CHAPTER 12CHAPTER 12

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONBEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INCREASED INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: INCREASED OUTPUT IN MACHINE MADE GOODS; MID OUTPUT IN MACHINE MADE GOODS; MID 1700’S; BEGAN IN ENGLAND.1700’S; BEGAN IN ENGLAND.

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: PERIOD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: PERIOD WHERE FARMING METHODS WERE WHERE FARMING METHODS WERE DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED.DRAMATICALLY IMPROVED.– ENCLOSURE: LAND ENCLOSED W/ FENCES.ENCLOSURE: LAND ENCLOSED W/ FENCES.– 2 RESULTS OF ENCLOSURE:2 RESULTS OF ENCLOSURE:– 1. EXPERIMENT W/ NEW FARMING 1. EXPERIMENT W/ NEW FARMING

METHODS.METHODS.– 2. LARGE FARMS FORCED OUT TENANT 2. LARGE FARMS FORCED OUT TENANT

FARMING.FARMING.

BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONBEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATIONJETHRO TULL INVENTS THE SEED DRILL TO JETHRO TULL INVENTS THE SEED DRILL TO PREVENT WASTE OF SEED.PREVENT WASTE OF SEED.CROP ROTATION: PLANTING FIELDS W/ CROP ROTATION: PLANTING FIELDS W/ DIFFERENT CROPS EACH YEAR TO DIFFERENT CROPS EACH YEAR TO REPLENISH THE SOIL.REPLENISH THE SOIL.NATURAL SELECTION: FARMERS BEGAN TO NATURAL SELECTION: FARMERS BEGAN TO BREED ANIMALS SO THAT THEY WOULD BREED ANIMALS SO THAT THEY WOULD PRODUCE LARGE, HEALTHY OFFSPRING.PRODUCE LARGE, HEALTHY OFFSPRING.BRITAIN BEGINS THE REVOLUTION:BRITAIN BEGINS THE REVOLUTION:– BRITAIN HAD A LARGE POP. AND BRITAIN HAD A LARGE POP. AND

ABUNDANT RESOURCES.ABUNDANT RESOURCES.– INDUSTRIALIZATION: PROCESS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: PROCESS OF

DEVELOPING MACHINE PRODUCED DEVELOPING MACHINE PRODUCED GOODS.GOODS.

BRITAIN BEGINS THE REVOLUTION:BRITAIN BEGINS THE REVOLUTION:– 4 NATURAL RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR 4 NATURAL RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR

INDUSTRY:INDUSTRY:– 1) HYDRO-ELECTRCITY OR COAL1) HYDRO-ELECTRCITY OR COAL– 2) IRON ORE2) IRON ORE– 3) RIVERS3) RIVERS– 4) HARBORS4) HARBORS– BRITAIN ALSO HAD THE THREE FACTORS BRITAIN ALSO HAD THE THREE FACTORS

OF PRODUCTION:OF PRODUCTION:– 1) LAND 2) LABOR 3) CAPITAL (WEALTH)1) LAND 2) LABOR 3) CAPITAL (WEALTH)

INVENTORS SPUR TECHNOLOGY:INVENTORS SPUR TECHNOLOGY:– FACTORIES: BUILDINGS WHERE FACTORIES: BUILDINGS WHERE

MACHINERY IS USED TO PRODUCE GOODS.MACHINERY IS USED TO PRODUCE GOODS.

JOHN KAYJOHN KAY

FLYING SHUTTLE: FLYING SHUTTLE: PRODUCED TWICE PRODUCED TWICE THE WORK OF A THE WORK OF A STANDARD STANDARD SPINNING WHEEL.SPINNING WHEEL.

JAMES HARGREAVESJAMES HARGREAVES

SPINNING JENNY: SPINNING JENNY: PRODUCED 8 TIMES PRODUCED 8 TIMES THE WORK OF A THE WORK OF A SPINNING WHEEELSPINNING WHEEEL

RICHARD ARKWRIGHTRICHARD ARKWRIGHT

WATER FRAME: WATER FRAME: USED WATER USED WATER POWER IN MODERN POWER IN MODERN MACHINES.MACHINES.

SAMUEL CROMPTONSAMUEL CROMPTON

SPINNING MULE: SPINNING MULE: COMBINED THE COMBINED THE WATER FRAME AND WATER FRAME AND THE SPINNING THE SPINNING JENNY.JENNY.

ELI WHITNEYELI WHITNEY

COTTON GIN: COTTON GIN: SEPARATED THE SEPARATED THE COTTON SEEDS COTTON SEEDS FROM THE BULK OF FROM THE BULK OF THE COTTON; THE COTTON; INCREASED INCREASED COTTON COTTON PRODUCTION PRODUCTION FROM 1.5 MIL. LBS. FROM 1.5 MIL. LBS. TO 8.5 MIL. LBS.TO 8.5 MIL. LBS.

IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION:IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION:WATT AND BOULTON TEAM TOGETHER TO WATT AND BOULTON TEAM TOGETHER TO MAKE THE STEAM ENGINE MORE MAKE THE STEAM ENGINE MORE EFFICIENT.EFFICIENT.

ENTREPRENEUR: PERSON WHO ENTREPRENEUR: PERSON WHO ORGANIZES, MANAGES, AND TAKES THE ORGANIZES, MANAGES, AND TAKES THE RISKS OF A BUSINESS.RISKS OF A BUSINESS.

FULTON BUILDS THE FIRST STEAMBOAT, FULTON BUILDS THE FIRST STEAMBOAT, THE CLERMONT, FROM A WATT AND THE CLERMONT, FROM A WATT AND BOULTON STEAM ENGINE,BOULTON STEAM ENGINE,

McADAM BUILDS THE 1McADAM BUILDS THE 1STST ROADS THAT ROADS THAT COULD HOLD WATER AND STILL BE COULD HOLD WATER AND STILL BE TRAVELED ON.TRAVELED ON.

CLERMONTCLERMONT

IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION:IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION:PEOPLE ALSO STARTED USING STEAM PEOPLE ALSO STARTED USING STEAM DRIVEN RAILCARS FOR TRANSPORTING DRIVEN RAILCARS FOR TRANSPORTING GOODS.GOODS.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY WERE OPENED AND WERE AN IMMEDIATE WERE OPENED AND WERE AN IMMEDIATE SUCCESS.SUCCESS.

3 WAYS RAILROADS REVOLUTIONIZED 3 WAYS RAILROADS REVOLUTIONIZED BRITAIN:BRITAIN:– 1) SPURRED INDUSTRIAL GROWTH1) SPURRED INDUSTRIAL GROWTH– 2) CREATED HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 2) CREATED HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS

OF JOBSOF JOBS– 3) INCREASED AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY3) INCREASED AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRY CHANGE LIFESTYLES:INDUSTRY CHANGE LIFESTYLES:– GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES:GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL CITIES:– URBANIZATION: SHIFT OF POP. FROM URBANIZATION: SHIFT OF POP. FROM

RURAL TO URBAN.RURAL TO URBAN.– LIVING CONDITIONS:LIVING CONDITIONS:

NO CITY PLANS; NO SANITARY CODES; NO NO CITY PLANS; NO SANITARY CODES; NO EDUCATION SYSTEM; NO POLICE.EDUCATION SYSTEM; NO POLICE.

– WORKING CONDITIONS:WORKING CONDITIONS:14 HR. DAYS; 6 DAYS PER WK.14 HR. DAYS; 6 DAYS PER WK.

– MIDDLE CLASS: SOCIAL CLASS THAT MIDDLE CLASS: SOCIAL CLASS THAT DEV. DURING THE IND. REV. THAT WAS DEV. DURING THE IND. REV. THAT WAS MADE UP OF SKILL WORKERS, MADE UP OF SKILL WORKERS, PROFESSIONALS, BUSINESS PEOPLE, PROFESSIONALS, BUSINESS PEOPLE, FARMERS.FARMERS.

INDUSTRIALIZATIONINDUSTRIALIZATION

POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION:REVOLUTION:– 1) CREATED JOBS AND NEW WEALTH1) CREATED JOBS AND NEW WEALTH– 2) INCREASED PRODUCTION OF GOODS 2) INCREASED PRODUCTION OF GOODS

AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING.AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING.

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS:INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS:INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE US:INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE US:– BRITAIN’S BLOCKADE IN THE WAR OF BRITAIN’S BLOCKADE IN THE WAR OF

1812 FORCED THE US TO FORM THEIR 1812 FORCED THE US TO FORM THEIR OWN INDUSTRY.OWN INDUSTRY.

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US:INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE US:– SAMUEL SLATER: EMIGRATED TO THE US SAMUEL SLATER: EMIGRATED TO THE US

AND BUILT A SPINNING MACHINE FROM AND BUILT A SPINNING MACHINE FROM MEMORY.MEMORY.

– MOSES BROWN: OPENED 1MOSES BROWN: OPENED 1STST US US FACTORY.FACTORY.

– FRANCIS LOWELL: 1FRANCIS LOWELL: 1STST PERSON IN THE US PERSON IN THE US TO MECHANIZE EVERY STAGE IN THE TO MECHANIZE EVERY STAGE IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY.TEXTILE INDUSTRY.

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS:INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS:LATER EXPANSION OF US INDUSTRY:LATER EXPANSION OF US INDUSTRY:– CORPORATION: BUSINESS OWNED BY CORPORATION: BUSINESS OWNED BY

STOCKHOLDERS WHO SHARE ITS STOCKHOLDERS WHO SHARE ITS PROFITS BUT AREN’T PERSONALLY PROFITS BUT AREN’T PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DEBTS.RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS DEBTS.

– LARGE CORPORATIONS FORMED IN THE LARGE CORPORATIONS FORMED IN THE LATE 1800’SLATE 1800’S

– 1) STANDARD OIL: JOHN D. 1) STANDARD OIL: JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERROCKEFELLER

– 2) CARNEGIE STEEL: ANDREW CARNEGIE2) CARNEGIE STEEL: ANDREW CARNEGIE

MONOPOLY: WHEN A CERTAIN PERSON OR MONOPOLY: WHEN A CERTAIN PERSON OR COMPANY OWNS ALL ASPECTS OF A TYPE COMPANY OWNS ALL ASPECTS OF A TYPE OF BUSINESS.OF BUSINESS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERANDREW CARNEGIE JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER

AN AGE OF REFORM:AN AGE OF REFORM:W/ INDUSTRIALISM BROUGHT A GAP B/N W/ INDUSTRIALISM BROUGHT A GAP B/N THE RICH AND THE POOR.THE RICH AND THE POOR.

THIS GAVE THE GOV’T A MAJOR PROBLEM: THIS GAVE THE GOV’T A MAJOR PROBLEM: HELP THE POOR OR HARBOR THE RICH.HELP THE POOR OR HARBOR THE RICH.

LAISSEZ FAIRE: LET DO; LET BUSINESS LAISSEZ FAIRE: LET DO; LET BUSINESS OWNERS SET WORKING CONDITIONS OWNERS SET WORKING CONDITIONS W/OUT INTERFERENCE FROM THE W/OUT INTERFERENCE FROM THE GOVERNMENT.GOVERNMENT.

LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS:LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS:– ADAM SMITH: THE WEALTH OF NATIONS; ADAM SMITH: THE WEALTH OF NATIONS;

ECONOMIC LIBERTIES GUARANTEED ECONOMIC LIBERTIES GUARANTEED ECONOMIC PROGRESS.ECONOMIC PROGRESS.

LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS:LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS:

CAPITALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM WHERE CAPITALISM: ECONOMIC SYSTEM WHERE MONEY IS INVESTED IN A VENTURE W/ MONEY IS INVESTED IN A VENTURE W/ GOAL OF MAKING A PROFIT.GOAL OF MAKING A PROFIT.

THOMAS MALTHUS: AN ESSAY ON THE THOMAS MALTHUS: AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION; POP. SHOULD PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION; POP. SHOULD NOT INCREASE FASTER THAN WARS.NOT INCREASE FASTER THAN WARS.

DAVID RICARDO: PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL DAVID RICARDO: PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY AND TAXATION; PERMANENT ECONOMY AND TAXATION; PERMANENT UNDERCLASS WOULD ALWAYS BE POOR.UNDERCLASS WOULD ALWAYS BE POOR.

THE RISE OF SOCIALISM:THE RISE OF SOCIALISM:UTILITARIANISM: INTRO. BY JEREMY UTILITARIANISM: INTRO. BY JEREMY BENTHAM; PEOPLE SHOULD JUDGE IDEAS BENTHAM; PEOPLE SHOULD JUDGE IDEAS AND INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF AND INSTITUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF USEFULLNESS.USEFULLNESS.

SOCIALISM: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION SOCIALISM: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ARE OWNED BY THE PUBLIC AND SHOULD ARE OWNED BY THE PUBLIC AND SHOULD OPERATE FOR THE WELL BEING OF ALL.OPERATE FOR THE WELL BEING OF ALL.

KARL MARX: GERMAN JOURNALIST THAT KARL MARX: GERMAN JOURNALIST THAT INTRO. MARXISM IN A PAMPHLET CALLED INTRO. MARXISM IN A PAMPHLET CALLED THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; ARGUED THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; ARGUED THAT HUMANS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN THAT HUMANS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN DIVIDED INTO WARRING CLASSES.DIVIDED INTO WARRING CLASSES.

COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

COMMUNISM: THE FINAL STAGE OF THE COMMUNISM: THE FINAL STAGE OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; FORM OF COMMUNIST MANIFESTO; FORM OF COMPLETE SOCIALISM WHERE ALL FORMS COMPLETE SOCIALISM WHERE ALL FORMS OF PRODUCTION ( LAND, MINES, OF PRODUCTION ( LAND, MINES, FACTORIES, RAILROADS, AND FACTORIES, RAILROADS, AND BUSINESSES ) WOULD BE OWNED BY THE BUSINESSES ) WOULD BE OWNED BY THE PEOPLE.PEOPLE.

LEADERS INSPIRED BY MARX:LEADERS INSPIRED BY MARX:– 1. RUSSIA’S LENIN1. RUSSIA’S LENIN– 2. CHINA’S MAO ZEDONG2. CHINA’S MAO ZEDONG– 3. VIETNAM’S HO CHI MINH3. VIETNAM’S HO CHI MINH– 4. CUBA’S FIDEL CASTRO4. CUBA’S FIDEL CASTRO

UNIONIZATION AND UNIONIZATION AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM:LEGISLATIVE REFORM:

UNION: VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION WHERE UNION: VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATION WHERE WORKERS JOINED TOGETHER TO PRESS WORKERS JOINED TOGETHER TO PRESS FOR REFORMS.FOR REFORMS.

THE UNION MOVEMENT:THE UNION MOVEMENT:– COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:

NEGOTIATIONS B/N WORKERS AND NEGOTIATIONS B/N WORKERS AND EMPLOYERS.EMPLOYERS.

– STRIKE: WHEN WORKERS DON’T GET STRIKE: WHEN WORKERS DON’T GET DEMANDS AND REFUSE TO WORK.DEMANDS AND REFUSE TO WORK.

– COMBINATION ACTS: GB OUTLAWED COMBINATION ACTS: GB OUTLAWED UNIONS; REPEALED IN 1824.UNIONS; REPEALED IN 1824.

UNIONIZATION AND LEGISLATIVE UNIONIZATION AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM:REFORM:

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR:AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR: SEVERAL UNIONS FORMED TOGETHER IN SEVERAL UNIONS FORMED TOGETHER IN THE US TO POOL THEIR POWER.THE US TO POOL THEIR POWER.

FACTORY ACT OF 1833:FACTORY ACT OF 1833: MADE IT ILLEGAL MADE IT ILLEGAL TO HIRE CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 9; TO HIRE CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 9; CHILDREN 9-12 COULD WORK 8 HRS PER CHILDREN 9-12 COULD WORK 8 HRS PER DAY; CHILDREN 13-17 COULD WORK 12 HRS DAY; CHILDREN 13-17 COULD WORK 12 HRS PER DAY.PER DAY.

1842 MINES ACT:1842 MINES ACT: WOMEN AND CHILDREN WOMEN AND CHILDREN COULD NO LONGER WORK COULD NO LONGER WORK UNDERGROUND.UNDERGROUND.TEN HOURS ACT OF 1847:TEN HOURS ACT OF 1847: LIMITED THE WORK DAY LIMITED THE WORK DAY TO TEN HOURS FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN.TO TEN HOURS FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN.