chapter 11presentations and aee book

Motivational Techniques in Agriculture Extension

Chapter 11


11.1. Definition: Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge.11.2. Seven Rules of Motivation#1 Set a major goal, but follows a path. The path has mini goals that go in many directions. When you learn to succeed at mini goals, you will be motivated to challenge grand goals.

#2 Finish what you start. A half-finished project is of no use to anyone. Quitting is a habit. Develop the habit of finishing self-motivated projects.

#3 Socialize with others of similar interest. Mutual support is motivating. We will develop the attitudes of our five best friends. If they are losers, we will be a loser. If they are winners, we will be a winner. To be a cowboy we must associate with cowboys.

#4 Learn how to learn. Dependency on others for knowledge supports the habit of procrastination. Man has the ability to learn without instructors. In fact, when we learn the art of self-education we will find, if not create, opportunity to find success beyond our wildest dreams.

#5 Harmonize natural talent with interest that motivates. Natural talent creates motivation, motivation creates persistence and persistence gets the job done.

#6 Increase knowledge of subjects that inspires. The more we know about a subject, the more we want to learn about it. A self-propelled upward spiral develops.

#7 Take risk. Failure and bouncing back are elements of motivation. Failure is a learning tool. No one has ever succeeded at anything worthwhile without a string of failures.


6 c’s of motivation — Presentation Transcript

1. Choice Select tasks that are of personal interests to motivate learning by giving choices

2. Challenge To enhance self-esteem and sustain their motivation to learn, provide students with immediate feedback

3. Control Allow the students the opportunity to control themselves during decision making, choosing group mates, and their organization preferences

4. Collaboration Having students work together see other’s perspectives, and they are forced to think5. Constructing meaning Builds rationale for learning Look to understand the value of learning topic

Authentic lessons are more fun6. Consequences Display student’s work It’s a chance to students to brag Your opportunity to praise

your student’s effort

Perhaps one of the most effective ways of motivating a team is to ensure that they understand and appreciate the aims of an organization and are supported by their officials in working towards the achievement of those aims. There are a range of motivational techniques that can be used to improve productivity, reduce workplace stress and increase self-confidence.

11.3. Motivational techniques

There are a number of ways of inspiring and motivating a team and these include the use of:


roles but it is equally important to show them the importance of their feedback to the achievement of targets and standards.

1. Positive imagery: Posting motivational themes and messages, in the form of slogans or quotes, can help to positively empower a team.

2. Communicate Clearly to Motivate Others: Communicate so that others understand what you want to achieve. Adapt your communication to the audience you are speaking.

3. Walk Your Talk to Motivate Others: If you expect your employees to arrive early, then you arrive early. If you expect your employees to keep their promises, you keep your promises.

4 Focus Your Team on the Goal to Motivate Others: Despite mixed feelings about team-building activities, the fact that they encourage people to work together outside the office environment can be a definite advantage. They can encourage healthy competition and give each member of staff the opportunity to be on the winning team.

5. Create High Standards to Motivate Others: High-performance organizations set high standards for their people. Employees want to know what is expected of them, how their performance is measured, and what rewards they can expect when they exceed the standard.

6. Training: People can be taught to become more motivated by showing them how to deconstruct tasks and challenges, and how to feel less intimidated by their job roles. Demonstrating Learning by doing.

7. Enhanced communication :Communication does not only mean talking to your team but also listening to them. It is important to ensure their understanding of organization , objectives and their individual job Employees Compete and Win to Motivate Others: Develop goals that help all your employees excel. Make your goals inclusive not exclusive. This means that everybody is working together and wins together. Have your employees complete against the goal, not each other.

9. Reward Outstanding Achievement to Motivate Others: Find ways to recognize your achievers in a public way. The more you reward employees for excellent achievement, the more you receive more of the same behavior. 10.Target achievement and motivation: It is generally accepted that having targets to work towards, as long as they are realistic, is one of the most effective ways of improving performance. 11. Be an Active Listener to Motivate Others: Pure listening is when you are listening to your employee you are not: Multitasking, Ordering your lunch, Watching people walk by your office. Answering telephone calls , Setting up appointments12.Take Care of the Little Things to Motivate Others: Doing the little things well will show that you respect your employees. Making sure you are on time for meetings, saying “good morning” and “thank-you,” and returning phone calls and e-mails in a timely manner goes a long way to showing your employees that you care during chaotic times.Major Role of an Extension Officer in motivating Farming Community 1. To be a good motivator 2. An expert in extension method 3. Have skill of communication.

11.4. Agriculture Extension Motivational Methods


I. Individual Contact Methods

A most effective way of bringing about change is through individual contact in the home or the work

place of people, or in some cases through informal contacts in markets or public places. This raises

problems, however, in selecting suitable persons for such contacts, in the limited number of people ho

can be contacted within a given period and the possibility that this may give rise to feelings of neglect or

even of jealousy amongst some members of the community who cannot be included in the programme.

Categorized as under

A. Farm Visit: When the Extension worker visits the farmers’ field and contacts him there. It is a direct, face-to-face contact by the Extension Worker with the farmer. It plays a very significant role in the dissemination of agricultural information among the farming communities.

Purpose of Farm Visit

1. Providing useful information to farmers. Farmers learn by seeing and doing. The farmers will see the technology being used, and may adopt it easily.

2. Gaining firsthand knowledge about the field situation. Farmers tend to believe other farmers, so the spread of skills and ideas is much faster than through conventional extension.

3. Adjusting general information according to the farmers own situation. The visitors can see and learn many things other than the specific technology they came to see.

4. Arousing interest in unidentified problems. Seeing successful examples motivates the visiting farmers to try to do better themselves

5. Selection of local leader and activist.6. Visits help build relationships and networking among farmers. Developing good public relation.7. The visits build the confidence of the farmers hosting the demonstration.

Planning a visit

a. Careful planning includes purpose, place and proper arrangement of needed materialb. Steps Conducting visit

1. Be punctual 2. Develop friendly relationship with farmers3. Discuss farmers problem with them4. Suggest solution to problems5. Make the farmer feel free6. Demonstrate skill7. Maintain farmer interest

c. Recoding the visit1) Back ground facts2) Problems


3) Achievement4) Suggestion5) Demand

d. Follow upB. Home visit:When the Extension worker visits the farmer at home and discusses things with them at

their homes. The social contact thus developed between farmer and extension worker will help him to undo the social barriers which stand in the way of diffusion of modern technology.

How to make the home visit successful

1) Contact farmer and get time2) Discuss farmer’s immediate problems3) Avoid angry discussion4) Be informal and friendly5) Get his confidence

C. Office Calls: These involve direct personal contact between the extension worker and a farmer desiring the information. It is also a call made by a farmer at the working place of the extension worker for obtaining information and assistance. This method is concerned with personal visits made by the farmers to the extension office.

Office Call Clearly indicate

1) Famer recognizes problem2) Desire to solve problem3) Have full confidence on farmer4) Farmer is receptive to learning

D. Personal Letters: The Extension Worker writes to particular farmer/home maker in connection with extension work. The farmer may get information thorough personal correspondence. Complete information requested by the farmers should be given.

Basic essential for writing personal letter

1) It provides complete information2) Information should be concise and comprehensive.3) Information should be in simple language4) Subject matter should be correct5) It should be courteous and informal6) Farmer’s enquires should be replied promptly.

E. Telephone Calls: When the farmer calls the Extension worker to obtain information. The telephone serves as a medium of person-to-person communication. It provides an opportunity to farmers to get a quick answer to their questions.

II . Group Contact Methods


Group extension events happen when extension staff work with several farmers at the same

time and place. They provide an opportunity for group based learning, can stimulate group

development and co-operation between farmers, and are a cost-effective means of

delivering extension messages. Group extension events are at the core of the Departmentís

extension approach. This chapter provides details of extension methods which are suitable

for groups of farmers. These are:.

A. Demonstration: The demonstrations are the foundation stone of extension Teaching.

They are based on the idea of show me. Demonstrations are Particularly effective as “seeing is

believing”. They are one of the most effective tools for transfer of technology. They involve

three processes of learning i.e.: Seeing, hearing and doing.

There are two types of Demonstration

a. Method Demonstration:

In it, an improved practice is presented before a group, step by step to teach them how to carry it out. A

method demo is given before a group of people to show how to carry out an entirely new practice or old

practice in a better way. Method demonstrations are low cost and relatively efficient as they involve

one extension worker and several farmers. They areparticipatory and enable farmers to learn by doing

b. Result Demonstration:

This demonstration provides us the result of improved practices in comparison with old practices under

similar set of conditions. Result demonstrations show what happens as a result of using a particular

technology in the field or homestead.

The different types of result demonstrations include:

1. cropping pattern demonstrations;

2. block demonstrations;

3. single season demonstrations;

4. single intervention demonstrations; and

5. package demonstrations.

B. Group Meetings: Meeting is a method of democratically arriving at certain decisions by a

group of people, by taking into consideration the members point of view. Extension

Worker calls meetings for training about the production technology of the next crops as well as

for discussing the various problems being faced by the farmers.

Types of Meeting


1.Periodical meeting with set agenda.2.Planning meeting3Training meeting4.Special interest meeting

5.Community meeting

Essential for conducting meeting

C. Group Discussions: Most village problems can be solved only through group efforts. Through

these discussions various points of view and the interests of the participants are aroused to do

something towards solving their problems.

Panel Discussion: A panel discussion is essentially a small

Group discussion overheard by an audience. The panel members (3/4) are seated before the

in a way that allows them to talk with one another easily and at the same time be seen and heard by the

audience. A chairman presides to direct the discussion and equalize the participation.

How to conduct a group discussion

1. Seating arrangement 2.Seating in circle .3.Discussion on problem only 4.Speeches should be

discouraged 5.Subject matter specialist to guide.6.At start group leader should explain about meeting

E. Lecture Techniques: Lecture is used by Extension Worker and Subject

Matter Specialist to present technical information. At the lecture type meeting the Speaker presents a

specific subject to a particular audience. It is a one may Communication from speaker to audience.

Characteristics of a good lecture

1’Subject of interest to audience.2.Start with a challenge 3.Common ground between speaker and the

audience 4.Logical sequence 5.Integrates ideas 6.Well organized 7.Consideration to main points 8.Unity,

coherence and emphasis 9.Supplimented by audiovisual aids.( objects, models, photograph, slides,

movies,blackboard,graphs, charts etc)

F.Symposia: It is a short series of lecturers, usually with 2-5 speakers, each with a different point of

view. The professional expert’s knowledge of the subject and experience creates special interest, The

symposium is a modification of the lecture. It differs from the lecture in that there are more than 1

speaker and more than one point of view to be presented.

Advantages of symposia

1. A variety of knowledge and experience can be presented.

2. Audience take interest when resource person changes.

3. Controversial topic creates interest

4. Whole group take part in discussio

G. Seminars/Workshops: This approach is used in the training of extension personnel and local

leaders who participate in local programmes. Subjects of current interest are dealt with; the length of


the seminar depends on the need and available time of the participants. The effectiveness of the

seminar/workshop depends upon a high-qualified pool of resource persons, careful planning, schedules,

food, accommodation etc.

H.Tours and Field Trips:It is one of the most effective methods of teaching. This is informal and teaching

is done at farms where successful projects have been carried out. During tour, the participants are taken

to the Agri. Farms/other places where the activities can actually seen in practice. A special planning and

prior arrangement should be made before the tour.

I. Farmer Field day :To increase awareness on promotion of integrated pest and disease management

strategies among community members and other partners � To demonstrate farmer level bean seed

production initiatives focusing on improved high yielding cultivars selected for tolerance to insect pests,

diseases and drought.

J. Brainstorming: Brainstorming is an informal way of generating topics to write about, or points to

make about your topic. It can be done at any time during the writing process. You can brainstorm the

topics for a whole paper or just a conclusion or an example. The important point about brainstorming is

that there should be no pressure to be "brilliant." Students should simply open their minds to whatever

pops into them. Think of it as a kind of free association. When I say "literacy" what pops into your mind?

Much of what the students will come up with will not be useful, but that's okay. Part of brainstorming

will involve a selection process.

K. Buzz Group: a small discussion group formed for a specific task such as generating ideas, solving

problems, or reaching a common viewpoint on a topic within a specific period of time. Large groups may

be divided into buzz groups after an initial presentation in order to cover different aspects of a topic or

maximize participation. Each group appoints a spokesperson to report the results of the discussion to

the larger group.

L. Farmers Training Centers : The adoption of Agricultural technology for increasing crop yield and land

productivity is greatly facilitated by training and adequate dissemination of knowledge.FTC sought to

bridge the gap between Research Scientist and the farmer by by setting up dedicated training facilities .

The programmes are designed to cover both general aspects as well as region specific aspects of farming

technology. In addition, means of supplementing farm income through subsidiary occupation as well as

the upcoming technologies of food processing are also discussed. These institutes are equipped with the

latest audio-visual aids, classrooms and also hostels providing residential accommodation to the

farmers.


M. Role Playing::Role-playing techniques are an extension of the case-study method, where the

students act out specific roles in a situation. The technique is applicable to operational level staff of an

extension organization who reqtiire to improve their skills in dealing with the public

N. Farmers Field Schools : Extension schools :Extension schools are characterised by the following

features: - they are designed to give participants knowledge and skill in some specific field of work; -

they normally involve intensive training over a period of time (1 to 4 days is common); - they can be

located in any suitable rural training facility; - they normally involve pre-enrolment procedures and an

obligation to attend all the sessions; - they offer an opportunity for the presentation of much

information and practice to a selected group of people with a special interest in the topic; -

demonstrations, discussions and the use of visual aids, add much to their effectiveness; and, - periodic

and terminal evaluations help to keep the programme realistic and provide guidance in conducting

future courses.

O. Management games :Management games are useful in motivating the trainees by injecting variety into the sessions. An instructor should build up a number of situations, all based more or less on real events, on which problems can be set, to be solved, in this case, by the combined activities of a number of participants each taking the part of a member of a management team, e.g. production manager, financial controller, personnel offficer, stores controller, etc

P. Exchange visits : These are carefully organized visits between participants in different fields of work. hey may also include short exchanges of work Responsibilities. The main outcome should be a higher degree of understanding and co-operation between the individuals and organisations involved. They can normally only be implemented when a certain degree of understanding and co-operation already exists between the different organisations. involved in the exchange. Q. Motivational Tours :A motivational tour involves taking a group of up to 30 farmers from their village or block to another area. Motivational tours usually last a day. Motivational tours expose farmers todevelopments and new technologies which are being used by farmers in another area, or are being developed at research stations, horticultural base nurseries, or activities being implemented by other extension organisations such as NGOs. Tours present a good opportunity for farmers from different areas to exchange ideas with one another.R. Farm Walks :A farm walk involves a group of farmers visiting a farm and walking around it with the host farmer and the extension agent, usually the Block Supervisor. The purpose of a farm walkcould be one of the following:! to give farmers an opportunity to see how a new technology has been tried, tested oradopted by one of their neighbours;! to give farmers an opportunity to see a technology which has been developed by one oftheir neighbours;! to give farmers an opportunity to analyse a farming system and identify opportunities forimprovement. S.Participatory Technology Development


Participatory Technology Development (PTD) is a process of developing technology which is led by

farmers. The purpose of PTD is to: test farmerís technology ideas; , test, under local conditions, a

technology that has been successful in other areas; try out a modification to an existing or

recommended technology to see if it can be more successful under local conditions; and develop the

capacity of farmers to solve their own problems through experimenting with ideas.

T. Formal Training Days :A formal training day is a group extension event. It is a structured, planned

event with objectives and a written training plan which involves training materials and trainers. Formal

Training days generally last for half or a whole day, generally catering for approximately 20

Farmers. Formal training days can be held at any venue, at block, union, Tehsil or district

level. Generally, the closer to farmers homes the better. There are three types of formaltraining day,

based on the cost of the event. These are: , formal training day with no cost;

formal training day with materials cost; and formal training day with all costs.

A. Farm Publication: Farm Publication is a class of publications prepared by

the extension agency in printed form, containing information relating to the

improvement of farm and home. Farm publications are of various types such as

leaflet, folder, bulletin, newsletter, journal and magazine. Farm publications may

be used singly or in combination with other extension methods.

a. Leaflet: It is a single printed sheet of paper of small size, containing

Preliminary information relating to a topic. It is made as and when needed. Generally distributed

Free-of-cost.

b. Folder: It is a single printed sheet of paper of big size, folded once or twice, and gives essential

information relating to a particular topic. It is printed as and when required. Generally distributed free-

of cost.

c. Bulletin: It is a printed, bound booklet with a number of pages, containing comprehensive information

about a topic. It is made as and when necessary. A small price may be fixed on some important bulletins.

d. Newsletter: It is a miniature newspaper in good quality paper, containing information relating to the

activities and achievements of the organization. It has a fixed periodicity of publication. Generally

distributed free-of cost.

e. Journal, Magazine: These are periodicals, containing information related to various topics of

interest not only for the farmers but also for the extension agents. It has a fixed periodicity of

publication. Generally supplied against pre-payment of subscription for a particular period. Farm

publications are extremely useful to the literate farmers. Even illiterate farmers can make use of them


with the help of literate members in their family. All types of extension functionaries, input dealers,

bank personnel and media-persons use farm publications. These may be used in most of the individual,

group and mass methods.

f. Posters: Posters are intended to:- catch the eye of passers-by; - impress on them a fact or an idea;

encourage them to support an idea. Posters should supplement but should not aim to replace other

extension methods; they are useful to introduce or launch a campaign.

g. Wall newspapers: These are generally similar in size and appearance to posters but they can be

prepared in various forms. Their value depends to some extent on the level of literacy in the area in

which they are used and whether they can be exhibited in places protected from the weather where

they can remain on view for a reasonable period. They may be prepared in a combined form with a

portion used as a bulletin board and a portion for photographs or newspaper clippings of interest to the

public.

h. Pamphlet: they are useful to supplement larger publications when new information is available but

when reprinting of the whole publication is not necessary or practicable; and, they can be handed out

after meetings and offered to listeners on radio programmes to supplement the information given in the

programme .programme

I. Fact sheets: Fact sheets are a condensed treatment of any items of subject matter of general interest.

They usually cover a single topic and are often limited toa single page.

J. Handouts : These are simple summaries of what a person has been told or has seen in a talk or a

demonstration. As they may be used in large numbers, or may serve the specific needs of one activity

only, economy in their production is a vital requirement.

B.Extension Campaign: A campaign is an intense educational activity for motivating and mobilizing a

Community to action, to solve a problem or satisfy a need urgently felt by it .The duration of campaign

may be for a single day on a them like “Water for Life” for a few weeks as in rat central or family

Planning for few months as in Grow more trees” or “Grow more food” campaign.

Principles of extension campaigns: Extension campaigns are based on the principle that the more

People are exposed to an idea, the more likely they are to accept or adopt it. They must be conducted,

However, as proper communication systems in which the needs, views and constraints of the people are


not only fully respected but incorporated both into the information and the activity components of the

campaign.

C.Exhibition : Exhibition is a systematic display of models, specimens, charts, photographs, pictures,

posters, information etc. in a sequence around a theme to create awareness and

interest in the community. This method is suitable for reaching all types of people. Exhibition

may be held at the village, block, and district, national and international levels.

C. Radio: Radio is the oldest IT tool and provides entertainment to masses to a great extent in

Recent past. Its reception facilities through local radio, regional broadcasting stations and FM

Transmitters have increased dramatically. Radio is an electronic alveoli-medium for broadcasting

programmes to the audience. Radio is substitute for literacy. Illiterates can learn through it. It

reaches a maximum number of farmers within a minimum period of time. It is ubiquitous

(found everywhere). It is not a durable medium; the word on the air dies the same day.

Mistakes and errors reach the maximum number of listens.

E. Television: Being for communicating with audience with low literacy skills, an audio-visual medium, TV, has been more advantageous than any other medium.T.V. was for the first time introduced in Pakistan in 1964. Television is an electronic audio-visual medium, which provides pictures with sound. It is maximally attention-catching medium. Visual support to the audio component enhances its teaching efficiency.

F. Video: Video is an important feature of advancement in communication technology. It provides the facility of audio-visual communication like film or television but with less difficulty and added dvantages.

G. Folk Media: Folk media are indigenous equivalents of mass media. They are used largely for entertainment, but they can also promote educational values and help in cultural continuity. They include festivals, plays and puppet shows, song, dance, poetry, storytelling, debates.

H. Flash cards: These are small illustrated or lettered cards which can be produced during a talk and fixed to any smooth surface by one or more small pieces of plastic adhesive placed on the reverse. They serve as emphasis or as a reminder of some particular point in the talk.

I. Models : these are replicas (often on a different scale) of real objects which are either too large or too

all to be studied conveniently in a learning situation; they are often used at public events such as

agricultural shows or fairs to make the objects more understandable to the visitors,

J. Flannelgraph ; - flannel or felt has a surface which when pressed against a similar surface will remain

in position because the fibres interlock; - pictures or cards can be backed with felt which will then

adhere to the felt board by simply essing them into place; - in some cases, the felt on the card is


replaced by a special material with dots of a synthetic fibre on one side which adheres to a felt board in

the same way;

K. Puppets : Puppetry is an aid which communicates ideas through entertainment. Puppets are small,

oll-like, figures representing people which are manipulated either by strings or by the hands by one or

more puppeteers screened from the audience, often in a decorative booth or stand. There is usually a

considerable element of entertainment in the performance, though a serious message should run

throughout it and be brought out prominently at the end.

L. Cinema films : Cinema films are undoubtedly very effective "crowd pullers" in rural areas in

developing countries. Their real value as a teaching aid is, however, limited as they is very seldom

sufficiently specific to be able to relate their topic directly to the needs of the people in the area. In

Countries where a film industry is being built up there are greater possibilities for films to be made for

particular requirements at a reasonable cost. The local content of such films usually proves very

attractive and should compensate for any slightly less sophisticated Production techniques. Even if they

only entertain a crowd and put them into a friendly, receptive, frame of mind films provide an

opportunity for extension staff to take advantage of the situation and get over a serious message.

M. Tape recorders: Tape recorders are useful for recording interviews and discussions for use on radio

or as a special item at an extension meeting. They can also be used to record songs or plays for

entertainment to draw people into meetings where more serious discussion can take place.

Tape recorders are useful for recording interviews and discussions for use on radio or as a special item

at an extension meeting. They can also be used to record songs or plays for entertainment to draw

people into meetings where more serious discussion can take place.

N. Video recorder: They consist of a video camera with a portable unit which records both pictures and

sound, a battery pack or leads to draw power from a vehicle battery, and an AC adaptor to allow direct

operation from the mains or for recharging batteries. A video recorder, and a television set or video

monitor, are required for screening the picture, which is accompanied by the sound recorded during

filming. For some purposes additional lights and external microphones may be desirable.

O. Mobile units (audio-visual vans) :These are, preferably, all-weather cross-country vehicles which can

generate their own power to operate a wide range of audio-visual equipment carried on the vehicle.


They are used to support extension activities such as meetings and demonstrations or as a mass contact

method particularly during an extension campaign.

P. Display visuals: This is a general term for various items used to convey information which are

discussed in detail in Section 9 in relation to their functions in

Mass contact methods. A few more specific points concerning the use of these items as visual aids are

given here.

Q. Circular letters: circular letters for mass use should generally be written in a less formal way. Such as

to publicize an extension activity, such as a demonstration or meeting; to create awareness and interest

in a new practice by reporting the results achieved locally;

R. Cine projection :This involves the projection of moving pictures with or without sound, in the form of

either 8mm or 16mm films. 8mm films are mainly the result of

amateur photography and are now so rare that the purchase of an 8mm projector is seldom justified.

Films themselves are generally expensive, especially when made for a specific purpose and for only a

limited audience. A 16mm projector is also expensive and requires careful handling and regular expert

aintenance. In future, the role of films is likely to be taken over progressively by video tapes.

S.Transparent still projection :The materials projected in this case are non-moving transparent

pictures in the form of slides or filmstrips. Some black and white filmstrips may still be in circulation but

they are much less common and there are great advantages in preparing or ordering all new material in

colour. The difference in cost is very little. Both pictures and projectors are relatively cheap and easy to

obtain.

T. Opaque projection : In this case, the material to be projected is not transparent. It may be an item

such as a black and white or coloured picture, a book or even a

solid object such as a piece of wood or a rock. A special projector called an episcope, which uses a bright

light and mirrors to project an image, is required. It is a relatively expensive and heavy piece of


equipment and most suited for use in a central location such as a community training centre, where it

an serve a variety of different courses. It is also useful for

projecting illustrations from books on to a large sheet of paper. The outlines can then be traced with a

crayon and used as the basis of a poster or diagram. Permission from the copyright holder should,

however, be obtained before these are used publicly.

U. Filmstrips: Filmstrips are lengths of 35tnm film showing a series of pictures forming a natural

sequence, A filmstrip projector is used to project this

non-motion film and Is sometimes referred to as a 35mm still projector. It is basically the same as a slide

projector and, in fact, most good slide projectors are available with the necessary attachments to show

filmstrips. Masks are also available to reduce the picture to half-size to suit some commercial filmstrips

hich are produced in the half-frame format. Some

filmstrip carriers, however, are difficult to load and the film may be damaged in the process. People who

use them should always be trained initially with strips of film which are of no value.

v. Combined slide/tape presentations :Projectors with facilities for synchronising the showing of slides

or filmstrips with a commentary prepared on magnetic tape, where the projector responds to signals

from the tape to change the picture, are now readily

available and not unduly expensive. Preparing the tape to support a series of pictures, however, requires

some expertise. Assistance to carry this out may be available at the local broadcasting organisation.

W. Overhead projector: This apparatus projects large transparencies from a horizontal table, through a

lens-prism which focuses a brilliant image on to an angled screen usually located behind the speaker.

X. Magnetic Boards :Magnetic boards are particularly useful in certain learning situations but they are

not as widely used as they might be. The main obstacles to their use are that large sheets of smooth

steel, about the size of a small chalkboard, are not easy to find in rural areas and are not particulary easy

to transport over long distances.

Y. Farmers Rallies

Farmers rallies are large extension events which usually involve a combination of activities centred

around a main theme (e.g. the use of folk song, drama, banners to support a central presentation about


IPM). They should only be used for introducing successful technologies. Although the cost of organising

a farmers rally may appear to be significantly higher than other extension events they do have the

advantage of attracting large numbers of farmers from a wide range of backgrounds. This enables them

to be potentially cost effective. In addition, one rally could be organised by a number of ao Circles/

Subdivision level to share costs and resources or by a district.

H. New Mass communication technologies (ICT)

1. Computer: Computer is a wonderful contribution of the modern science. In the present times it is very necessary and useful in every field of life. In the field of science and technology no any invention is so much useful among the various inventions which have affected the human life to this extent as computer has influenced the life.

2. Micro-computer: Computers are classified as mainframes, minicomputer and micro computers based on their power, speed of executing a set of instructions and the amount of memory available to store data as well as the degree of inter connectivity the computers offer

3. Internet: Internet is the brief name of Internet Work System. In it, there are connected a number of network systems (more than 50 thousands) of different types which can be used through Internet.

4. Telnet: Through this system the individual, starting his computer by remote system also can work on other computer. Telnet is a protocol by which the errors of computers can be tackled and contact can be made soon and easily on other computers.

5. Electronic Mail (E-mail) : E-mail is the short form for Electronic Mail, which is based on the use of computers for the transmission of messages rather than through the postal system.

6. Faci-mail: It is a device used for transmission of a written document, photographs, map (or) any other graphic material electronically. It is one of the variants of E-Mail.

7. Tele-Text; It is an electronic magazine that can be broadcasted on television at your home. It is a form of the newspaper in which we can read different types of the news. This facility is vailable on the high standard television sets in which the instruments are fitted to get the acknowledgements from the magazine.

8. Video-Text: It is a two-sided pictorial system that is connected on one side to the sender of the information and on the other side to the receiver via computer. Microcomputers are onnected to the telephone system which transmit the information. Through this medium also, the information can be relayed anywhere in the world.

9. Tele-Conferencing/video conferencing : The new integrated digital communication system is being used. This technique will add new dimensions of control, timing and flexibility to communication.


Instead of travelling miles for a meeting, conference rooms will be wired and cameras will be used to carry images and visuals.

10. Telephone and Mobile: Telephone and Mobile Telephone is also one of strong way of communication. In India the teledensity- the number of telephone mainlines per 1000 peoples has significantly improved between 1997 and 2002.

11. Digital Library in Extension Training: A digital Library was designed and developed to provide extension service for Greek beekeepers. It was designed on the basis of a thorough analysis of information needs of beekeepers and system requirement.

12. Satellite Application: Satellite is an artificial flying machine and is used for disaster management and warning. Using the satellites service, NIC’s satellite based computer communication network was started in the year 1988.

13. Cyber Extension include :effective use of Information and Communication technology, national and international information Networks, Internet, Expert Systems, Multimedia Learning Systems and Computer based training systems to improve information access to the Farmers, Extension Workers, Research Scientists and Extension Managers. In the applied context, cyber extension may be defined as dissemination of information over the cyberspace for the wellbeing of extension’s clients - the farmers, directly or through the established intermediary of extensionists.

14. Electronic News Paper :computer, microcomputers, cable TV, Teleconferencing, teletext and desktop publishing are all examples of advances in communication technology.

15. Multi-media: It refers to a video system which is a combination of computer and video. It uses multimedia approach i.e. text, stills, video, audio, slides, overheads, etc. The messages stored in various forms are retrieved by user according to choice. The user’s response to the system determine the path to be followed.

References

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Berlo, E. T. (1998). Farmers Assessment of Information and its Sources. School of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne.


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