chapter 12 sound and video recording. motion picture film recording today, most television programs...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 12Sound and Video Recording
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Motion Picture Film Recording
• Today, most television programs are shot, edited, and saved to tape/film/disk before being transmitted and delivered to a mass audience.
• In the early days of broadcasting, however, programs were produced and transmitted simultaneously – a “live” production.
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Early TV
• Like many programs in this era, the popular children’s program Howdy Doody was produced and transmitted “Live,” in real time.
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Kinescope
Prior to 1956, the kinescope was the only system available for recording a “live” TV production.
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Magnetic Recording
With an open-reel recorder an analog audio signal is recorded to the surface of ¼” wide magnetic tape.
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Helical Scanning
Helical scanning records picture data diagonally across the width of the tape.
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VideotapeThe recording surface of a videotape is divided into linear regions called tracks. Most tape-based systems support four tracks – one for video, two for audio, and one for synchronization data.
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Professional Videotape
Analog Tape Formats
• Sony U-Matic ¾” and U-Matic SP
• Sony Betacam and Betacam SP
• Panasonic M and MII
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Recording Formats
Recording formats have become progressively smaller over time
•U-matic tape (top)
•MiniDV (middle)
•SD Memory Card (bottom)
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Field RecordingPrior to 1971, all field recording was done with film cameras. This meant a time delay for film processing.
Portable videotape recording led the way for electronic newsgathering (ENG).
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Remember VHS?
• VHS, Betacam and Hi-8 are analog tape formats
• MiniDV is a digital tape format
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Composite vs. Component Video
Three components of video: brightness, hue, and saturation.
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Tape isn’t interchangeable
• Tape formats are not generally interchangeable.
• A videotape can can only be used in a compatible VTR.
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Digital Tape Formats
Eliminated generational loss during editing or duplication
•D1 and D2
•Panasonic: D3 and D5
•Sony: Digital Betacam and Betacam SX
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Large and Small Format Camcorders
• Large format – easier to use for shoulder-mounted camera work, designed for professional use
• Small format – less expensive, fewer professional controls, prosumer level quality
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High-Definition Tape Formats
• Sony: HDCAM and MPEG IMX
• Panasonic: D5HD
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HDTV
HD signals require more bandwidth for recording
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DV Formats
• MiniDV
• Panasonic DVCPRO and DVCPRO HD
• Sony DVCAM
• HDV
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DV – the Blue Book Standard
DV was a recipe book that manufacturers could use for designing a variety of recording formats for different market segments.
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Video Compression
Video compression has two goals:
1) Reduce file size of an image by eliminating or rewriting as much of the redundant information as possible
2) Preserve the visible quality of an image
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Video Compression (continued)
Two most commonly used methods of compression used today:
1) Intraframe (or I-frame) compression• Eliminates spatial redundancies within a
video frame
2) Interframe compression• Exploits both spatial and temporal
redundancies• All frames in the video are intracoded to
eliminate spatial redundancies
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Spatial redundancy (single frame)
Spatial redundancy occurs within a single video frame
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Temporal redundancy (multiple frames across time)
Temporal redundancy occurs in time over a sequence of motion picture frames
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Apple Compressor 4
You can use video compression tools to encode your video in any number of common distribution formats. Apple Compressor 4 (pictured) is a powerful encoder, but it only runs on a Mac.
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MPEG Streamclip (cross-platform)
MPEG Streamclip is a free cross-platform video encoder and can be used to transcode digital video files.
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Multiple Platforms• Your distribution preferences affect how you
encode your video
• You may want to produce a DVD or Blu-Ray disc, upload to YouTube or Vimeo, or save your video to an iPad or Android tablet
• Your video must be encoded in a format that’s appropriate for a given distribution channel
• Editors often find themselves creating multiple versions of a single project for different channels or end-users
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Consumer Formats
• It was once not possible to record a TV show off the air
• VHS was the most popular consumer tape format for off-air recording and distribution of feature films
• Home recording made possible time-shifting
• Optical disc (DVD & BluRay) was designed to replace VHS
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File-Base Recording
Open standards – publically released but has specific conditions and applications for its use
• Typically drafted & approved by technical experts and stakeholders – working groups
• NGO / ISO / IEC
Proprietary standards – crafted by a single manufacturer, a small group of companies, or a large consortium of manufacturers with a shared stake in the deployment of a common format
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A plethora of video formats to choose from…
…don’t worry. You won’t use them all.
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Solid-state Recording Formats
Three solid-state, nonlinear, random access formats:
• Sony Professional Disc
• Sony SxS
• Panasonic P2
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Propriety Card Formats
• Designed for professional users
• More robust and reliable than off-the-shelf SD cards
• More expensive and often out of the range for low-budget producers
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SxS
Sony introduced a series of professional cameras that record video to an SxS memory card.
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AVCHD
• An open standard for recording HD video that’s compatible with inexpensive flash memory card formats like SD, SDHC, and Compact Flash
• Supported by many professional editing programs
• Flash memory cards have increased in size and dropped in price
• Supported by a wide range of consumer electronic equipment
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AVCHD File Directory Structure
It’s crucial to keep the file structure intact – any discrepancy might mean your editing software won’t recognize the video files