chapter 12 basics of chemistry
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Chapter 12 Basics of Chemistry. “We only become what we are by the radical and deep-seated refusal of that which others have made of us.” – Jean-Paul Sartre. Objectives. Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry. Describe oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 12
Basics of Chemistry
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“We only become what we are by the radical and deep-seated refusal of that which others
have made of us.”
– Jean-Paul Sartre
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Objectives
• Explain the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry.
• Describe oxidation and reduction (redox) reactions.
• Discuss the different forms of matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures.
• Explain the difference between solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
• Explain pH and the pH scale.
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Chemistry
• The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
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Organic Chemistry
• The study of substances that contain carbon, which allows them to burn
• All living or formerly alive things contain carbon.
• Organic does not always mean natural or safe.
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Inorganic Chemistry
• The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon but may contain the element hydrogen.
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Matter
• Anything that occupies space; has physical and chemical properties; and exists as either a solid, liquid, or gas
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Elements
• Simplest form of matter
• Cannot be reduced without loss of identity
• At least 90 naturally occurring
• Identified by a letter symbol
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COHNS
• C: Carbon
• O: Oxygen
• H: Hydrogen
• N: Nitrogen
• S: Sulfur
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Atoms and Molecules
• Atom: particles from which all matter is composed
• Molecules: result of joined atoms– Elemental molecule
– Compound molecule
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States of Matter
• Solid: has shape, volume, weight (ice)
• Liquid: has volume and weight, no shape (water)
• Gas: has no volume or shape (steam)
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States of Matter (continued)
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Physical and Chemical Properties
• Physical: determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density)
• Chemical: determined with a chemical reaction (change identity — rusting iron, burning wood)
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Physical Change
• The form is changed without becoming a new substance.
• Example: Solid ice melts and becomes water.
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Chemical Change
• A change in the chemical composition or makeup of a substance.
• Example: Burning wood turns into ashes.
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Oxidation
• A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.
• Example: Wood turns into charcoal after it has burned.
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Oxidation-Reduction
• Also known as redox. A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).
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Oxidizing Agent
• A substance that releases oxygen
• Hydrogen peroxide (an oxidizing agent) can be thought of as water with an extra atom of oxygen.
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Reducing Agent
• A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound
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Reduction
• The process by which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction
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Exothermic Reaction
• A chemical reaction when heat is released
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Combustion
• Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light
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Pure Substances and Physical Mixtures
• Pure substances (distinct properties)
• Physical mixtures (elements combined physically)
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Pure Substances
• A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions
• Examples: atoms, elements, elemental molecules, and compound molecules
• Distilled water results from the combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen in fixed proportions
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Physical Mixtures
• A physical combination of matter in any proportions
• Examples: Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, and cement. Air is a mixture of gases (nitrogen and oxygen).
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Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions
• Solution: a blend of two or more liquids or a solid dissolved in a liquid
• Solute: the dissolved substance in a solution
• Solvent: the substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution with no change in chemical composition
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• Miscible liquids: mutually soluble
• Immiscible liquids: not capable of being mixed
• Suspension: solid particles distributed in a liquid medium, tending to separate over time
Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions (continued)
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• Emulsion: mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with a binder
• Emulsifier: ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend
Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions (continued)
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Surfactants
• Head: water loving• Tail: oil loving• Surfactant molecule: joins water and oil• Oil in water emulsion (O/W)• Water in oil emulsion (W/O)
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Differences Among Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions
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Other Physical Mixtures
• Ointments: semisolids made with any combination of petrolatum, oil, and wax
• Powders: physical mixture of two solids
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Common Product Ingredients
• Volatile alcohols• Fatty alcohols• Alkanolamines• Ammonia• Glycerine• Silicones• Volatile organic compounds
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Potential Hydrogen (pH)
• The small p represents a quantity.
• The capital H represents the hydrogen ion.
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Potential Hydrogen and Ions
• Ion: atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
• Ionization: temporary separation of a substance into ions
• Anion: ion with a negative electrical charge
• Cation: ion with a positive electrical charge
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Water and pH
• Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic.
• Hydroxide ion (OH-) is alkaline.
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The pH Scale
• Logarithm: multiples of ten
• pH: Potential Hydrogen
–Scale: 0 – 14
–pH of 7 is neutral
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Alpha Hydroxy Acids
• pH below 7
• Turn litmus paper from blue to red
• Derived from plants (mostly fruit)
• Used to exfoliate skin and help adjust the pH of a lotion or cream
• Contract and harden hair (thioglycolic acid used in permanent waving solutions)
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Acids
• pH below 7
• Turn litmus paper from blue to red
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Alkalis
• pH above 7
• Known as base
• Turn litmus paper from red to blue
• Feel slippery and soapy on skin
• Soften and swell hair
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Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions
• Ionized water
• Neutralizing shampoos and normalizing lotions
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Summary and Review
• What is chemistry?
• Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important to a cosmetologist?
• What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?
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• What is matter?
• What is an element?
• What are atoms?
• Explain the difference between elemental molecules and compound molecules. Give examples.
Summary and Review (continued)
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• Name and describe the three states of matter.
• What are the physical and chemical properties of matter? Give examples.
• What is the difference between physical and chemical change? Give examples.
Summary and Review (continued)
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• Explain oxidation-reduction (redox).
• Explain pure substances and physical mixtures. Give examples.
• What is the difference between solutions, suspensions, and emulsions? Give examples.
• Define pH and the pH scale.
Summary and Review (continued)
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Congratulations!
You have completed one unit of study toward course completion.