chapter 12-3 crisis in the church issues: issues: prayer did not deliver us from the plague prayer...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12-3Chapter 12-3Crisis in the ChurchCrisis in the Church
Issues:Issues: Prayer did not deliver us from the Prayer did not deliver us from the
plagueplague Many priests fled during the plagueMany priests fled during the plague Corruption in the Church:Corruption in the Church:
SimonySimony PluralismPluralism Selling of indulgencesSelling of indulgences Lack of chastity for priests, illiteracy, Lack of chastity for priests, illiteracy,
drunkenness, etc.drunkenness, etc.
Early efforts to Reform Early efforts to Reform FailedFailed
Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans…Cistercians, Franciscans, Dominicans… Power and wealth of Church resented by allPower and wealth of Church resented by all
Led to the Babylonian CaptivityLed to the Babylonian Captivity Referred to the time when the Hebrews Referred to the time when the Hebrews
were held for 70 years in Mesopotamian were held for 70 years in Mesopotamian BabyloniaBabylonia
1309-1376 Seven successive popes ruled 1309-1376 Seven successive popes ruled from Avignon, Francefrom Avignon, France
Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity
Philip the Fair (France) tried to tax Church Philip the Fair (France) tried to tax Church officials in Franceofficials in France
Pope Boniface issued a Papal Bull against Pope Boniface issued a Papal Bull against itit
1303 Philip had Boniface captured but 1303 Philip had Boniface captured but Boniface was rescuedBoniface was rescued
1309 next Pope, Clement V was pressured 1309 next Pope, Clement V was pressured to settle in SE France…was too ill to resist to settle in SE France…was too ill to resist
The next 6 as wellThe next 6 as well
The Babylonian CaptivityThe Babylonian Captivity
Popes lived in the lap of luxury BUT Popes lived in the lap of luxury BUT were prisonerswere prisoners
Concerned themselves with Church Concerned themselves with Church finances not the flockfinances not the flock
Philip had effectively gained control Philip had effectively gained control over the Churchover the Church
Italian economy destroyed…lack of Italian economy destroyed…lack of trade, visitors, authoritytrade, visitors, authority
How it endedHow it ended
1377 Pope Gregory went back to 1377 Pope Gregory went back to Rome but died soon afterRome but died soon after
Italian mobs cut off roads and ports to Italian mobs cut off roads and ports to foreignersforeigners
Demanded that cardinals choose a Demanded that cardinals choose a Roman PopeRoman Pope
They did: Pope Urban VIThey did: Pope Urban VI He was reform-minded BUT tactless, He was reform-minded BUT tactless,
arrogant, etc.arrogant, etc.
To the Great SchismTo the Great Schism
Urban alienated his CardinalsUrban alienated his Cardinals Many slipped out of Rome went to Many slipped out of Rome went to
AnagniAnagni Declared Urban’s election invalidDeclared Urban’s election invalid Elected new Pope: Clement VII (cousin Elected new Pope: Clement VII (cousin
of French king Charles V of France)of French king Charles V of France) Clement was known as the Antipope Clement was known as the Antipope
and ruled from Avignonand ruled from Avignon Now 2 Popes =Schism lasted to 1417Now 2 Popes =Schism lasted to 1417
Effects of the SchismEffects of the Schism
Common people confused and lost trustCommon people confused and lost trust European powers sided with Popes European powers sided with Popes
based on politicsbased on politics Spoloto (Spanish law professor): The Spoloto (Spanish law professor): The
longer the Schism lasts, the worse for longer the Schism lasts, the worse for the Church.the Church.
The Conciliar Movement: claimed the The Conciliar Movement: claimed the rift could be mendedrift could be mended
The Conciliar MovementThe Conciliar Movement
Pope to remain as head of the Church BUTPope to remain as head of the Church BUT To derive power from the whole Christian To derive power from the whole Christian
communitycommunity Wanted assemblies, frequent meetingsWanted assemblies, frequent meetings Wanted Constitutional form of the ChurchWanted Constitutional form of the Church
Neither Pope willing to share power with an Neither Pope willing to share power with an assembly or limit power with a Constitutionassembly or limit power with a Constitution
Challenges to the Church Challenges to the Church BEFORE the SchismBEFORE the Schism
1324 1324 Marsiglio of Padua Marsiglio of Padua wrote wrote Defensor Pacis:Defensor Pacis: Challenged Church authorityChallenged Church authority Church should not own propertyChurch should not own property Church was subordinate to the StateChurch was subordinate to the State Scripture did NOT give the Pope or the Scripture did NOT give the Pope or the
Church secular authorityChurch secular authority Padua was later excommunicatedPadua was later excommunicated
Other ChallengesOther Challenges John Wyclif John Wyclif (1330-1384) English Scholar(1330-1384) English Scholar Said Scriptures, not Pope, should be the Said Scriptures, not Pope, should be the
standard of beliefstandard of belief Scriptures did not mention temporal Scriptures did not mention temporal
power for Popepower for Pope Said people should read and interpret Said people should read and interpret
the Bible for themselvesthe Bible for themselves Denounced veneration of Saints, Denounced veneration of Saints,
pilgrimages, absenteeism, pluralism, pilgrimages, absenteeism, pluralism, other corruptionother corruption
John WyclifJohn Wyclif
Said: Every Christian free of mortal sin Said: Every Christian free of mortal sin possessed lordshippossessed lordship
Was the cause of the Peasant Revolt Was the cause of the Peasant Revolt (1381)(1381)
Was hugeWas huge Also led by John BallAlso led by John Ball One cause of the end of serfdom in One cause of the end of serfdom in
England by 1550England by 1550
WyclifWyclif
Many believed Wyclif to be precursor to Many believed Wyclif to be precursor to ReformationReformation
Was condemned by Church authoritiesWas condemned by Church authorities But had a big following: the But had a big following: the LollardsLollards Means mumblers of prayers and psalmsMeans mumblers of prayers and psalms Belief that women should be able to Belief that women should be able to
preach and consecrate the Eucharist…preach and consecrate the Eucharist…so many women Lollardsso many women Lollards
The The Schism continuedSchism continued
Two Popes, two colleges of CardinalsTwo Popes, two colleges of Cardinals 1409 All met at Pisa to end the Schism1409 All met at Pisa to end the Schism Elected a third PopeElected a third Pope BUT others would not step downBUT others would not step down Now…3 POPES!Now…3 POPES!
HRE Sigismund to solve the problem HRE Sigismund to solve the problem with…with…
1414 The Council of 1414 The Council of ConstanceConstance
3 Goals:3 Goals: Solve the Schism (it did)Solve the Schism (it did) Reform the Church (it did not)Reform the Church (it did not) Wipe out Heresy (it did not)Wipe out Heresy (it did not)
Included 3 Popes, HRE, 29 Cardinals, Included 3 Popes, HRE, 29 Cardinals, 33 Archbishops, 100 Abbots, 4,000 33 Archbishops, 100 Abbots, 4,000 priests, 300 Doctors of Theology and priests, 300 Doctors of Theology and 1500 prostitutes1500 prostitutes
Jan HusJan Hus
Had been invited to the Council of Had been invited to the Council of Constance by HRE SigismundConstance by HRE Sigismund
Had been promised safe passageHad been promised safe passage BUT was arrested and burned to BUT was arrested and burned to
deathdeath Big repercussions in BohemiaBig repercussions in Bohemia Who was he?Who was he?
Jan Hus (1369-1415) Jan Hus (1369-1415) continuedcontinued
A Bohemian priest educated at A Bohemian priest educated at Charles University in PragueCharles University in Prague
Preached in the vernacular (Czech)Preached in the vernacular (Czech) Alienated Germans thereAlienated Germans there Argued for academic freedom of Argued for academic freedom of
exchange of ideasexchange of ideas Preached against selling of Preached against selling of
indulgences, superstition, etc.indulgences, superstition, etc.
Jan Hus Jan Hus continuedcontinued
Was humble and lived austerelyWas humble and lived austerely Was introduced to Wyclif’s ideas but not Was introduced to Wyclif’s ideas but not
a followera follower Became President o Charles UniversityBecame President o Charles University Prague had largest % of pop in an urban Prague had largest % of pop in an urban
centercenter Said Church was over-endowedSaid Church was over-endowed People agreedPeople agreed Went into exile and wroteWent into exile and wrote On the On the
ChurchChurch
On the ChurchOn the Church
Challenged Papal authorityChallenged Papal authority Deplored Church abusesDeplored Church abuses Defended Ultraquism (the practice of Defended Ultraquism (the practice of
the reception of the Eucharist in the reception of the Eucharist in BOTH species: bread and wine)BOTH species: bread and wine)
Defended Transubstantiation: Bread Defended Transubstantiation: Bread and wine BECOME the body and and wine BECOME the body and blood of Christ when blessed...not just blood of Christ when blessed...not just a symbola symbol
On the Church On the Church continuedcontinued
Said Church derived its authority Said Church derived its authority from Scripture, conscience, traditionfrom Scripture, conscience, tradition
Later reformers (like Luther) said Later reformers (like Luther) said authority was derived only from authority was derived only from ScriptureScripture
Hus only wanted reformHus only wanted reform He did not want to leave the Church He did not want to leave the Church
or form a movement within the or form a movement within the ChurchChurch
The end of HusThe end of Hus
Was invited as a reformer to Council of Was invited as a reformer to Council of Constance and guaranteed safe passageConstance and guaranteed safe passage
Was arrested and found guilty of heresyWas arrested and found guilty of heresy His books were banned, was stripped of His books were banned, was stripped of
his priesthood and burned at the stakehis priesthood and burned at the stake Huge protests in BohemiaHuge protests in Bohemia Letter was sent representing all classes Letter was sent representing all classes
rejecting the Council’s ruling= first rejecting the Council’s ruling= first time ecclesiastical decision was time ecclesiastical decision was publically defiedpublically defied
The end of Hus The end of Hus I promiseI promise
Czech people, clerics, nobles insisted on Czech people, clerics, nobles insisted on clerical poverty and communion under both clerical poverty and communion under both speciesspecies
1990 Czech Parliament declared day of 1990 Czech Parliament declared day of Hus’ execution a national holiday (7-6-Hus’ execution a national holiday (7-6-1415)1415)
At Constance new pope = Martin VAt Constance new pope = Martin V Others stepped downOthers stepped down