chapter 13 basics of electricity - wpmu dev · 2020. 2. 3. · © copyright 2012 milady, a part of...

© Copyright 2012 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,

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Chapter 13

Basics of Electricity



“Competition is a by-product of productive work,

not its goal. A creative man is motivated by the

desire to achieve, not by the desire to beat others.”

– Ayn Rand



Objectives

• Define the nature of electricity and the two types of

electric current.

• Define electrical measurements.

• Understand the principles of electrical equipment safety.

• Define the main electric modalities used in cosmetology.



• Describe other types of electrical equipment that

cosmetologists use.

• Explain electromagnetic spectrum, visible spectrum of

light, and invisible light.

• Describe the types of light therapy and their benefits.

Objectives (continues)



Opening Activity

• Divide into small groups.

• Discuss and record everything you did between waking

up today and arriving for school.

• Indicate which tasks used electricity.



Electricity

• Electricity is a form of energy that, when in motion,

exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects. It does

not occupy space or have physical or chemical

properties (thus, it is not matter).



Electricity (continued)

• Electric current: flow of electricity along a conductor

• Conductor: substance that conducts electricity

• Nonconductor: does not conduct electricity

– Rubber, silk, wood, glass, cement



Types of Electric Current

• Direct current (DC): constant, even-flowing current going

in one direction

• Alternating current (AC): rapid, interrupted current

changing directions

• Converter: changes direct current into alternating current

• Rectifier: changes alternating current into direct current



Types of Electric Current (continued)



Electrical Measurements

• Volt: measures pressure

• Ampere: measures strength

• Milliampere: 1/1,000th of an ampere

• Ohm: measures resistance

• Watt: measures energy used in 1 second

• Kilowatt: equals 1,000 watts



Electrical Measurements (continued)



Safety Devices

• Fuse

• Circuit breaker



Electrical Equipment Safety

• Inspect regularly.

• Don’t overload circuits.

• Check for UL approval.

• Ensure that appliances are grounded.



Hints for Safety

• Ensure UL certification.

• Read instructions.

• Disconnect when not in use.

• Inspect equipment regularly.

• Keep wires, plugs, equipment in good repair.

• Use one plug per outlet.



One Plug Per Outlet



• Avoid contact with water or metal while using appliances.

• Don’t leave client when connected to electrical devices.

• Keep cords off floor.

• Don’t clean area when appliances plugged in.

• Don’t touch two metallic objects if either is connected to current.

Hints for Safety



• Don’t step on or set objects on cords.

• Don’t let cords become twisted or bent.

• Pull plug, not cord.

• Don’t repair unless qualified.

Hints for Safety (continued)



Electrotherapy

• Electronic facial treatments

–Modalities: produce different effects on skin

–Electrodes: also known as probes



Polarity

• Positive pole (anode, red): marked with a P and a plus

(+) sign

• Negative pole (cathode, black): marked with an N or a

minus (-) sign



Galvanic Current

• Constant, direct current having a positive and negative

pole and producing chemical changes when it passes

through the tissues and fluids of the body. Produces two

actions:

– Active electrode: used on area to be treated

– Inactive electrode: opposite from active electrode



Iontophoresis

• Cataphoresis: forces acidic substances into deeper

tissues using galvanic current from positive toward

negative pole

• Anaphoresis: forces liquids into tissues from negative

toward positive pole

• Desincrustation: used to soften and emulsify great

deposits in hair follicles and pores



Microcurrent

• An extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the

body’s natural electrical impulses



Microcurrent Benefits

• Improves blood and lymph circulation

• Produces acidic and alkaline reactions

• Opens and closes hair follicles and pores

• Increases muscle tone

• Restores elasticity



• Reduces redness and inflammation

• Minimizes healing time for acne lesions

• Improves natural protective barrier of skin

• Increases metabolism

Microcurrent Benefits (continued)



Tesla High-Frequency Current

• Characterized by high rate of oscillation or vibration and

commonly called violet ray

• Used for scalp and facial treatments

• Used to treat thinning hair, itchy scalp, and excessively

oily or dry skin and scalp

• Primarily heat producing

• Stimulating and soothing

• Usually made from glass or metal



Tesla Current Benefits

• Stimulates circulation of blood

• Aids in elimination and absorption

• Increases skin metabolism

• Improves germicidal actions

• Relieves skin congestion



Other Electrical Equipment

• Hood dryers and heat lamps

• Ionic hair dryers and irons

• Curling and flat irons

• Heating caps

• Processing and accelerating machines

• Steamers and vaporizers

• Light-therapy equipment



Light Energy and Light Therapy

• Electromagnetic spectrum: the name given to all forms of

energy. It is made up of radio waves, microwaves, light

waves, S-rays, and gamma rays.

• Waves: energy moves through space on waves

– Long wavelengths: have a low frequency

– Short wavelengths: have a higher frequency



Waveform

• The measurement of the

distance between two

wavelengths



Visible Spectrum of Light

• Ultraviolet and infrared rays: invisible because their

wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light

• Invisible rays: make up 65 percent of natural sunlight



Visible Spectrum of Light (continued)

• Violet has shortest wavelength.

• Red has longest wavelength.

• Infrared is just below red; ultraviolet is just above violet.

• Infrared and ultraviolet are not light; they are invisible

wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.



Visible Spectrum of Light (continued)



Natural Sunlight

• Visible light = 35 percent

• Invisible infrared light = 60 percent

• Invisible ultraviolet light = 5 percent



Invisible Light

• The light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that

is invisible to the naked eye

• Before the visible violet light of the spectrum is ultraviolet,

the shortest and least penetrating light of the spectrum.

• Beyond visible red light is infrared, which produces heat.



Ultraviolet (UV) Light

• Invisible

• Has short wavelength for higher energy

• Less penetrating than visible light

• Accelerates chemical reactions

• Produces less heat than visible light

• Kills germs and prompts skin to produce Vitamin D

• Overexposure to causes premature aging



Types of UV Light

• UVA: has the longest wavelength of the UV light

spectrum and penetrates dermis; damages collagen and

elastin

• UVB: often called the burning light; frequently associated

with sunburns; can cause skin cancers

• UVC: blocked by the ozone layer



Infrared Light

• Used mainly for hair conditioning treatments and to

process color

• Has longer wavelengths

• Penetrates deeply

• Makes up 60 percent of natural sunlight

• Used to warm muscles

• Can diminish signs of aging



Light Versus Heat and Energy

• Catalysts: used to speed up chemical reactions; some

use heat and absorb energy like a battery; they pass

energy to an initiator and reaction begins

• Light therapy: also known as phototherapy; the

application of light rays to skin for hair removal or

treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, or pigmentation.



Lasers

• Acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission

of Radiation

• Photothermolysis: turns light from laser into heat

• Can remove blood vessels and tattoos

• Can disable hair follicles

• Can eliminate some wrinkles



How Lasers Work

• By means of a medium (solid, liquid, gas)

• Medium emits light when stimulated by power.

• Reflective surfaces in chamber create light.

• Light passes back and forth and gains energy.



Laser Hair Removal



Light-Emitting Diode (LED)

• A medical device used to reduce acne, increase skin

circulation, and improve collagen content in the skin



LED Effects

• Releases light onto skin

• Stimulates specific responses at precise depths of skin

tissues

• Seeks chromophore (color component within skin such

as blood or melanin)

• Tissue depth triggers reaction



• Red light LED increases circulation and improves

collagen and elastin production.

• Yellow light LED reduces swelling and inflammation.

• Green light LED reduces hyperpigmentation.

• Blue light LED reduces acne and bacteria.

LED Effects (continued)



Beneficial Effects of LED Therapy



Light Therapy Contraindications

• Light sensitivities

• Phototoxic reactions

• Taking antibiotics

• Has cancer or epilepsy

• Pregnancy

• Under physician’s care



Intense Pulse Light

• Device that uses multiple colors and wavelengths (broad

spectrum) of focused light to treat spider veins,

hyperpigmentation, rosacea and redness, wrinkles,

enlarged hair follicles and pores, and excessive hair

• Treatments are provided under the supervision of a

physician.



Summary and Review

• Define electric current.

• Explain the difference between a conductor and a

nonconductor (insulator).

• Describe the two types of electric current and give

examples of each.

• Explain the difference between a volt and an amp.



• Define ohm.

• Define watt and kilowatt.

• Explain the function of a fuse.

• What is the purpose of a circuit breaker?

• What is the purpose of grounding?

Summary and Review (continued)



• List at least five steps to take for electrical safety.

• List and describe the two main electric modalities (currents)

used in cosmetology.




• What are electromagnetic radiation, visible light, and white

light?

• List and describe the two main types of light therapy.

• Name two important precautions to observe when using

light therapy.




Congratulations!

You have completed one unit of study

toward course completion.

chapter 13 basics of electricity - wpmu dev · 2020. 2. 3. · © copyright 2012 milady, a part of...

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