chapter 13: immigration, expansion, & sectional conflict
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 13: Immigration, Expansion, & Sectional Conflict . 1840-1848. Section 1. Focus Question: How did immigration in the 1840’s influence the balance of power between the Whig & Democratic parties Big Picture: Texas independence Immigration & territorial gain = political change. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 13: IMMIGRATION, EXPANSION, & SECTIONAL CONFLICT 1840-1848
Section 1Focus Question: How did immigration in the 1840’s influence
the balance of power between the Whig & Democratic parties
Big Picture: Texas independence Immigration & territorial gain = political change
Expectations & Motivations Desire for religious freedom & better
economic conditions. Unsafe boat rides, fake tickets, goal to find
close knit groups. Arrival: NE & South
Irish—no $ for farms & worked in urban NE. Germans—Spread from N.O. up Miss. River
Cities demanded & welcomed immigrant labor
Germans 1860—Germany contained diverse
groups, religions, & origins. Farmers & professionals. Levi Strauss
Language connector German-American Communities: own
schools, companies, doctors… Did not go outside their communities. Struggled to gain political positions.
Irish 1815-1820—mostly Protestant & small
land owners Mid-1840’s—poor & Catholic 1815-1845—800,000 immigrated to the
US “Great Famine” Worked in construction, textiles, &
servants
Nativists & Policy Anti-Catholic Protestants
= Nativists Feared job loss George Henry Evans—
National Reform Association Tried to gain land for
newcomers Unions organized to
attract workers Commonwealth v Hunt
1842—allowed Unions Mass.—fired union workers
Democrats German & Irish support due
to focus on jobs Tried to push expansion &
banking/tariffs to group “Forty-Eighters”
Whigs Turned off immigrant
support Supported Abolitionism (job
competition) Supported Moral behavior
(temperance & education). Thought G/I were spreading
bad behavior to public.
Section 2Focus Question: What economic and political forces fed
westward expansion during the 1840’s?
Big Picture: “West”—land W. of the Appalachians & Miss.
River.
Land & Trade
Transcontinental Treaty or Adams Onis Treaty (1819)—Parts of “Oregon” territory split between US & BR.
1820—Mexico gains independence & takes TX & NM
Mexico territory undisputed.
LAND
Land & Trade
Merchants sailed around S. America to trade with California.
“Californios” Catholic & Spanish
Trails & trade links: St. Louis, MO to Santa
Fe, NM Silver Peso Beaver pelts
TRADE
Conflict with Mexico Stephen Austin owned
land in Texas, passed down from his father
He led a group of 300 Americans to Texas to start a small colony
Americans were told they could stay IF they agreed to become Mexican citizens and worship in the Roman Catholic Church
Growing Conflict Thousands more flooded into Texas Disregarded Mexican law
Brought slaves and were Protestants 1830 Mexico banned further U.S.
settlement and tried to enforce its laws Began to levy heavy taxes on U.S.
imports
Declaring Independence In Mexico there was a
movement for a more democratic government
1833 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took control of government Over turned
constitution and began a dictatorship (one person rule)
1836, under urging of Austin, Texans declared independence from Mexico
What Did Mexicans Want?
What did the Americans want?
Texans at war Santa Anna attacked
the Alamo, a mission where Texans and Mexican Texans (Tejanos) were gathered
The Texans and Tejanos held out for 12 days under heavy cannon fire before Mexican forces overran it
Results of the Alamo All the defenders killed in battle or
executed afterwards Inspired by their bravery, many
American volunteers joined the Texan Army
Later Sam Houston, commander of the Texan Army led a surprise attack on Santa Anna at San Jacinto
Captured Santa Anna and forced him to recognize Texan independence
Beginnings of the Mexican-American War
Polk offered Mexican government cash to settle the border dispute, purchase California and the rest of New Mexico
This angered Mexico and they refused Polk then tried to provoke the Mexicans
Sent General Zachary Taylor into the disputed land
Mexicans ambushed them and Polk asked Congress for a declaration of war
Settlement & Trails to the West By 1840—small groups settled in CA, NM, &
OR. Overland Trails
4 month trip Supplies: guns, but shot themselves by accident Traveled in groups: starvation, hypothermia… “Donner Party”
1840: 11,500 immigrated & only 2,000 made it
“Californios” issues…
Trails Westward
The Doomed Donner Party
April, 1846 – April, 1847
The Doomed Donner Party
James Reed & Wife
Margaret Patrick John Breen Breen Breen
Of the 83 members of the Donner Party, only 45 survived to get to California!
CANNIBALISM ! !
Section 3
Focus Question How did westward expansion threaten
war with Britain & Mexico?
Big Picture: Annex Texas? CA? NM? OR? Economic Recovery
Whigs 1840—William Henry
Harrison Goal to stimulate
economy Revise tariffs for internal
improvements Dies = John Tyler VP
Secret Democrat Vetoes Whig programs
like Compromise 1833 to lower tariffs
Raises tariffs to give to North (sim to Jackson
Whigs 1842—Webster
Ashburton Treaty Settled disputes
between Maine & Canada
Tyler thought support would lead to support for annexing TX
Northern conspiracy
Great Britain
“Manifest Destiny”
First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federal development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.
“American Progress” by John
Gast, 1872
Manifest Destiny 1849 John O’Sullivan
“Manifest Destiny” or “Sea to Shining Sea” Justification by “God”
Spread “influences” Democracy, religion, slavery
Democratic Expansionists “New Party” Supported by Irish & Anti-slavery advocates
Over expansion = ungovernable empire
Annexing Texas and OregonElection of 1844 Election was between Henry Clay (Whig)
and James K. Polk Polk won by promising to annex Texas
and Oregon
Tensions with Mexico Mexico had never formally
recognized Texan independence Treaty Santa Anna signed set
boundary at Rio Grande Mexican government claimed
boundary was further north
Annexation Before Polk took office President Tyler
called for admission of Texas as state As President, Polk negotiated a treaty
with Britain to divide Oregon (Now states of Washington, Oregon, and parts of Idaho) (49th Parallel)
Section 4Focus Question: How did the outcome of the Mexican-
American War intensify intersectional conflicts?
Big Picture: Gaining CA & NM = slavery issues!
The Mexican American War War with Mexico popular
with most Americans Support was strongest
among Westerners and Southerners who wanted more land
http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/timeline_flash.html
Why would Southerners want more land?
How would the belief in “Manifest Destiny” make people support the war?
Why would Westerners want more land?
Many Northerners argued that Polk had provoked the war How had Polk “provoked” the war?
Polk
Rebellion in California Polk ordered troop under the command
of Stephen Kearny to invade and capture Santa Fe, New Mexico
Settlers near San Francisco had begun their own revolt against Mexico
They raised a grizzly bear flag and declared California an independent republic
John C. Fremont took control of the “Bear Flag Rebellion”
Quickly captured major cities of California (Monterey and San Francisco)
Fremont
He then moved on to join forces with U.S. troops under the command of Kearny
Kearny’s troops captured Santa Fe and San Diego
United with naval units to occupy all of southern California
Kearny
Invasion of Mexico General Zachary Taylor and General
Winfield Scott swept through Mexico with stunning victories even though they were often outnumbered
How do you think they still won?
Scott’s campaign ended at Chapultepec, a stone palace above the capital of Mexico City
The Mexican troops fought bravely to defend Chapultepec, but most were killed
How is this similar to the American experience at the Alamo?
After Americans won the capital city, Santa Anna fled
The U.S. had won the war
Achieving Manifest Destiny The war ended with the signing of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Under the treaty, Mexico recognized the
annexation of Texas and gave the U.S. large amounts of territory
Mexican Cession included present day California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico
U.S. also paid $15 million for this land
In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, U.S. paid Mexico $10 million for a narrow strip of present day Arizona and New Mexico
The Mexican Cession
How did Each Person Help bring Mexican land under u.s. control? A. General Kearny
B. General Zachary Taylor
C. General Winfield Scott
D. John Fremont
E. President Tyler
F. President Polk
G. Stephen Austin
H. Sam Houston