Chapter 11“The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

The Age of Napoleon

I.The Age of Napoleon Begins “He was like an expert chess player, with the human race for an

opponent, which he proposed to checkmate.”~ description of Napoleon Bonaparte

A.Young Napoleon1. 20yrs old when revolution

started, ambitious military lieutenant

2. Supported the Jacobins, very outspoken

3. Early military successes- defeated Br at Toulon- defeated Au in Italy- returned to Fr a hero

B. Napoleon Under the Directory 1. Fr wanted stability2. N submits a new Consulate Constitution via plebiscite to the people and is approved3. 1799 -- N is voted First Consul of Directory

C. Napoleon’s Early Popularity1. “order, security, efficiency” replaces “liberty, equality, fraternity”- makes peace w/Br, Au- employed internal critics - secret police eliminated royalist threats- insists on state control over RCC in Fr2. 1802 – voted “Consul for life” by Fr people3. Napoleonic Code - universal laws for all of Fr- equal economic opportunity for men is important- women are not treated as equals- freedom of press restricted - order valued over ind. rights4.1804 – voted Emperor Napoleon I of Fr

D. Napoleon I: Emperor of Fr (1804-1812)1. Sought security for Fr

a) conquered nearby territories easily “Napoleon’s presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 troops.”

b) threatened war w/othersc) forced alliances

2. 1812 - almost all of Eu bowed to Fr 3. Fr pride soars

4. Br, Ru resisted Fr domination5. The Continental System

a) plan to defeat Br economically

b) hurt all of Eu6. Sp, Au citizens resist Fr influence 7. 1812 - N wanted “Madrid to Moscow”

a) 600,000 Fr troops to Ru

8. Ru retreats Eastward “scorched earth” policy, including Moscow9. Oct 1812 – Fr fail w/few supplies 10. Dec 1812 -- Fr retreat 11. 1000’s of Fr die while retreating 12. Less than100,000 troops return to Fr13. Fr army is weakened, demoralized

14.Br, Ru, Pr, Au alliance defeats Fr

E. N steps down1. N exiled to Elba2. Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) takes over as King of Fr3. Fear of the old monarchy causes riots in Fr

F. March, 1815 -- N returns 1. Louis XVIII, fearful for his life, flees Fr2. N is welcomed back3. Battle of Waterloo -- Br and Pr again defeat Fr

G. N steps down again1. sent to live in exile in St. Helena2. 1821 -- poisoned to death?

Eu in 1815 after Napoleon

II. Peace after NapoleonA. The European Balance of Power (BOP)

1.1815-The Congress of Vienna – Metternich of Au

a) Quadruple Alliance Br, Pr, Ru, Au

b) the goal – keep the BOP, create defensive strategies to withstand domination

c) Pr, Ru, Au, form Holy Alliance, Br drops out