chapter 12.renaissance.11

8/13/2019 Chapter 12.Renaissance.11

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The Italian Renaissance

As the Renaissance began, threeItalian city-states were the centers ofItalian political, economic, and sociallife.


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Rebirth Rediscovery of the literature and

philosophy of classical Greece and Rome

Marks the beginning of Modern History Focus shifts from the study of God to

the study of humanity


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The ItalianRenaissance lasted from 1350 to1550. It was a time period in which

Europeans believed they had witnessed arebirth of the ancient Greek and Romanworlds.

Characteristics of the Renaissance:


The Renaissance was mainly led by an

urban society, and Italian city-statescame to dominate political, social, andeconomic life.


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The Renaissance witnessed the rise ofa secular(worldly) viewpoint of wealthand material items.


The Renaissance occurred during a

time of recovery from the disasters ofthe fourteenth century: the plague,political instability, and a decline of

Church power.


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Improvements in business methods andpractices Specialization of labor by region Standard of Living increased - people had more

money to spend

People changed way of thinking: property wasnow a source of income; a way to get money sothey could buy other things = CAPITAL

CAPITALISM: An economic system in whichprivate individuals or companies, not thegovernment, own businesses; goal: to make aprofit


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Location

Wealth of powerful merchants

Political structure: independent city-

states Heritage of Rome

Banking

Florence: Medici Family


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Lorenzo deMedici


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With the lack of centralized power,Italian city-states such as Milan, Venice,and Florence played a crucial role inItalian economics and politics.

Milans location as a crossroadsbetween the coastal Italian cities andthe Alpine passes made it a very wealthystate.



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Popes and emperors competed for power withinthe cities

City-states became independent republics

Balance of Power: system whereby any statethreatened its neighbors, others joined together tooppose it

Despots: rulers who gained power by force andtrickery Each city-state had own laws

Constant plots to overthrow leaders

Needed to be clever and able


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Writer, diplomat,

scholar, civic humanist THE PRINCE

Ways that rulers

should act The end justifies the

means


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The Renaissance also stressed the

individual ability of human beings.Well-rounded individuals, such asLeonardo da Vinci, emphasized the

belief that individuals could create anew social ideal.



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Italian Renaissance Humanism

Humanism, based on study of theclassics, revived an interest in ancient

Latin; but many authors wrote greatworks in the vernacular.


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Focus on the individual and the beliefs

that humans can improve the society Civic humanism: individual

achievement and education only fullyachieved by people using their talentsand abilities in service to their cities


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The Italian authorDante and the English authorGeoffrey Chaucerwrote in VERNACULAR,

(everyday language)making vernacularliterature very popular.

Dantes masterpiece was the story of the soulsjourney to salvation, called the Div ine Com ed y.

ChaucersThe Ca nte rb ury Ta le sused English

dialect to tell the tale of pilgrims journeying tothe tomb of Saint Thomas Becket atCanterbury, England.



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A key intellectual movement of the Renaissancewas humanism.

Humanists studied the classics, grammar, rhetoric,poetry, moral philosophy, and history.

Petrarch (the Father of Humanism) believed thatintellectuals had a duty to live an active civic lifeand put their study of the humanities to the statesservice.

The humanist emphasis on classical Latin led to anincrease in the writings of scholars, lawyers, andtheologians.



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Italian Renaissance Art

The Renaissance produced great

artists and sculptors such asMichelangelo, Raphael, andLeonardo da Vinci.


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Renaissance artists sought to imitatenature through a human-focused

worldview.

Frescoscreated the illusion of three

dimensions, leading to a new realisticstyle of painting.

Realistic portrayal of the individual,especially nude depictions, became oneof the chief aims of Italian Renaissanceart.



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Giotto: first artist to make figures appear

to move, to be alive; depict things theysee in nature


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Raphaelwas a well known artist for hispaintings of the Madonna. His worksreveal a world of balance, harmony,and order.

Raphael: painted contemporary,

Biblical, and classical scenes


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Donatello: Wanted to show the human

body in motion


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Advances in understanding humanmovement and anatomy led to advances

in Renaissance sculpture and architecture.

The final era of Italian Renaissance

painting (1490 to 1520) is known as theHigh Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci mastered the art of

realistic painting and sought to advanceto idealized forms of nature and humans.



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How did Renaissance painters and

sculptors portray humans?

A. As masters of nature

B. With religious overtones

C.Realistic and human centered

D. Powerful and strong


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Ideal Renaissance Man: universal man,well versed in the classics, a man of action

one who could respond to all situationsTraits

Aristocrat/member of wealthy class Well-mannered, witty

Educated in good literature; painting;

music

Well-formed (physically fit)

Art of war: a brave and able soldier


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Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor,

and architect. His depictions of idealizedhumans are meant as a reflection ofdivine beauty.

Sculptor, painter, architect, and poet

Patron: Lorenzo de Medici Sistine Chapel: commissioned by Pope

J ulius II

Sculptures: Moses, the Pieta, David


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Engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor

Ideal Renaissance Man Paintings: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper


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During the second half of the fifteenthcentury, adherents of Christian

Humanism sought to reform the CatholicChurch.

Christian humanists believed thathumans could improve themselves andthus improve society.

Prelude to Reformation


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Education travel made easier

Printing PressJohannes Gutenberg

Movable metal type to print books Multiple copies, quicker and cheaper

Gutenberg Bible


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Christianhumanism: appliedhumanist principles toreligious rather than secular

topics DesideriusErasmus(The

Netherlands): The Praise ofFolly

Erasmusthought that externalforms of medieval religionsuch as pilgrimages, fasts,and relics were unnecessaryand that inner piety derived

from religious philosophy wasmore important.

Sir Thomas More (England):Utopia

Erasmus


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Elizabethan Age: Queen Elizabeth

William Shakespeare: sonnets, plays Christopher Marlowe: The Tragicall

History of Dr. Faustus

Believed that with creativity human beingscould control their own destinies and the

world around them


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Art depicted more down-to-earthviews of humanity

Albrecht Durer: German; usedwoodcuts and engravings

Pieter Brueghel: Flemish; landscapesand common peasants


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