chapter 14 population and urbanization. population world’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is...
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Chapter 14
Population and Urbanization
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Population
• World’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year.
• Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
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World Population Growth over 2,000 Years
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Changes in Population
Changes occur as a result of three processes:
• Fertility (births)
• Mortality (deaths)
• Migration
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Migration
Two types of movement:
• Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency.
• Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.
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© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Growth in the World’s Population
http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html
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Leading Causes of Death in the United States
1900 Rank 1997
Influenza/pneumonia
1 Heart disease
Tuberculosis 2 Cancer
Intestinal disease 3 Stroke
Heart disease 4 Chronic lung disease
Cerebral hemorrhage 5 Accidents
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Leading Causes of Death in the United States
1900 Rank 1997
Kidney disease 6Pneumonia and
influenza
Accidents 7 Diabetes
Cancer 8 HIV
Diseases in early infancy
9 Suicide
Diphtheria 10 Homicide
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Population Composition
• Sex ratio– The number of males for every 100
females in a nation’s population
• Age-sex pyramid– A graphic representation of the age and
sex of a population• Lower-income nations are wide at the bottom
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Polling Question
• There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have.
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree somewhat
C. Unsure
D. Disagree somewhat
E. Strongly disagree
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Population Composition• The biological and social characteristics of a population,
including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household.
• The sex ratio is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population.
– A sex ratio of 100 indicates an equal number of males and females in the population.
– A number greater than 100, indicates there are more males than females; if it is less than 100, there are more females than males.
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Theories of Population Growth
• The Malthusian Perspective
• The Marxist Perspective
• The Neo-Malthusian Perspective
• Demographic Transition Theory
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Malthusian Perspective
• If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply.
• Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …).
• The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).
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How Much Food Does the World Produce per Person
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Marxist Perspective
• Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population.
• Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism.
• Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.
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The Neo-Malthusian Perspective
• Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems.
• People should be encouraging zero population growth.
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Demographic Transition Theory
• Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates.
• Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.
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Demographic Transition Theory
• Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.
• Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.
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Demographic Transition Theory
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PreindustrialPreindustrialEarly
IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial
PostIndustrial
Birth
Death
Population
Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition Theory
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PreindustrialEarlyEarly
IndustrialIndustrialAdvancedIndustrial
PostIndustrial
Birth
Death
Population
Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition Theory
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PreindustrialEarly
IndustrialAdvancedAdvancedIndustrialIndustrial
PostIndustrial
Birth
Death
Population
Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition Theory
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PreindustrialEarly
IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial
PostPostIndustrialIndustrial
Birth
Death
Population
Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition Theory
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Development of a City
Three preconditions: • A favorable physical environment.
• An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus.
• A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.
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Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models
Concentric zone model
Due to invasion, succession, and gentrification, cities are a series of circular zones, characterized by a
particular land use.
Multiple nuclei model
Cities have more than one center of development, based on specific needs
and activities.
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Functionalist Perspective on Urbanism: Ecological Models
Sector model
Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes, with the most expensive areas occupying
the best terrain.
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The World’s 22 Megacities
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How Urban Is Your State? The Rural-Urban Makeup of the United States
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World Population Growth, 1750-2150
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Urbanization
– From City to City– Between Cities– Within the City– From City to Suburb– Smaller Centers
• The Rural Rebound
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A Global Boom: Cities with over One Million Residents
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Urban Growth and Urban Flight