chapter 1 the peopling of the world prehistory-2500 b.c
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1The Peopling of the World
Prehistory-2500 B.C.
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Section 1: Human Origins in Africa
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Prehistory 5,000 years ago a time before writing
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• Archaeologists– Specially trained scientists who work to uncover
the story of prehistoric peoples– Archaeological digs are used to learn about early
people– Study artifacts: human –made objects
• Anthropologists – study culture: people’s unique way of life
• Paleontologists – study fossils: evidence of early life preserved in
rocks
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Definition: shared ways (traits) of doing things
Components of Culture› Common practices, shared understandings
and social organization How Culture is Learned
› Observation and imitation› Taught through written or spoken language
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1970’sMary LeakyLaetoli in Tanzania in East Africa
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1978Prehistoric footprints found in
preserved volcanic ashAustralopithecines created
footprintsCreatures that walk upright are
called hominids
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U.S. anthropologist, Donald Johanson
Ethiopia 1974 Adult female hominid Nicknamed “Lucy”
after the song “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
3.5 Millions years old
The Discovery of “Lucy”
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Lucy and other hominids who walked upright were australopithecines.
Walking helped them travel and watch for danger, carry food and children
Opposable thumbs were developed
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Earlier and longer part of the Stone Age is called the Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Age
Invention of tools, fire and language 2.5 million to 8000 B.C.
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New Stone Age or Neolithic Age 8000 B.C. – 3000 B.C. Polish stone tools, make pottery, grow
crops and raise animals
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1960Louis and Mary LeakeyOldavai Gorge northern Tanzania2.5 m.y.a fossilNamed Homo habilis
“man of skill”Tools found with fossil
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Homo ErectusDevelops Technology1.6 m.y.aHomo erectus “upright man”More intelligent and adaptable
speciesDeveloped technologyFirst hominids to migrate from AfricaFirst to use fireMay have begun spoken language
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Believed that Homo erectus developed into Homo sapiens, “wise men”
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Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons traditionally are classified as early groups of Homo sapiens
1997 DNA tests has shown that Neanderthals were not ancestors of modern humans.
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Neanderthal’s Way of Life
•Quarry workers•Neander Valley in Germany•200,000 to 30,000 y.a. fossils•Developed religious beliefs and held rituals•60,000 y.a. funeral held in Shanidar cave in
eastern Iraq•Lived in caves or shelters made of wood
and animal skins•Mysteriously vanished about 30,000 y.a.
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40,000 y.a. Identical to modern humans 5’ 1/2” feet tall Migrated from North Africa to
Europe and Asia New tools, planned hunts
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New Findings Add to Knowledge
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Chad and Kenya Toumai
Ethopia 2.33 m.y.a
Canada Flute
What has been found in these areas?
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Cave Paintings
• Found on every continent
• Oldest 35,000 y.a
Cuevas de las Manos, Argentina
• Discuss the differences between paintings found in Europe and Africa versus Americas and Australia
• What are the purposes of cave paintings?
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Chapter 1 Section 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
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Early Advances in Technology and Art
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Tools Needed to Survive
• Old Stone Age people were Nomads and became known as hunters and gatherers.
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Artistic Expression in the Paleolithic Age
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The Beginnings of Agriculture
• 10,000 y.a seeds planted which they harvested the next season
• Neolitic Revolution (agricultural revolution) began
• Shift from food-gathering to food-producing
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Causes of the Agricultural Revolution
• Worldwide rising temperatures• Population increased• Farming provided a steady source of food
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Early Farming Methods
• Slash-and-burn farming• Ashes fertilized the soil
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The Neolithic Ice Man
• Otzi
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Domestication of Animals
• Taming of animals came slowly
• Hunters driven herds into ravines to beslaughtered
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Agriculture in Jarmo
• 9,000 y.a• Zagros Mts,
northeastern Iraq• Robert Braidwood
• Birthplace of agriculture
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Villages Grow and Prosper
• Farming Develops in Many Places– Africa, China, Mexico and Central America, Peru– What was grown in each of these areas and
where?
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Catal Huyuk
• Village found in south-central Turkey, 1958• Homed 5,000-6,000 people• What are the advantages/disadvantages?