Chapter 10Chapter 10

Wild Species: Wild Species:

Biodiversity and ProtectionBiodiversity and Protection

Value of Wild SpeciesValue of Wild Species

InstrumentalInstrumental• Sources for agriculture, forestry, Sources for agriculture, forestry,

aquaculture, and animal husbandryaquaculture, and animal husbandry• Sources for medicines and Sources for medicines and

pharmaceuticalspharmaceuticals• Recreational, aesthetic and scientific Recreational, aesthetic and scientific

valuevalue Intrinsic – For its own sake, an Intrinsic – For its own sake, an

organism does not have to be useful organism does not have to be useful to us to possess value.to us to possess value.

Saving Wild SpeciesSaving Wild Species

Game Animals in the U.S.Game Animals in the U.S.• State regulations backed by federal State regulations backed by federal

government protects many species that government protects many species that were close to extinction (wild turkey)were close to extinction (wild turkey)

• Using trapping and hunting fees help Using trapping and hunting fees help enhance habitats.enhance habitats.

• Creating preserves, parks and other Creating preserves, parks and other hunting areas limit species decimationhunting areas limit species decimation

• There are organizations for and against There are organizations for and against hunting.hunting.

Problems Related to Wildlife Problems Related to Wildlife ProtectionProtection

Some predatory animals are on the increase:Some predatory animals are on the increase:• Animals are killed on roadways Animals are killed on roadways • Health hazards from rabid opossum, skunk and raccoonHealth hazards from rabid opossum, skunk and raccoon• Deer are garden nuisances and can carry ticks with Deer are garden nuisances and can carry ticks with

Lyme disease.Lyme disease.• Cougar and mountain lion populations are increasingCougar and mountain lion populations are increasing• Coyotes found in every state attack pets.Coyotes found in every state attack pets.• Canadian Geese consume large amounts of grass and Canadian Geese consume large amounts of grass and

leave waste behind.leave waste behind. Animal Damage Control (USDA) which has Animal Damage Control (USDA) which has

become the Wildlife Services has support from become the Wildlife Services has support from Congress for fundingCongress for funding

Protection PolicyProtection Policy Audubon SocietyAudubon Society campaigned against campaigned against

feather fashionsfeather fashions Lacey Act (1900) forbid interstate (1900) forbid interstate

commerce of illegally killed wildlife and commerce of illegally killed wildlife and created many wildlife refuges.created many wildlife refuges.

Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act of 1973 of 1973 requires the US Fish and Wildlife Service to requires the US Fish and Wildlife Service to plan for the recovery of endangered plan for the recovery of endangered speciesspecies• Successes include the bald eagle, peregrine Successes include the bald eagle, peregrine

falcon, whooping cranefalcon, whooping crane• The The Habitat Conservation PlanHabitat Conservation Plan is a is a

compromise between landowners and compromise between landowners and regulators of the ESAregulators of the ESA

Biodiversity (p259)Biodiversity (p259) Reasons for decline:Reasons for decline:

• Habitat AlterationHabitat Alteration• Invasive species (p263) Invasive species (p263) • Population growthPopulation growth• PollutionPollution• OveruseOveruse

Examples of Invasive SpeciesExamples of Invasive Species

Consequences Consequences of Decreased Biodiversityof Decreased Biodiversity

Ecosystem degradation and destructionEcosystem degradation and destruction Loss of Keystone Species Loss of Keystone Species International steps:International steps:

• Convention on Trade in Endangered Species Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) established in 1970’s bans trade of (CITES) established in 1970’s bans trade of illegal hunting spoils (such as ivory)illegal hunting spoils (such as ivory)

• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted the ‘ecosystem approach’ in adopted the ‘ecosystem approach’ in managing resources (see p282) – the US has managing resources (see p282) – the US has not ratified the developed treaty.not ratified the developed treaty.

• Critical Ecosystem Partnership FundCritical Ecosystem Partnership Fund

Stewardship ConcernsStewardship Concerns

Reforming policies that lead to Reforming policies that lead to declined biodiversitydeclined biodiversity

Addressing the needs of people Addressing the needs of people whose livelihood derived from whose livelihood derived from exploiting wild speciesexploiting wild species

Practicing conservation at the Practicing conservation at the landscape levellandscape level

Promoting more research on Promoting more research on biodiversitybiodiversity