Chapter 10, Lesson 3

Kingdoms & Crusades

It Matters Because:The development of law &

government during the Middle Ages still affects us today.

I. Royal Power in EnglandA. Late 800s, Viking raids nearly destroyed Anglo-Saxons

1. Island of Britain home to many small kingdoms2. Alfred, King of Wessex united people to end

Viking raids3. Alfred the Great’s united kingdom called

Angleland, soon England

B. In 1066, Edward the Confessor died without an heir

1. Last Anglo-Saxon King of England2. Harold Godwinson, an English noble,

claimed the throne3. William, the Duke of Normandy claimed the

throne4. Harald Hardrada, the King of Sweden

claimed the throne

II. William the ConquerorA. In struggle for the throne, William of Normandy defeats Harold Godwinson at Battle of Hastings

1. Wm becomes King, known as William the Conqueror

B. Anglo-Saxon nobles rebelled at first1. Wm took A-S land and gave it to his own knights

C. Wm takes first census since ancient Rome in a record called the Domesday Book

1. census - official count & survey of a population

III. English Kings

A. Henry II ruled England, 1154-11891. Ruled England, Ireland, most of Wales2. Was also a lord of parts of Scotland & France3. Set up courts of law throughout his kingdom4. Established trials by jury5. Father of Richard the Lionheart & John

B. Richard I (the Lionheart) ruled England, 1189-1199.

1. Spent most of his reign fighting Crusades in the Middle East

2. Known as “The Lionheart” because of his courage in battle

3. Fought against skilled Muslim general, Saladin

C. John became king in 1199 when brother, Richard the Lionheart, died

1. Known as John I, John of England, or John Soft Sword

a. “Soft Sword” because he went to battle often, but always lost2. Staged unsuccessful rebellion while Richard fought in Crusades3. As king, fought war with France, lost English territories in France4. Raised taxes to pay for wars trying to regain territory5. Arrested &punished enemies without jury trials6. Forced to sign Magna Carta by English nobles7. Refused to honor Magna Carta, leading to civil war

III. English Kings

IV. The Magna CartaA. Nobles rebelled against John & forced him to

sign the Magna Carta (Latin for “Great Charter”)

1. Placed limits on king’s power to tax & guaranteed freemen many rights

2. King must share authority with council of nobles known as the Great Council

B. Magna Carta strengthened idea that people have rights & power of government should be limited

1. Magna Carta inspired many future documents, including American Declaration of Independence, United States Constitution, & the Bill of Rights

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V. The Crusades

A. During the 1000s, Byzantine Empire was attacked by Muslim Turks

1. The Turks defeated the Byzantines and seized Byzantine land in Asia Minor

B. Byzantine Emperor asked Pope to send army to save his empire

1. Pope agreed, hoped Byzantine church would reunite with Catholic

2. Pope urged European nobles to begin a “crusade” (holy war) against Muslim Turks

4. Pope wanted European Christians to take back Jerusalem & rest of the “Holy Land”

C. Thousands of European crusaders on horseback & on foot marched east on the First Crusade

1. In 1099, they Reached Jerusalem2. Conquered several Muslim kingdoms &

controlled many states in Asia

D. Second Crusade fought in 1170s; Muslim invaders retook Jerusalem

1. Muslims were led by brilliant general Saladin

E. During Third Crusade of the late 1100s & early 1200s, Muslims recaptured all lost territory

V. The Crusades

VI. Effects of the CrusadesA. Kings & soldiers returning from Crusades brought back knowledge

1. Muslim architecture: domes & mosaics2. Navigation: better ships, more accurate maps,

how to use compass3. Goods: wealthy Europeans began to demand

spices, sugar, lemons, silk

B. Crusades weakened feudalism, strengthened power of kings

1. Lords returned from Crusades in debt to kingsC. 200 years of war led to anger & mistrust between Christianity & Islam that exists today

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