairly true to assume if support

staff are educated more they can satisfy customer

easily.


• External validity: is concerned with whether a

study’s research findings can be generalized to

other relevant settings or group.

• We are going to discuss more in this data

collection techniques and sampling procedure.

• Basically when you are making a research you are

choosing a sample from population because

simply you cannot research the whole population.


• What the external validity is asking about is

whether when you research this sample and you

make some finding from this sample whether these

findings will be generalizable to the whole

population.

Samples

• Population is all the entities that are relevant for

your research (people or companies).

• If your population is small and you may include it

whole – it is called census.

• If your population is large, you need to select a

sample from it.

• Sample is that part of the population, which is

included in your research.

Samples

• There are two types of sampling:

• Probability sampling: the probability of each case

being selected from the population is known and is

usually equal for all cases. For eg:

• Population size: 1,000 companies

• Lets say you intend to include sample size: 100

companies

• Then probability of each case being selected: 10%

Samples

• Non – probability sample: the probability of each

case being selected from the population is not

known. Why it is so?

• Lets say you like to research 100 companies but

you don’t know how many companies are out

there. If you don’t know your population size then

you go for non-probability sampling.

• Normally most of the Bachelors and Masters

students go for non – probability sample.

Probability Sampling Techniques

• If you are selecting probability sampling then you

need to go for 3 techniques:

• Identify sampling frame

• Decide on sample size

• Choose sampling techniques.


• Identify sampling frame: is a complete list of all

cases in the population from which your sample

will be drawn.


• Step: 2 Decide about sample size:

• First of all there are two sort of rule of thumb and

those are:

• If your population is less 50 go away from

probability sampling and adopt non-probability

sampling because some bias can occur.

• The second rule of thumb is that your sample size

should be at least 30


• Step 2: Decide about sample size:

• Decide on confidence level. This is the level of

certainty, that the characteristics of the data

collected will represent the characteristics of the

total population. Normally we go for 95%

confidence level.

• This is bit of hairy definition, if you select 100 cases into

your sample 95% confidence level means that at least

95 of these case will really represent the population.



• Decide in margin of error. That is the accuracy you

require for any estimates made from your sample.

Most likely researcher take it as 3% to 5%.



• Again bit hairy definition. Lets I conduct survey to

know whether your are happy with my teaching.

Now lets assume that 47% of students said that

they are happy. If my margin of error is 4% how

should I interpret this is; that I put minus 4% and

plus 4% meaning my result will not say 47% of

students is happy with my teaching, in that case

results will be 43% to 51% of students are happy

with my teaching.



• Population size: 1,000

• Confidence level: 95%

• Margin of error: 5%

• You can use following hyperlink to check your

sample size:

• http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

• So sample size is 278

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html


• Step 3: Select Sampling Techniques:

• Simple random sampling

• You can use excel generator of random numbers

to get non-repeating numbers. It can give numbers

such as 5, 978, 325 etc.

• Once you get those number then pick cases from

your sampling frame according to those random

numbers.



• Systematic random sampling

• This is bit tricky because you have to calculate

sampling fraction.

• =sample size (200) / population size (1000) = 1/5

this mean you need to select 1 case from each 5

cases.



• Systematic random sampling

• Then you go to excel generator get one random

number from 1 & 5 as starting point of selection.

Lets assume that the random number gave by

generator is 3 then you are going to select every

5th item. Meaning 8 then 13 and goes on.



• Stratified random sampling

• Population divided according to some relevant

variables. Such as Male and Female. And from

each strata depending on number you draw

samples

Non-Probability Sampling

Techniques

• Deciding about sample size.

• In non-probability sampling techniques deciding

sampling size is not that strict when compare with

probability sampling.

• Here are some recommendation that you can

follow if your using non-probability sampling

techniques.


Techniques

• First recommendation:

• Homogenous (same) population: 4-12+ cases

• Heterogeneous (varied) population: 12-30+ cases


Techniques

• Second recommendation:

• It is based on your research strategy the more

complex research strategy you have the larger

sample size you need. For eg:

• Ethnographic study: 35-36+

• Grounded theory: 20-35+

• If you are going for more simple research strategy

such as case study then you can go for lower

sample such as 5, 10 or 12 cases.


Techniques

• Final recommendation: when it comes to sample

size under non-probability sampling techniques is

what we call a data saturation and that basically

means that you are staring with a sample size of

may be 5 or 10 and when you take data from 11 or

12 case if no more additional information is going

means data has been saturated.


Techniques

• Quota Sampling

• From each quota you take sample.

1%


Techniques

• Purposive Sampling

• Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling

method and it occurs when “elements selected for

the sample are chosen by the judgment of the

researcher. Researchers often believe that they

can obtain a representative sample by using a

sound judgment, which will result in saving time

and money”. (Black 2010)


Techniques

• Volunteer Sampling

• In this there are two types:

• Snowball sampling

• Self Selection sampling


Techniques

• Snowball Sampling

• For example you are researching on why company

fail. So in your sample you will include company that

fail but it will be really difficult to find information

about fail company because those information might

not be there. But in this sampling it is assume that

you may find 1 or 2 company then you ask their

recommendation for the next company. If you choose

sample in this way then it mean you are using

snowball sampling.


Techniques

• Self Selection Sampling

• Researcher allow cases to get involved in research

voluntarily.

• For eg: you post your questionnaire in Facebook

then anyone who like to participate will fill

questionnaire and send, if you use this method

then you are using self selection sampling.

Example For You Regarding

Research Methodology

Conducting Questionnaire

• Questionnaire is a general term to include all

methods of data collection in which each person is

asked to respond to the same set of questions in

a predetermine order (DeVaus 2002).


• Lets talk about how to frame Questionnaire for

your research.


• Step 1: Questionnaire variables

• Attribute variable: contain data about the

respondents characteristics. (this is all about

demographic profile of respondent).



• Opinion variable: record how respondents feel

about something or what they think or believe is

true or false. For eg: opinion question can be

which grocery shop you prefer.

• When you ask opinion question then you can

relate with attribute variable in your analysis. For

eg you can check 18-25 age group like to grocery

shop A.



• Behavioral variable: contain data on what people

(or their organization) did in the past, do now or

will do in the future.

• Eg: how often you to grocery shop. This is not

opinion question rather behavioral question.


• An eg how three variable can be interconnected

when forming questionnaire.

• Lets say this is you research objective:

• How price sensitive are local residence with

regards to increase or decrease in grocery prices?


• Attribute: Location

• Attribute: Age

• Attribute: Occupancy/Income level

• Behavior: What is you spending par shopping?

• Behavior: How often you go shopping?

• Opinion: If the price of this item increased, would

you consider a different brand?


• Step 2: Construction of Questions

• Remember there is nothing bad in using other

researcher questions for your research. But make

sure your voice is heard.



• You can have list questions:

• What is your religion?

• Islam

• Christian

• Hindhu

• Budhist

• Other



• You can have Category questions:

• How often you visit shopping center?

• Every day

• Several time a week

• …..

• Never



• You can have Ranking questions:

• Please number each of the factor listed below in

order of importance to you in your choice of new

car.

• …… carbon dioxide emission

• …… Safety feature

• …… Depreciation



• You can have Rating questions:

• Please rate your satisfaction level of your work:

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5



• You can even have open ended question.


• Step 3: Construction Questionnaire

• Make it short as possible and straight as well.

• Don’t ask respondent to give personal information

such as their name, their ID number.

• Piolet test your questionnaire may by sending few

of your friends or relatives to check the reliability of

your questionnaire.


• Step 4: Delivering Questionnaire

• Two option is their:

• Personally you can go aske to fill.

• Now the most common practice is using google

form so that you send through mail or can post to

your FB as well.

Theoretical Framework of the

Study

• Here, you need to assemble all variable involved

from left to right namely the independent

variable, the mediating variable (intervening

variable), and the intended dependent variable.

Then theoretically explain how you theorized these

variable are related to each other in your study.

Example of Theoretical

Framework of the Study

Introduction to SmartPLS3

• Structural equation modeling is a multivariate

statistical analysis technique that is used to

analyze structural relationships. This technique is

the combination of factor analysis and multiple

regression analysis, and it is used to analyze the

structural relationship between measured variables

and latent constructs.


• In smartpls you can do multiple statistics test but

here we are going to focus on only two test that is:


• In smartpls you can do multiple statistics test but

here we are going to focus on only two test that is:

PLS Bootstrapping Test

PLS Algorithm Test

PLS Algorithm Test

PLS Algorithm Test

• The value in each question near latent variable is

called factor loading.

• The arrow that connect each latent variable to

dependent variable is called pathcofficient. It is

also called standardized regression value in other

sense the regression value “r”. Values that are

near +1 or -1 is considered strong relation.

• The value that is inside the circle is coefficient of

variation (r²). Here in this case 56%.


• By doing bootstrapping test you can identify

significant level of regression weight that you did

PLS Algorithm.

• The value you get in pathcofficient is called t-

statistics value. If any value is more than 1.96 then

you can say at 95% confidence level it is

significant.

Chapter 4: Data Analysis &

Interpretation of Findings

• A complete but succinct description of the results

should be presented in the form of text supported

by figures (tables, diagrams, graphs, maps). The

diagrams should be integrated into the text and

used to illustrate or to exemplify points made.



• Do not mix up the description of results with the

analysis of the results.



• In your analysis and interpretation of result make

sure you relate your findings with LR.

• In your analysis and interpretation make sure your

find exact answer for your RQ.

Chapter 5: Conclusion,

Recommendation & Future

Research Area• The conclusion should be a brief resume of the

investigation design and results and an overall,

personal evaluation of the whole study. The

implications and applications of the work for further

study and the limitations of the project should be

included here. This section should be relatively

short.

Chapter 5: Conclusion,

Recommendation & Future

Research Area• Introduction

• Conclusions of the findings

• Recommendations

• Limitation of the study

• Future Research Area

What else you want to know?

Questions & Answers

Thank You

Ibrahim SameerSeek knowledge from cradle to grave

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