chapter 1 … · neolithic era g. domesticated h. megafaunal extinction i. horticulture j. social...

Chapter 11. Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example

provided in the Definitions section. Some terms may be used more than once; some may not beused at all.

Termsa. Neanderthalsb. animismc. pastoralismd. Agricultural Revolutione. patriarchyf. Neolithic erag. domesticatedh. megafaunal extinctioni. horticulturej. social hierarchiesk. hominidsl. foragingm. shamansn. division of laboro. Paleolithic eraReference: Ref 1-1

Die-off of large animals in many parts of the world about 15,000–10,000 B.C.E., caused by climatechange and perhaps human hunting.

Answer: h. megafaunal extinction

2. Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or exampleprovided in the Definitions section. Some terms may be used more than once; some may not beused at all.

Termsa. Neanderthalsb. animismc. pastoralismd. Agricultural Revolutione. patriarchyf. Neolithic erag. domesticatedh. megafaunal extinctioni. horticulturej. social hierarchiesk. hominidsl. foragingm. shamansn. division of labor

o. Paleolithic eraReference: Ref 1-1

Dramatic transformation in human history resulting from the change from foraging to raising cropsand animals.

Answer: d. Agricultural Revolution



Group of Homo erectus with brains as large as those of modern humans that flourished in Europeand western Asia between 150,000 and 30,000 years ago.

Answer: a. Neanderthals


Termsa. Neanderthalsb. animismc. pastoralismd. Agricultural Revolutione. patriarchyf. Neolithic era

g. domesticatedh. megafaunal extinctioni. horticulturej. social hierarchiesk. hominidsl. foragingm. shamansn. division of laboro. Paleolithic eraReference: Ref 1-1

Spiritually adept men and women who communicated with the unseen world.

Answer: m. shamans



A style of life in which people gain food by gathering plant products, trapping or catching smallanimals and birds, and hunting larger prey.

Answer: l. foraging



Crop-raising done with hand tools and human power.

Answer: i. horticulture



Divisions between rich and poor, elites and common people, that have been a central feature ofhuman society since the Neolithic era.

Answer: j. social hierarchies



Period beginning in 9000 B.C.E. during which humans obtained food by raising crops and animalsand continued to use tools primarily of stone, bone, and wood.

Answer: f. Neolithic era


Termsa. Neanderthalsb. animismc. pastoralismd. Agricultural Revolutione. patriarchyf. Neolithic erag. domesticatedh. megafaunal extinctioni. horticulturej. social hierarchiesk. hominidsl. foragingm. shamansn. division of laboro. Paleolithic era

Reference: Ref 1-1

Period during which humans used tools of stone, bone, and wood and obtained food by gatheringand hunting. Roughly 250,000–9000 B.C.E.

Answer: o. Paleolithic era



Plants and animals modified by selective breeding so as to serve human needs; animals willbehave in specific ways and breed in captivity.

Answer: g. domesticated


Termsa. Neanderthalsb. animismc. pastoralismd. Agricultural Revolutione. patriarchyf. Neolithic erag. domesticated

h. megafaunal extinctioni. horticulturej. social hierarchiesk. hominidsl. foragingm. shamansn. division of laboro. Paleolithic eraReference: Ref 1-1

Members of the family Hominidae that contains humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.

Answer: k. hominids



Idea that animals, plants, natural occurrences, and other parts of the physical world have spirits.

Answer: b. animism


Termsa. Neanderthals

b. animismc. pastoralismd. Agricultural Revolutione. patriarchyf. Neolithic erag. domesticatedh. megafaunal extinctioni. horticulturej. social hierarchiesk. hominidsl. foragingm. shamansn. division of laboro. Paleolithic eraReference: Ref 1-1

Social system in which men have more power and access to resources than women and somemen are dominant over other men.

Answer: e. patriarchy



An economic system based on herding flocks of goats, sheep, cattle, or other animals.

Answer: c. pastoralism



Differentiation of tasks by gender, age, training, status, or other social distinction.

Answer: n. division of labor

16. What are some of the problems in using evidence from contemporary gatherer societies to studyearly humans?

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Answer: Because the earliest humans did not leave behind written evidence, scientists have studiedmore recent societies that lived by similar gathering means. However, most evidence about recentgatherer societies was written by external sources, and thus includes their biases and expectations,such as the inferiority of foraging as a lifestyle. Furthermore, few modern foragers or gatherers aretruly isolated from the influence of other agricultural or industrial cultures. Also, this approach assumesthat gatherer societies are somehow static and remain unchanged over many centuries, which ignoresthe evidence of how adaptable such societies really are. See section Evolution and Migration.

17. Describe how early Homo erectus spread out of East Africa to other parts of the world. Where didHomo erectus spread and how early had they reached those places?

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Answer: The spread of Homo erectus began within the continent of Africa. Homo erectus migrated outof East Africa into central Africa, and then into northern Africa. This migration took place 2 million yearsago. As early as 1.8 million years ago Homo erectus had spread to Asia, reaching China and Java by1.5 million years ago. These migrations took place over land and following coastlines. Because the sealevels were lower then, Homo erectus could cross from the mainland of China to Java by walking. Homoerectus also moved northward from Africa into Spain 800,000 years ago, and into Germany 500,000years ago. See section Evolution and Migration.

18. How do the Paleolithic and typical modern western diet compare? What are the implications forboth diets in terms of human life spans?

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Answer: The Paleolithic diet was varied and nutritious, low in fat and salt but high in fiber, vitamins,and minerals. Because Paleolithic peoples had to forage for their diet, they expended energy and ingeneral avoided heart disease and diabetes, which are common in the modern world. However, lifespans were kept in check by accidents, injuries, and infections. The modern western diet is high insugar, fat, salt, and highly processed foods. Modern life spans are longer because of better medicalcare to deal with infections and injuries, but modern humans are more susceptible to certain diseases,like heart disease and diabetes. See section Paleolithic Society, 250,000–9000 B.C.E.

19. What are some of the theories about gender relationships in Paleolithic societies? What changed inthose relationships in the Neolithic period? What kinds of evidence are used in supporting orarguing against these theories?

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Answer: Studies of more recent foraging societies suggest that women were valued for their labor,which was recognized as equal to the work of men. Both men and women foraged for food, and bothmen and women participated in hunting. Other scholars theorize that even in Paleolithic society oneperson may have emerged as a leader, perhaps based on personal skill, and that this person wasalmost always a man. It is more certain that by the Neolithic period, after the invention of agriculture,society became more hierarchical and men took on more of a public, elite status. Women were limitedto the home or enclosed spaces, and land inheritance favored men over women. Evidence for genderroles in the Neolithic period comes from later written traditions. See sections Paleolithic Society,250,000–9000 B.C.E. and Neolithic Society.

20. What is the relationship between pastoralism, disease, and humans?

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Answer: Pastoralism is the herding and raising of livestock. It required humans to live in close contactwith their herd animals, thus exposing humans to the various diseases that animals carry, such ascommon colds, influenza, bubonic plague, and smallpox. Initially, exposure to diseases may havecaused higher mortality rates in pastoralist societies, but over time humans would have developedsome resistance to them. Foragers were not exposed to these diseases, and thus did not develop anyresistance to them. When a pastoralist society encountered a forager society, this might have led theformer to expose the latter to deadly pathogens. See section The Development of Agriculture in theNeolithic Era, ca. 9000 B.C.E.

21. How did material goods create, define, and perpetuate social hierarchies in Neolithic societies?

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Answer: The possession of material goods, such as plows, livestock, buildings, pots, and carts,indicated that some individuals had control over more labor. Labor was used to acquire material goods.The more material goods one had, the more labor one controlled. This indicated status; to control laborwas to have a higher status than others. Having material goods gave one the ability to acquire yetmore material goods and to continue to acquire status. Material goods, along with land, could alsoconstitute an inheritance, and thus perpetuate status into another generation. See section NeolithicSociety.

22. How is the term "species" generally defined?

A. A group of organisms that can communicate with one anotherB. A group of organisms that will share food with one anotherC. A group of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring of both sexesD. A group of organisms that originate from a different ancestorE. A group of organisms that physically resemble one another

Answer: C

23. Chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor that probably lived

A. 3 million years ago.B. 5–7 million years ago.C. 10–12 million years ago.D. 15 million years ago.E. 10 million years ago.

Answer: B

24. The Carbon-14 isotope is used for

A. locating the origin of an object.B. identifying the original purpose of an object.C. identifying the chemical makeup of remains.D. dating the remains of once living objects.E. locating similar objects in other places.

Answer: D

25. The first labels that scientists gave to periods of human history were based on

A. the material used for tools.B. the height of the human form.C. language ability and skill level.D. the location of human settlements.E. types of social organization.

Answer: A

26. Although the date varies by place, the shift to agriculture first happened about

A. 3000 B.C.E.B. 15,000 B.C.E.C. 9000 B.C.E.D. 1000 B.C.E.E. 7000 B.C.E.

Answer: C

27. One of the features that distinguishes Ardipithecus from earlier hominids was

A. a skeletal structure supporting fully bipedal walking motion.B. larger brain size and evidence of language development.C. a more pronounced size difference between male and female skeletons.D. limb structure that indicates it moved on all four limbs on the ground.E. canine teeth that were equal in size for both genders.

Answer: E

28. The first fully bipedal hominid known to paleontologists is

A. Ardipithecus.B. Homo habilis.C. Australopithecus.D. Homo sapiens.E. Homo erectus.

Answer: C

29. Most skeletal remains of the Australopithecus have been found in

A. the Sahara desert.B. the Great Rift Valley.C. Jericho Valley.D. the Island of Java.E. the Gobi desert.

Answer: B

30. How did Homo erectus differ from modern humans?

A. Homo erectus had a slightly smaller brain size than modern humans.B. Homo erectus had a larynx that allowed for speech while modern humans did not.C. Homo erectus lived in larger groups than modern humans.D. Homo erectus shared food preparations and gathering.E. Homo erectus shaped specialized tools out of stone.

Answer: A

31. Homo erectus settled on Java about 1.5 million years ago by crossing from China by

A. weaving grass boats.B. walking over land.C. floating on planks.D. building pontoon boats.E. swimming along coasts.

Answer: B

32. According to theories based on mitochondrial DNA evidence, Homo sapiens evolved first in

A. the Black Sea region.B. the Nile valley.C. China.D. East Africa.E. the Middle East.

Answer: D

33. Evolving better social skills might have been especially important for early human females whoneeded particular help with

A. food gathering.B. home building.C. attracting a mate.D. migration.E. child rearing.

Answer: E

34. By 25,000 years ago, Homo sapiens were

A. weaving cloth.B. making stone tools.C. settling in Europe.D. using fire for warmth.E. living in groups.

Answer: A

35. Which of the following is evidence that Neanderthals had an understanding of the symbolicmeaning of death?

A. They drew pictures of the dead on walls.B. They buried the dead with symbolic objects.C. They wrote stories about the meaning of death.D. They built large funerary monuments.E. They mummified the dead and kept them around.

Answer: B

36. Neanderthals of Europe were a branch of what hominid group?

A. Homo sapiensB. Homo habilisC. AustralopithecusD. Homo erectusE. Homo florencies

Answer: D

37. Between 1 and 4 percent of the DNA in modern humans is shared with what early hominid?

A. Homo sapiensB. Homo florenciesC. NeanderthalsD. ArdipithecusE. Homo habilis

Answer: C

38. Archaeologists have discovered a distinct separate branch of the Homo erectus line in

A. Germany.B. Flores.C. Java.D. Egypt.E. Kenya.

Answer: B

39. Homo sapiens migrated to Australia and New Guinea by

A. simple rafts.B. land bridges.C. large boats.D. swimming.E. woven bridges.

Answer: A

40. One of the results of endogamy was

A. imperceptible physical differences of skin color.B. a lack of diversity of languages.C. Homo sapiens became unable to mate with one another.D. Homo sapiens as a species stopped evolving.E. differences in physical features and spoken language.

Answer: E

41. Blumenbach gave the name “Caucasian” to light-skinned Europeans because

A. “Caucasian” means pale-skinned in German.B. Russia was where most light-skinned people lived.C. he believed that the Caucasus Mountains were their original home.D. “Caucasian” was the latest evolutionary development of the species.E. “Caucasian” meant “most evolved” in German.

Answer: C

42. Johann Blumenbach based his theory about the Caucasian race, and the relationship between theraces, on

A. folk tradition from legend.B. study of a skull collection.C. scientific study of his own family.D. a theory first stated by Darwin.E. Biblical tradition and faith.

Answer: B

43. The term “forager” is now used by historians instead of the traditional term

A. hunter-gatherer.B. stone-age man.C. caveman.D. first people.E. gatherer-fishers.

Answer: A

44. Most of the food that Paleolithic foragers ate was

A. trapped animals.B. fish.C. hunted animals.D. insects.E. plants.

Answer: E

45. In modern, or recent, foraging societies, who in a community might be most responsible forhunting?

A. WomenB. Groups of childrenC. MenD. ElderlyE. Men and women

Answer: C

46. In early foraging societies, it is probable that how many hours were needed weekly to find food?

A. One to three hoursB. Forty hoursC. Fifty hours or moreD. Ten to twenty hoursE. Five to ten hours

Answer: D

47. Paleolithic humans may have encouraged the growth of new plants by

A. planting seeds.B. hunting large game.C. harvesting crops.D. settling in new areas.E. setting fires.

Answer: E

48. Paleolithic humans tended to find mating partners from

A. outside their kinship bonds.B. within their kinship group.C. a distant tribal group.D. their immediate kin.E. hunting competitors of other tribes.

Answer: A

49. Paleolithic infants relied on what food for survival?

A. BerriesB. GrainC. Breast milkD. MeatE. Fish

Answer: C

50. Kinship relationships between Paleolithic groups might have been developed by the exchange of

A. warriors.B. children.C. food.D. tools.E. jewelry.

Answer: B

51. Paleolithic burial sites indicate that Paleolithic humans held the belief that all things and naturaloccurrences had

A. meaning.B. economic value.C. danger.D. spirits.E. beauty.

Answer: D

52. Paleolithic peoples believed that dead members of their kin were

A. gone forever.B. still with them.C. new gods.D. going to return one day.E. the source of trouble.

Answer: B

53. A specialist within the Paleolithic society who regularly received messages from the spirit worldwas the

A. chief.B. midwife.C. king.D. warrior.E. shaman.

Answer: E

54. One of the duties of the shaman was

A. healer.B. war band leader.C. harvester.D. builder.E. artist.

Answer: A

55. What discovery marks the transition from Paleolithic to Neolithic?

A. Stone toolsB. ReligionC. BurialD. AgricultureE. Music

Answer: D

56. What major climate change occurred about 15,000 years ago?

A. Temperatures warmed and glaciers meltedB. Monsoon patterns beganC. Temperatures became slightly colderD. El Nino wind patterns first developedE. A little ice age began

Answer: A

57. When a crop has been modified by selective breeding, it has been

A. trained.B. marketed.C. domesticated.D. developed.E. husbanded.

Answer: C

58. Horticulture refers to the growing of plants using

A. clubs.B. plows.C. threshers.D. sickles.E. digging sticks.

Answer: E

59. Beginning about 9000 B.C.E., people in the Fertile Crescent began to domesticate

A. yams.B. wheat.C. squash.D. taro.E. rice.

Answer: B

60. What was one of the repercussions on Neolithic populations from the domestication of plants?

A. Life spans continued to shorten.B. The span between pregnancies lengthened.C. Use of crops as food led to higher infant mortality.D. The contraceptive effect of breast feeding was lost.E. People's average height decreased.

Answer: D

61. In terms of labor, horticulture required

A. less time and labor than foraging.B. more time and labor than foraging.C. the same amount of labor as foraging.D. more time, but only during harvesting season.E. less time except during planting season.

Answer: B

62. By 4000 B.C.E., horticulture had spread north of the Fertile Crescent to

A. Britain.B. Scandinavia.C. Ethiopia.D. Russia.E. the Americas.

Answer: A

63. Potatoes and squash were domesticated by 3000 B.C.E. in what region?

A. Indus ValleyB. Western United StatesC. Andes MountainsD. Fertile CrescentE. Papua New Guinea

Answer: C

64. About 15,000 years ago, humans had domesticated what species of animal?

A. SheepB. DogsC. GoatsD. HorsesE. Cattle

Answer: B

65. The story of Jacob in the Book of Genesis in the Bible provides an early example of

A. dog domestication.B. horticulture.C. creating hybrid crops.D. migration with animals.E. selective breeding.

Answer: E

66. Animal domestication changed human evolution by making humans able to digest

A. milk.B. meat.C. grain.D. minerals.E. fiber.

Answer: A

67. Pastoralism, a new way of life in which humans raised livestock, developed as a result of thenatural herding instinct of

A. pigs.B. yaks.C. humans.D. sheep.E. bears.

Answer: D

68. Why is it difficult to get llamas and alpacas in South America to pull heavy loads?

A. They refuse to do so.B. Their backs cannot carry the weight.C. The steep terrain of the Andes makes pulling loads difficult.D. They can only pull when walking backward.E. Their necks will not hold a rein or rope.

Answer: C

69. Beginning in the sixth millennium B.C.E. people attached wooden sticks to frames and pack

animals to use as a simple version of

A. a weapon.B. boundary markers.C. a harvester.D. a plow.E. a thresher.

Answer: D

70. The advantage of the moldboard plow is that it

A. turns over soil.B. plants seeds.C. harvests crops.D. makes straighter furrows.E. shells seeds.

Answer: A

71. As Neolithic religious structures became more hierarchical, what was the purpose of the mostimportant religious practice?

A. Military successB. Ensuring long lifeC. To grant a special skillD. Foretelling the futureE. Ensuring fertility

Answer: E

72. In most Neolithic communities, which group of people were the first to work out a law code?

A. CraftsmenB. PriestsC. WarriorsD. FarmersE. Women

Answer: B

73. Every society that has left a written record was

A. patriarchal.B. agricultural.C. pastoralist.D. militaristic.E. matrilineal.

Answer: A

74. The earliest Egyptian hieroglyph for weaving shows

A. children weaving.B. a loom.C. sheep being sheared.D. a woman with a shuttle.E. a pile of wool.

Answer: D

75. Residents of Çatal Hüyük lived in houses that were

A. without roofs.B. round, with two doors.C. made of mud brick.D. spaced far apart.E. dark and filled with refuse.

Answer: C

76. Neolithic peoples used obsidian to make

A. plows.B. knives.C. crowns.D. wheels.E. storage jars.

Answer: B

77. What alloy is created by mixing copper with another metal such as arsenic?

A. IronB. SteelC. TinD. BronzeE. Platinum

Answer: D

78. Neolithic peoples built circular structures to predict

A. the future.B. the movements of the stars.C. where to migrate to next.D. the size of the harvest.E. which animal to herd.

Answer: B

79. How did humans evolve, and where did they migrate?

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Answer: Scholars studying the natural world and the place of humans in it have devised various waysof classifying living creatures and organizing time. Through studying the physical remains of the past,sometimes with very new high-tech procedures such as DNA analysis, they have examined humanevolution from earlier hominids in eastern Africa. Evolution involved a combination of factors, includingbipedalism, larger brain size, spoken symbolic language, and longer periods of infancy. All thesetogether led humans to invent ever more complex tools that allowed them to shape the world aroundthem. They migrated out of Africa in several waves, adapting to many different environments anddeveloping diverse cultures.

80. What were the key features of Paleolithic society?

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Answer: In the Paleolithic period, people lived in small groups of related individuals, moving throughthe landscape in the search for food. They obtained food by foraging: gathering plants, seeds, nuts,and insects; trapping fish and small animals; and sometimes hunting large game. Most had fewmaterial possessions, and social and gender hierarchies were probably much less pronounced than theywould become later. Beginning around 50,000 B.C.E. people in many parts of the world began todecorate their surroundings and the objects they made, often with vivid representations of animals andpeople, and sometimes with symbols. These, and careful burials of the dead, suggest that people haddeveloped ideas about supernatural or spiritual forces beyond the visible material world.

81. How did plant and animal domestication develop, and what effects did it have on human society?

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Answer: Beginning about 9000 B.C.E. people living in the Near East, and then elsewhere, began toplant seeds as well as gather wild crops, raise certain animals instead of hunt them, and selectivelybreed both plants and animals to make them more useful to humans. This domestication of plants andanimals, called the Agricultural Revolution, was the most important change in human history.Crop-raising began as horticulture, in which people—often women—used hand tools to plant andharvest. Animal domestication began with sheep and goats, which were often herded from place toplace so that they could eat the available vegetation, an economic system called pastoralism. Thedomestication of large animals such as cattle and water buffalo led to plow agriculture, through whichhumans could raise much more food. Agriculture required more labor than did foraging, but it allowedthe human population to grow far more quickly.

82. How did growing social and gender hierarchies and expanding networks of trade increase thecomplexity of human society in the Neolithic period?

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Answer: The division of labor that plow agriculture required led to growing social hierarchies betweenthose who could afford the new tools and products and those who could not. These were reinforcedover generations as children inherited goods and status from their parents, and as social norms andlaws were developed that led members of the elite to marry one another. Plow agriculture alsostrengthened differentiation based on gender, and men became more associated with the world beyondthe household and women with the domestic realm. Neolithic agricultural communities developedtechnologies to meet their needs, including pottery, cloth-weaving, and wheeled vehicles, and theyoften traded with one another for products that they could not obtain locally. In some parts of theworld, production and trade included copper and bronze, although most tools continued to be made ofstone, bone, and wood. Religious ideas came to reflect the new agricultural society, with fertility as themost important goal and the gods, like humans, arranged in a hierarchy.

83. What evidence and characteristics do scientists use to place animals, such as humans, in aparticular classification, such as kingdom, order, family, etc.?

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Answer: In order to classify an animal, scientists originally used evidence from externally visiblecharacteristics, such as body elements, how they are used, and what other animals that animalresembles. Recently scientists have added evidence from DNA and other genetic evidence. See sectionEvolution and Migration.

84. How did climate affect the development of human cultures during the Pleistocene epoch?

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Answer: The Pleistocene epoch, which began about 2.5 million years ago and ended 12,000 years ago,was the last major Ice Age. Glaciers covered much of the earth, as did ice-sheets. Sea levels lowered,and what are now oceans were land masses that humans and other animals were able to cross,although they could not cross the ice sheets themselves. Being able to cross from one continent toanother allowed for humans to migrate into new environments, which in turn shaped their physical andcultural developments. See section Evolution and Migration.

85. What are the advantages to Homo sapiens in having a larger forebrain? What are the

disadvantages?

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Answer: Having a larger forebrain gave Homo sapiens more ability for conscious thought, the ability tothink reflectively and to create a symbolic language, greater intelligence overall, and the ability tomanipulate the world around them. Homo sapiens could understand and explain the world around themand to organize socially. The disadvantages are that larger brains take more energy and, thus, Homosapiens had to eat more than other animals. Large brains also make childbirth more difficult for bipedalmammals. See section Evolution and Migration.

86. Historians used to call Paleolithic societies “hunter-gatherers” but now prefer to call them“foragers.” What does the shift in terms indicate about what the daily life of Paleolithic peopleswas like?

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Answer: “Hunter-gatherer” implies that the majority of food came from hunting, and that the majorityof time was spent hunting. In fact, most of the diet of Paleolithic peoples may have depended more ongathered foods than hunted meat. This would indicate that more time was spent gathering thanhunting. Foraging goes a step further and indicates how flexible and adaptable Paleolithic peoples werein searching for food. Foragers gathered plants, scavenged, and hunted. See section Paleolithic Society,250,000–9000 B.C.E.

87. What kinds of animals were lost in the megafaunal extinctions at the end of the last Ice Age, andwhat role did humans play in those extinctions?

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Answer: Most of the animals that were lost in the megafuanal extinction were large mammals: woolymammoths, mastodons, wooly rhinos, camels, horses, sloths, giant kangaroos, and wombats. Someanimals became completely extinct, but others only became extinct in certain areas. Humans may haveplayed a role in their extinction by hunting them, although a warming trend also contributed. Seesection Paleolithic Society, 250,000–9000 B.C.E.

88. What effect did the domestication of plants have on human population growth?

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Answer: The domestication of plants increased human population growth by providing an alternativefood source for infants (soft cereal crops that infants could eat, rather than relying just on breast milk).Not having to breast feed for as long allowed women to have more pregnancies as they lost the birthcontrol effect of breast feeding. More food meant less child mortality and longer life spans in general,increasing periods of fertility and leading to higher population growths. See section The Development ofAgriculture in the Neolithic Era, ca. 9000 B.C.E.

89. What advantages did dogs and humans each get out of the domestication of dogs?

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Answer: Dogs gained new food sources by sharing food with humans, and safer surroundings as theycame under the protection of humans. Humans gained assistance with hunting from the dogs' abilitiesto smell and track prey, and extra body warmth from the dogs. Both dogs and humans also gainedcompanionship. See section The Development of Agriculture in the Neolithic Era, ca. 9000 B.C.E.

90. What did humans learn about the selective breeding from the domestication of sheep around 9000B.C.E.?

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Answer: From observation and experimentation, humans learned that particular traits, such as size,temperament, strength, production of milk, and coat quality could be manipulated by breeding thoseanimals that had the desired characteristics. Humans learned that such characteristics were inheritable,and passed down from one generation of animals to another. See section The Development ofAgriculture in the Neolithic Era, ca. 9000 B.C.E.

91. What kinds of goods were created and traded at Çatal Hüyük? What do these goods indicate aboutNeolithic culture?

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Answer: The people at Çatal Hüyük made textiles, pots, figurines, baskets, carpets, beads, and other

decorative goods. Çatal Hüyük traded obsidian, which was used for knives, blades, and mirrors, withother towns for sea shells and flint. They also traded copper, which was used for jewelry and tools. Allof these goods, plus the diversity of agricultural goods, indicate that Neolithic culture was sophisticatedand not that different from modern culture. People made tools and objects of practical purpose (suchas pots), but also purely decorative objects such as beads. See section Neolithic Society.

92. What kinds of religious rituals did Neolithic people develop? Who performed them?

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Answer: Neolithic societies had religious specialists, priests or shamans, who performed the rituals.Many of these involved giving the gods goods that were produced by the community, whether theywere agricultural, pastoral, or manufactured goods. In exchange for the goods, the gods were asked forfavors, particularly the fertility of the community. Sometimes the gods were given sacrifices. Seesection Neolithic Society.

chapter 1 … · neolithic era g. domesticated h. megafaunal extinction i. horticulture j. social...

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