chapter 13 pioneer life. immigration 1836-1845 population tripled immigrants came from u.s. and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 13
Pioneer Life
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Immigration 1836-1845
• Population tripled
• Immigrants came from U.S. and Europe · Immigrant Agents— same as
empresarios
• 2,000 families from Missouri, Illinois and Tennessee settle through W.S. Peters and Associates. (Sounds like a modern Real Estate Agency, doesn’t it?)
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Europeans
• Henri Castro, French Immigrant Agent: over 2000 families from France, Switzerland and Germany
• Established town of Castroville
• German Emigration Company settled about 7,000 Germans.
• Many Germans settled in the hill country around Austin: New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Gruene, Schulenberg
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Slave Population grew
• By 1845, African Americans made up 1/3 of the population of Texas and most were slaves.
• Free African Americans required to petition Congress to stay in Texas during Republic
• Not all slaves worked on plantations or farms and some were skilled laborers such as blacksmiths and carpenters.
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Tejanos faced prejudice
• Tejanos were viewed with suspicion by settlers and even those who fought for Texas were treated poorly.
• The new settlers assumed they had sided with Mexico.
• This is called stereotyping.
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Farming and Ranching
• Most Texans had agricultural jobs.• Corn was most important “subsistence crop”:
for human and animal consumption• Cotton was most important “cash crop”: for
profit, and was grown in East Texas during this time period.
• Ranching was easy to start because wild cattle roamed all over South and East Texas left over from Spanish days.
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Tradesmen such as carpenters and blacksmiths came. Businesses, doctors, lawyers came. Towns grew, new towns
started!
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Transportation improved
• Stagecoaches: Butterfield Overland Line crossed Texas all the way to El Paso for passengers and mail.
• Roads were dirt. Goods were transported over roads by mule and oxen driven freight wagons often using Tejano drivers. (The term “teamsters” as in Teamsters Union comes from this.)
• Railroads started coming to Texas, connected towns around Houston
• Steamboats were difficult to operate in Texas due to crooked rivers, few rivers large and deep enough.
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Communications Improved
• Telegraph came to Texas in 1854 (Marshall, Texas) and connected East Texas towns first. This helped business and law enforcement.
• Houston produced the first influential newspapers, but by 1860, there were 70 newspapers in Texas, most produced weekly.
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Education:
• No public schools
• Towns and families hired teachers.
• 1854, legislature to set aside $2,000,000.00 as a permanent school fund and the interest was divided between counties according to the number of school-age children they had living there.
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New State Government
• New Constitution: constitutional convention of 1845
• Governor: 2 year terms
• Legislature:– House of Representatives—2 year terms– Senate---4 year terms
• Supreme Court and District Courts
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First GovernorPinkney Henderson from San Augustine, Texas
His wife, Frances Cox Henderson was one of the first women lawyers in Texas
Henderson, Texas named in his honor
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First U.S. Senators from Texas
• Sam Houston
• Thomas Rusk
• Rusk, Texas named for him
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First U.S. Representatives from Texas
David Kaufman: lawyer,Indian fighter,
politician, Jewish Texan
Kaufman and Kaufman County
• Timothy Pillsbury ?
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Political Parties
• Whig Party• Represented interests of
business• Party opposed Texas
annexation and expansion of slavery into new states and territories
• Democratic Party: • Most Texans joined this party• They were the strongest party in• the South• Represented interests of farmers • and laborers
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Know Nothing Party
• Also called the “American Party”
• Tried to keep immigrants from holding office or voting
• Only lasted a few years in Texas
• “I know nothing”
• Started the practice of electing candidates at conventions
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U.S. forts in Texas
• Many U.S. forts were built in West Texas to prevent clashes between Indians and settlers
• Indian reservations set up for Wacos, Comanches and Tonkawas in Texas
• The reservations in Texas were not successful and Indians were moved to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma.
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Camels in TexasIn May of 1856, at Powderhorn, Texas, the
US Army's most successful experiment in overland transportation before the development of four-wheel-drive vehicles powered by internal combustion engines began. By the end of May, 1866, the experiment was dead.
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Why camels didn’t last
• This was the idea of U.S. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis
• When the South seceded, Jefferson Davis became President of the Confederate States
• Once the war was over, the U.S. stopped the experiment because anything involving the South or Jefferson Davis was not popular!
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Jefferson Davis
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Mexican-American War
Causes:
1. Disputes over the U.S. annexation of Texas
2. Boundary disputes between U.S. and Mexico
3. Mexico’s refusal to negotiate with the U.S.
• Effects
1. Santa Anna Flees to Jamaica
2. Mexico ceddes almost 50 percent of its land to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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General Zachary Taylor
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How it started:
Mexico claimed the boundary between Mexico and Texas was the Nueces River.
Texas claimed the Rio Grande, as Santa Anna had agreed in the Treaty of Velasco.
A battle between Mexico and Texans occurred north of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto in Texas.
President Polk treated this as an invasion, causing American casualties and declared war.
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• Gen. Zachary Taylor’s U.S. forces were successful in occupying Northern Mexico
• They captured the Mexican city of Monterrey.
• A large Mexican force under Santa Anna’s command was defeated at the battle of Buena Vista.
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• American troops landed in Veracruz and marched to Mexico City.
• Mexico City was captured, and American forces occupied California.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo settled the conflict.
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Terms of Treaty
• Rio Grande became boundary • Mexico abandoned all claims to Texas• The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million for the lands
between Texas and the Pacific Ocean owned by Mexico.
• U.S. covered claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico due to Texas Revolution
• Mexicans living in the territories gained by the U.S. were guaranteed U.S. citizenship, right to keep land.
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Compromise of 1850
• The disputed territory was now a part of the U.S., but Texas did not keep all of it.
• Under this compromise, Texas surrendered the part that became New Mexico in return for $10 million.
• This allowed Texas to pay off her debts!
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Texas grows rapidly
• The population grew• 1847: 106,000• 1850: 212,000• 1860: 604,000• Under Homestead Act, settlers living on
the land and improving it owned the land• Southerners used the term “GTT”: Gone to Texas!
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G.T.T.
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New Counties and local governments
• Texas grew from 36 to 122 counties by 1860.
• Towns competed to become the county seat.
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Mexicans and Europeans
• Mexicans crossed the border and settled along the Rio Grande and in the San Antonio-Goliad area.
• South Texas towns grew rapidly.
• Most Mexican Americans were farmers and ranchers.
• Prejudice continued
• Tejanos retained their cultural heritage.
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Germans
• By 1860 over 20,000 Germans lived in Texas
• Migrated to escape economic hardships and famine
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Many cultures of Texans
• Polish, Irish, British, French, Czech, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Scottish, etc. also migrated in large numbers
• Also, Chinese, Lebanese and Syrians, Jews and Japanese came during the 1800s.
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Indian Reservations
• Alabama Coushatta Reservation near Woodville in deep East Texas– only 1,280 acres.
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