Chapter 1 NotesChapter 1 Notes

“Human Beginnings”“Human Beginnings”

Human MigrationsHuman Migrations

Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth:First Migrations

Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth:First Migrations

Into Eurasia Into Australia Into the Americas Into the Pacific

Into Eurasia Into Australia Into the Americas Into the Pacific

DirectionsDirections

Please put you name on the migration sheet that I am giving you. Get three coloring pencils. The person beside you should get three different colors. On you map you are going to trace human migrations. Each time thhe

human goes to a new continent use a different color. It will look similar to the one in the book, but with different colored lines

Also starting in Africa place a 1 on the continent. This is where humans first appeared. You will then place a 2 on Asia…. And so on.

Please put you name on the migration sheet that I am giving you. Get three coloring pencils. The person beside you should get three different colors. On you map you are going to trace human migrations. Each time thhe

human goes to a new continent use a different color. It will look similar to the one in the book, but with different colored lines

Also starting in Africa place a 1 on the continent. This is where humans first appeared. You will then place a 2 on Asia…. And so on.

Discovery of Early Americans

Important Terms to Know:

Discovery of Early Americans

Important Terms to Know:

Prehistory = period of time before people developed writing

Hominids = human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them

Anthropology = the scientific study of hominids (physical features, development, behavior, etc.)

Paleontologist = study fossil remains Archaeologists = unearth and interpret objects left

behind by prehistoric people

Prehistory = period of time before people developed writing

Hominids = human beings and the humanlike creatures that preceded them

Anthropology = the scientific study of hominids (physical features, development, behavior, etc.)

Paleontologist = study fossil remains Archaeologists = unearth and interpret objects left

behind by prehistoric people

EurasiaEurasia

- Cave paintings - Venus figurines from stone, antlers, and

tusks - Cultural diffusion - Bone needles, multilayered clothing - Underground shelters

- Cave paintings - Venus figurines from stone, antlers, and

tusks - Cultural diffusion - Bone needles, multilayered clothing - Underground shelters

AustraliaAustralia - Use of boats - 250 languages - Aboriginal people - European-1788 - Collected bulbs, seeds, domesticated cereal grasses, etc - Dreamtime- ancestral explanation of the beginning and

how things were created... How people relate to animals

- Use of boats - 250 languages - Aboriginal people - European-1788 - Collected bulbs, seeds, domesticated cereal grasses, etc - Dreamtime- ancestral explanation of the beginning and

how things were created... How people relate to animals

The AmericasThe Americas 30,000-15000 North America Clovis culture - Hunted mammoths and bison - Cultural diffusion of technology with

weapons - Clovis become extinct when large animals

such as the mammoth became extinct

30,000-15000 North America Clovis culture - Hunted mammoths and bison - Cultural diffusion of technology with

weapons - Clovis become extinct when large animals

such as the mammoth became extinct

In the Pacific (pacific ocean)

In the Pacific (pacific ocean)

- All the little islands surrounding Austrailia were settled... Last was New Zealand

- Men and women made the journeys and brought domesticated plants and animals with them intending to settle.

- Highly stratified societies (chiefdom) - The people changed the land and exploited

the trees, animals, etc.

- All the little islands surrounding Austrailia were settled... Last was New Zealand

- Men and women made the journeys and brought domesticated plants and animals with them intending to settle.

- Highly stratified societies (chiefdom) - The people changed the land and exploited

the trees, animals, etc.

Realm of the spiritRealm of the spirit

- Religious ceremonies were conducted - Shamans- people who dealt with the spirit

world (pituri, psychiatric drugs, trance dance)

- Figurines- Great Goddess

- Religious ceremonies were conducted - Shamans- people who dealt with the spirit

world (pituri, psychiatric drugs, trance dance)

- Figurines- Great Goddess

Settling downSettling down

- Increase in temperatures after the ice age allowed people to settle down

- Jomon- Japan - Jomon figurines associated with fertility - Domesticating the dog - This is when agriculture occurs

- Increase in temperatures after the ice age allowed people to settle down

- Jomon- Japan - Jomon figurines associated with fertility - Domesticating the dog - This is when agriculture occurs

Different Paleolithic societies

Different Paleolithic societies

1. San of South Africa 2. Chumash of Southern California

1. San of South Africa 2. Chumash of Southern California

1. San of South Africa1. San of South Africa

- Khoisan- speaking people - trance healers (songs and dances) - replaced by Bantu speaking people

domesticating animals and bringing in agriculture

- used drums - language uses clicks - still hunters and gatherers

- Khoisan- speaking people - trance healers (songs and dances) - replaced by Bantu speaking people

domesticating animals and bringing in agriculture

- used drums - language uses clicks - still hunters and gatherers

1. San of South Africa1. San of South Africa

- no leaders - egalitarian - insulting the meat - sharing of food and arrows - polygamy was permitted - conflict over meat and laziness - GAO Na- creator God... Also put misfortune

on humans

- no leaders - egalitarian - insulting the meat - sharing of food and arrows - polygamy was permitted - conflict over meat and laziness - GAO Na- creator God... Also put misfortune

on humans

2. Chumash of California

2. Chumash of California

- Spoke different languages - Lived on the coast - Relied on the sea - Rivals and violence - Technologic innovation- the tomol ( oceangoing boat 20-

30 ft long) - Builders of the tomol became wealthy and prestigious

- Spoke different languages - Lived on the coast - Relied on the sea - Rivals and violence - Technologic innovation- the tomol ( oceangoing boat 20-

30 ft long) - Builders of the tomol became wealthy and prestigious

2. Chumash of California

2. Chumash of California

- Brotherhood of the tomol- guild create with canoe production

- Increased trade of animals, tools, beads - Round, permanent houses - Beads were used as money - Class distinctions - Elaborate burials for the wealthy - Chiefs- inherited their position through male line of

descent - Specialization

- Brotherhood of the tomol- guild create with canoe production

- Increased trade of animals, tools, beads - Round, permanent houses - Beads were used as money - Class distinctions - Elaborate burials for the wealthy - Chiefs- inherited their position through male line of

descent - Specialization

Dating Early ArtifactsDating Early Artifacts

Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of once living things

Scientists also use DNA evidence to understand earlier peoples

Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of once living things

Scientists also use DNA evidence to understand earlier peoples

Prehistoric Finds in AfricaPrehistoric Finds in Africa Aramis = a site in Ethiopia where

paleontologist Gen Suwa discovered the oldest human remains ever found (4.4 million years old)

Hadar = a site farther north where scientists discovered “Lucy” - a woman’s remains from 3.2 million years ago

Aramis = a site in Ethiopia where paleontologist Gen Suwa discovered the oldest human remains ever found (4.4 million years old)

Hadar = a site farther north where scientists discovered “Lucy” - a woman’s remains from 3.2 million years ago

Human OriginsHuman Origins

First pre-human hominids date back about 4.4 million years Called Australopithecus = “southern ape” About 65 pounds and 4 feet tall Mostly likely nomads = moving constantly in

search of food No evidence that they used tools

First pre-human hominids date back about 4.4 million years Called Australopithecus = “southern ape” About 65 pounds and 4 feet tall Mostly likely nomads = moving constantly in

search of food No evidence that they used tools

Human OriginsHuman Origins

Human hominids are divided into 3 species that arose at different times in prehistory:

1) Homo habilis = person with ability

2) Homo erectus = person who walks upright

3) Homo sapiens = person who thinks

*Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”

Human hominids are divided into 3 species that arose at different times in prehistory:

1) Homo habilis = person with ability

2) Homo erectus = person who walks upright

3) Homo sapiens = person who thinks

*Homo is a Latin word meaning “human”

The Ice AgesThe Ice Ages

Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, the Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate (Ice Ages)

Average temperatures dropped below freezing and glaciers spread from the Poles

Level of the oceans dropped, causing land bridges to appear

Early humans responded by adapting to the cold or moving to warmer places

Early humans also developed other strategies for keeping warm, such as clothing and fire

Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, the Earth experienced 4 long periods of cold climate (Ice Ages)

Average temperatures dropped below freezing and glaciers spread from the Poles

Level of the oceans dropped, causing land bridges to appear

Early humans responded by adapting to the cold or moving to warmer places

Early humans also developed other strategies for keeping warm, such as clothing and fire

Human MigrationHuman Migration

Early Human CultureEarly Human Culture Culture = a way of life that includes language,

religion, eating habits, clothing, arts, etc. Humans began making tools (began with sticks

and stones) Improved their way of life through technology =

skills and knowledge available Began making more specialized tools The use of stone tools led to the term “Stone Age”

Divided into 3 periods:1) Paleolithic = Old Stone Age2) Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age3) Neolithic = New Stone Age

Culture = a way of life that includes language, religion, eating habits, clothing, arts, etc.

Humans began making tools (began with sticks and stones)

Improved their way of life through technology = skills and knowledge available

Began making more specialized tools The use of stone tools led to the term “Stone Age”

Divided into 3 periods:1) Paleolithic = Old Stone Age2) Mesolithic = Middle Stone Age3) Neolithic = New Stone Age

Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers (Homo habilis & Homo erectus)Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers

(Homo habilis & Homo erectus)

Not much is known about their culture Homo habilis (2.5 to 1.5 million years ago)

= oldest hominid known to create tools Homo erectus (1.8 million to 30,000 years

ago) = more is known about this species First appeared in Africa then migrated to parts of

Europe and Asia Learned how to make fire Lived in caves Mostly food gatherers Made clothing Used grunts and gestures for communication

Not much is known about their culture Homo habilis (2.5 to 1.5 million years ago)

= oldest hominid known to create tools Homo erectus (1.8 million to 30,000 years

ago) = more is known about this species First appeared in Africa then migrated to parts of

Europe and Asia Learned how to make fire Lived in caves Mostly food gatherers Made clothing Used grunts and gestures for communication

Paleolithic Hunter-GatherersPaleolithic Hunter-Gatherers

But by 50,000 years ago, prehistoric people developed language

This achievement allowed them to work with one another and pass knowledge down to the next generation

But by 50,000 years ago, prehistoric people developed language

This achievement allowed them to work with one another and pass knowledge down to the next generation

The Appearance of Homo SapiensThe Appearance of Homo Sapiens

First Homo sapiens = the Neanderthals Evidence of the first Homo sapiens

= 200,000 years ago Named after the Neander Valley in

Germany where they were discovered

Stood about 5.5 feet tall with very stocky bodies

Slightly larger brains Nomadic hunter-gatherers

First Homo sapiens = the Neanderthals Evidence of the first Homo sapiens

= 200,000 years ago Named after the Neander Valley in

Germany where they were discovered

Stood about 5.5 feet tall with very stocky bodies

Slightly larger brains Nomadic hunter-gatherers

The NeanderthalsThe Neanderthals

Made better tools -- knives, spear points

Lived in groups of 35-50 people Shelters build out of branches &

animal skin -- used caves in colder climates

Practiced medicine Believed in life after death --

covered bodies of the dead with flowers in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons

Made better tools -- knives, spear points

Lived in groups of 35-50 people Shelters build out of branches &

animal skin -- used caves in colder climates

Practiced medicine Believed in life after death --

covered bodies of the dead with flowers in shallow graves with food, tools, and weapons

Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Modern Humans

Homo Sapiens Sapiens = Modern Humans

Originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago

Dominated the Neanderthals and maybe even Homo erectus

Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were called Cro-Magnons

Taller but less stocky than Neanderthals

Originated in Africa about 50,000 years ago

Dominated the Neanderthals and maybe even Homo erectus

Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens were called Cro-Magnons

Taller but less stocky than Neanderthals

Cro-MagnonsBetter Technology

Cro-MagnonsBetter Technology

Thinner and sharper blades Hammers, hoes, fishhooks, needles Axe - chopped down trees for canoes

Could now travel rivers and seacoasts

Spear-thrower & bow and arrow Allowed them to hunt larger animals and more at a time This meant there was more food and more people

By 15,000 BCE = 2 million people in the world

Groups joined together for big hunts Resulted in establishment of rules and leaders

Thinner and sharper blades Hammers, hoes, fishhooks, needles Axe - chopped down trees for canoes

Could now travel rivers and seacoasts

Spear-thrower & bow and arrow Allowed them to hunt larger animals and more at a time This meant there was more food and more people

By 15,000 BCE = 2 million people in the world

Groups joined together for big hunts Resulted in establishment of rules and leaders

Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons

More permanent homes Created cave paintings (found in France)

and sculptures

More permanent homes Created cave paintings (found in France)

and sculptures

Introductory Activity

Introductory Activity

Definition in your own words and 1 synonym

Image representing the vocabulary word

Characteristics of the word or 1 example.

Write a sentence about the word. You come up with the sentence yourself.

Vocabulary Word

Directions: Take one piece of paper and using one of the terms… Pastoralism or Chiefdom complete the 4-square

The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution

The Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution

Humans began producing food Tamed & domesticated animals

for their use (dogs, goats, etc.) Sickle invented for cutting

grains; pottery used as containers, baskets

Crops grown People began settling into

communities Earliest villages = Jericho (in

modern West Bank) and Catal Huyuk (in present-day Turkey)

Humans began producing food Tamed & domesticated animals

for their use (dogs, goats, etc.) Sickle invented for cutting

grains; pottery used as containers, baskets

Crops grown People began settling into

communities Earliest villages = Jericho (in

modern West Bank) and Catal Huyuk (in present-day Turkey)

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution Invented plow and trained oxen

to pull it Used fertilizer Invented the loom (to make cloth) Invented the wheel, bricks,

calendars Warfare began as people

competed for land and water Polytheism- Believed in gods and

goddesses (many gods)

Invented plow and trained oxen to pull it

Used fertilizer Invented the loom (to make cloth) Invented the wheel, bricks,

calendars Warfare began as people

competed for land and water Polytheism- Believed in gods and

goddesses (many gods)

New SocietiesNew Societies1. Pastoral Societies- societies that depended on

domesticated animals for food- Still nomadic- Relied on animals (blood, meat, milk)- Appeared in Central Asia, Arabian peninsula, Sahara, and

East and Southern Africa- ***Domesticated horse 4000 BCE- Lived in steppes- Kinship clans- Formed military confederations

1. Pastoral Societies- societies that depended on domesticated animals for food

- Still nomadic- Relied on animals (blood, meat, milk)- Appeared in Central Asia, Arabian peninsula, Sahara, and

East and Southern Africa- ***Domesticated horse 4000 BCE- Lived in steppes- Kinship clans- Formed military confederations

Continued pastoralContinued pastoral

Conflict with agrarian (agricultural) societies However they exchanged technology, ideas,

people, and products

Conflict with agrarian (agricultural) societies However they exchanged technology, ideas,

people, and products

New SocietiesNew Societies

2. Agricultural Village Societies- Did not have a king, chief, bureaucrat….. Still focused on hunting and gathering along with farming, kinship and lineages.

- Inequalities

- Cultural, artistic, and religious traditions,

- Incorporated new crops, people, and culture.

2. Agricultural Village Societies- Did not have a king, chief, bureaucrat….. Still focused on hunting and gathering along with farming, kinship and lineages.

- Inequalities

- Cultural, artistic, and religious traditions,

- Incorporated new crops, people, and culture.

New SocietiesNew Societies

3. Chiefdoms- inherited positions of power by chiefs who ran the community

- Similar to kings

- Gift giving, ritual status, personal charisma

- Earliest chiefdom in Mesopotamia 6000 BCE…. Also arose in the Pacific islands

- Senior lineage

3. Chiefdoms- inherited positions of power by chiefs who ran the community

- Similar to kings

- Gift giving, ritual status, personal charisma

- Earliest chiefdom in Mesopotamia 6000 BCE…. Also arose in the Pacific islands

- Senior lineage

Continued chiefdomsContinued chiefdoms

Chief responsibilities Led rituals and ceremonies Organize warfare Directed economies Internal conflict resolved Collected tribute

Chief responsibilities Led rituals and ceremonies Organize warfare Directed economies Internal conflict resolved Collected tribute

Emergence of CivilizationEmergence of Civilization

Early farming villages developed into complex societies known as civilizations

Early farming villages developed into complex societies known as civilizations

River Valley CivilizationsRiver Valley Civilizations Earliest civilizations were in

river valleys1) Nile River in northeastern Africa2) Tigris & Euphrates rivers in

Middle East3) Indus River in India4) Huang He in China

Men & women did specific jobs

There was a form of government

Had values and beliefs

Earliest civilizations were in river valleys

1) Nile River in northeastern Africa2) Tigris & Euphrates rivers in

Middle East3) Indus River in India4) Huang He in China

Men & women did specific jobs

There was a form of government

Had values and beliefs

The Economy of a CivilizationThe Economy of a Civilization Economy = the way people use

the environment to meet their material needs

Economy of early civilizations depended on farmers growing surplus food

Built irrigation systems for crops (dug ditches & canals) Let farmers grow more food

because they didn’t have to wait for rain

Economy = the way people use the environment to meet their material needs

Economy of early civilizations depended on farmers growing surplus food

Built irrigation systems for crops (dug ditches & canals) Let farmers grow more food

because they didn’t have to wait for rain

The Economy of a CivilizationThe Economy of a Civilization Artisans (workers skilled in

a craft) became more productive & creative

Metalworkers created bronze, a very strong metal

Started to trade over long distances Led to cultural diffusion = the

exchange of goods, ideas, and customs between different cultures

Artisans (workers skilled in a craft) became more productive & creative

Metalworkers created bronze, a very strong metal

Started to trade over long distances Led to cultural diffusion = the

exchange of goods, ideas, and customs between different cultures

The Rise of CitiesThe Rise of Cities

Government officials oversaw the collection & distribution of crops

Professional soldiers were hired to guard the territory & trade routes

Led by a king Developed a writing system

Was first invented by priests as a way of recording religious gifts

Later, used to record battle victories and laws

Government officials oversaw the collection & distribution of crops

Professional soldiers were hired to guard the territory & trade routes

Led by a king Developed a writing system

Was first invented by priests as a way of recording religious gifts

Later, used to record battle victories and laws

Systems of ValuesSystems of Values

Priests recorded myths Explained how the world was

formed Told of how people came into

being

Sumerians (ancient people from Mesopotamia) wrote their myths on 7 clay tablets

Priests recorded myths Explained how the world was

formed Told of how people came into

being

Sumerians (ancient people from Mesopotamia) wrote their myths on 7 clay tablets