chapter 1. module 1a computer & information literacy module 1b a history of computer technology...

Chapter

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Chapter

Module 1A Computer & Information Literacy

Module 1B A History of Computer Technology

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Why study Computer & Information Literacy What is a Computer Introducing Personal Computers Understanding What Computers do Type of Computers The World of Computer Software Introducing Information Systems

Computer & Information Computer & Information LiteracyLiteracy

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Think about what you’ve done today, and see how many activities you can name that involve a computer in one way or another.

Why Study ComputerWhy Study Computer & Information Literacy & Information Literacy

Computer & Information Literacy

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Computer LiteracyComputer Literacy


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An information-literate person

Knows how to gather information, evaluate this information, and

make an informed decision

Knowledge of computer and Internet use

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Information LiteracyInformation Literacy


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Businesses have gone far beyond the stage of putting computers on

everyone’s desk. They are now building

advanced computer information systems.

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Individual responsibility has increasedpension plan decisionsdoctors let patients decidemanaged health care decisions

Information LiteracyInformation Literacy

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The Need for Critical ThinkingThe Need for Critical Thinking

Information literacy requires critical

thinking, the capacity to evaluate the quality of the information you’re

getting.


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What Is a Computer?What Is a Computer?


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electronic devices that, under a program’s direction and control, perform four basic operations:

Input

Processing

Output

Storage

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Computer ProgramComputer Program


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A list of instructions, written in a programming language, that tells the computer what to do.

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Computer SystemComputer System

Hardware: The physical components of the computer.

Software: The programs that run on the computer.


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Personal ComputersPersonal ComputersComputer & Information Literacy

Components of a typical microcomputer system

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Understanding What Understanding What Computers DoComputers Do


IPOS cycle:

input, processing, output, and storage

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ConnectivityConnectivity


Much of what’s happened in computing during the last decade can be summed up with this one word, connectivity. The World Wide Web (WWW) has millions of Web sites.

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Types of Computers


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Computers for individuals:Professional workstations

Desktop computers

Network computers (NCs)

Notebook computers

Subnotebooks

Personal digital assistants (PDA) or handheld computer

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Types of Computers


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Computers for Organizations:

supercomputer

mainframe

minicomputer

server

Server

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The World of Computer The World of Computer SoftwareSoftware

System Software: all the programs that help the computer functionoperating system (OS)

Application Software: all the programs you can use to perform a taskproductivity softwarespecial-purpose programs


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Computer SystemComputer System

Hardware: The physical components of the computer.

Software: The programs that run on the computer.


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Introducing Information Introducing Information SystemsSystems

Information Systemscustomized hardware and

softwaredata central to company’s

missiontrained usersprocedures


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These managers are reviewing the information system at the Memphis FedEx facility

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Information SystemsInformation Systems

IssuesMaking it happen The challengeGiving customers needed informationPushing order entry out of the enterpriseEnsuring quality serviceUnderstanding technology and marketing


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The First Computers Foundations of Modern Computing The First Generation The Second Generation The Third Generation The Fourth Generation A Fifth Generation Lessons Learned

A History of Computer A History of Computer TechnologyTechnology

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The First ComputersThe First Computers

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A Historical Perspective

The abacus, known to have existed in ancient Babylonia and Egypt,

remained in widespread use in the Far East until

recently.

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Jacquard’s Loom: programmed a loom

“Babbage’s Folly”: first fully modern computer designDifference EngineAnalytical Engine

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Augusta Ada Byron, the world’s first computer

programmer, played a key role in formulating the

notion of programming the Analytical Engine.

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In 1991, the London Science Museum built the Difference Engine using Babbage's plans,

as shown in this woodcut. It worked

perfectly.

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Hollerith’s punched-card tabulating machines are the

predecessors of today’s business machines.

Hollerith & the Automated Census Bureauinvented an electronic

punching devicefounded Tabulating

Machine Co. which became IBM

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Foundations of Modern Foundations of Modern ComputingComputing

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ENIAC, created by Dr. John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert, for use in the war but was not completed in time. It was

mainly used to solve math problems

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The Stored Program The Stored Program ConceptConcept

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The computer program, as well as the data, is stored in the

computer’s memory.

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The First GenerationThe First Generation1950s1950s

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The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes. Vacuum tubes failed frequently so first generation

computers did not work most of the time.

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Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. UNIVAC gained fame when it predicted Eisenhower as the winner of the

1952 U.S. presidential election.

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The First GenerationThe First Generation

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Features of UNIVACeasier to use (than ENIAC)fewer vacuum tubes (more reliable)stored programgeneral-purposeused machine language

IBM 701 IBM 650

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The Second GenerationThe Second GenerationEarly1960sEarly1960s

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The transistor heralded the

second generation of computers

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The Second GenerationThe Second Generation

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Features and Advancements still use punch cardsused printers, tape storage, & disk storageused high-level programming languagesCOBOL & FORTRAN introduced

IBM 1401

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The Second GenerationThe Second Generation

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Electronic Recording Machine -- Accounting (ERMA)

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

IBM System/360line of compatible computersinstruction set enabled to be used for both business

and science

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The Third GenerationThe Third Generation(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)(Mid 1960s to Mid 1970s)

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Advancements and Milestonesused timesharingaccessed remotely by terminalsused integrated circuits (small, medium, to large-scale

integration) resulting in lower cost

Integrated chips

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The Third GenerationThe Third Generation

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More Advancements and MilestonesDEC’s minicomputer, the PDP-8many different programming languagesIBM “unbundled” its systems

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Still More Advancements and MilestonesWide-area networks (WAN) developedARPANET implemented Internet protocols (TCPIP)Local area networks (LAN) developedMainframes (proprietary)/minicomputers (open architecture)

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The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation(1975-1991)(1975-1991)

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Advancements and Milestonesemployed very-large-scale integration (VLSI)developed Intel 4004, first microprocessorApple Computer founded IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)IBM compatibles or clones introduced

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The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation

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The first IBM PC was released in

1981. Intel provided the

microprocessor chip and Microsoft

Corporation provided the

operating system

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The Fourth GenerationThe Fourth Generation

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InterfacesIntelMotorola

Macintosh PCThe first GUI was developed at Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto

Research Center (PARC)

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Macintosh was the first commercial personal

computer to offer a user interface

Microsoft’s Windows 98 is a popular GUI designed for IBM-

compatible microcomputers

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A Fifth Generation?A Fifth Generation?

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Experts have forecast that the hallmark of the fifth generation will be artificial intelligence

(AI), in which computers exhibit characteristics of human intelligence. AI

has been slow in coming.

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A Fifth Generation?A Fifth Generation?

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Technologically, we’re still in the fourth generation, in which engineers are pushing to see how many transistors they can pack

on chip. This effort alone will bring some of the trappings of AI.

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Lessons LearnedLessons Learned

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Purposes served by technologies cannot be foreseen by designers

Developing faster hardware is easier than developing good software

A company is wise to create products that conform to published, non-proprietary standards

chapter 1. module 1a computer & information literacy module 1b a history of computer technology...

Documents

handheld computer

computer function

world of computer software

information youre

history of computer

informationliterate

storage module

internet use slide