CHAPTER 14: THE REFORMATION

LESSON 1: TROUBLE FOR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

MAIN IDEAS

The Catholic Church was weakened by internal conflict.

People began to question and speak out against some Church practices.

Reformation begins as a result of Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses.

THE GREAT SCHISMEQ: How did internal differences weaken the

Church?

FRENCH POPES

• In the 1300s, growth of nation-states weakened Church’s power. Powerful monarchs forced the Church to support their policies

• Clement V Pope in 1305; Philip IV moved papacy to France

• The popes who led the Church after Clement V were French. European leaders felt the French king controlled the pope

Rome

Avignon Pisa

THE GREAT SCHISMRQ: How did the Great Schism weaken the

Church?

A STRUGGLE FOR POWER

• Two power centers developed: Rome, Italy and Avignon, France

• Great Schism—1378 split between the two sides; each elected own pope. Each pope demanded obedience, excommunicated other pope’s followers

HEALING THE CHURCH

• Holy Roman Emperor held conference to end the schism and reform Church. Emperor was Roman Catholic & ruled much of Central Europe.

• In 1417, conference removed all popes; agreed to elect Pope Martin V

CRITICISM OF THE CHURCH

EQ: Why did people begin to question some Church practices?

A CORRUPT CHURCH

• As Church healed after schism, reforms faltered, distrust grew

•Church owned 1/5 to 1/3 of European land; Church paid no land taxes

• Reformers objected to buying indulgences —pardons for sins; objected to Church’s excesses

Leo X (de’ Medici)

Cardinal @ age 13;

Pope @ age 38;"Let us enjoythe papacysince God

has given it to us.”

St. Peter’s would

keep the papacy

in Rome.

"In the authority of all the saints,

and in compassion towards thee,

I absolve thee

from all sins and misdeeds,

and remit all punishment for ten days.” Johannes Tietzel

CRITICISM OF THE CHURCH

RQ: What sort of reforms did critics of the Church demand from the 1300s through the 1500s?

REFORMERS TAKE A STAND

Reformers such as Erasmus (Holland), Hus (Czech), Wycliffe (England), Savanarola (Italy) criticized Church practices & neglect of focus on Christian values

Reformers questioned pope’s taxes, simony (selling positions in the church for money), etc.

Church criticized & executed reformers

ErasmusLet’s Get

Along!1466-1536

John HusRead the

Word!1369-1415

John WycliffeEnglish Bible

1320-1384

Girolamo Savonarola1452-1498

LUTHER CONFRONTS THE CHURCH

EQ: Who is credited with beginning the Reformation?MARTIN LUTHER

Ideas of German born Martin Luther led the reform movement

Luther was nearly struck by lightning as a young man; vowed to become a monk, tried to live by Church instruction

Envisioned a merciful God rather than an angry, vengeful God

Believed salvation only came through faith in Christ

Erfurt University 1501-7

Born 1483

Lightning 1505

Erfurt Monastery 1505-11

Scala Sancta

in Rome 1511

Wittenberg University1512-46

F I V E

SOLAS

LUTHER CONFRONTS THE CHURCH

RQ: What were important ideas from the Reformation?

LUTHER’S NINETY-FIVE THESES

Luther wrote his issues with the Church in Ninety-Five Theses (1517) and wanted to debate ideas such as selling of indulgences

Bible is source of religious truth; clergy interpretation not needed

Salvation can be gained only through faith in Christ

Protestant—Christian “protestors” who broke with Church after 1529

Reformation—Protestant movement of opposition to Catholic Church

The first 2 of the theses contained Luther’s central idea, that God intended believers to seek repentance and that faith alone, and not deeds, would lead to salvation. The other 93 theses, a number of them directly criticizing the practice of indulgences, supported these first two.

LESSON SUMMARY & SO WHAT

LESSON SUMMARY

The Great Schism weakened an already divided Church.

From the 14th through the 16th centuries, many Christians were troubled by the way the Church earned and spent its income.

At the beginning of the 16th century, Martin Luther unintentionally became the leader of a revolutionary attack on the Roman Catholic Church.

WHY IT MATTERS NOW . . .

Competition between Catholics and Protestants in Europe caused each to try and spread their version of Christianity throughout the world. Today, Catholics and Protestants are found on every continent.

Lesson 2 Reform and Reaction

CH. 14: THE REFORMATION

MAIN IDEAS

The spread of Luther’s ideas changed European politics.

Different Protestant movements developed quickly throughout Europe.

The Catholic Church developed new ways to spread its message and counter the spread of Protestantism.

LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREADEQ: What were some of the results of Luther’s

ideas?

THE PRINTED WORD

Luther’s ideas spread by trade routes, priests, worshipers, and printing

Printers began making Bibles in local languages (not just Latin)

More people read, interpreted Bible; Catholic Church felt religious teaching must be from clergy

1500        The first Spanish Bible.

1501        Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Papal Bull of Pope Alexander VI is published, being the first censorship list of printed books.

1506        Jacobus Sacon of Lyons, France prints his first edition of the Latin Bible.

1512        Epistles and Gospels published in Spanish by Ambrose de Montesian.

1514 -18        First Polyglot Bible, Cardinal Ximenes' Complutensian Polyglot;  Printed at Alcala de Henares by De Brocar;  contains

only noble style of Greek employed between the invention of printing and recent times; contains first Hebrew Bible published by

Christians, and first separately printed Greek New Testament.

1515         Latin translation 'after the Hebrew' of the Psalter by Felix Pratensis.  (additional info courtesy Dick Wursten of Antwerp, Belgium)

1516         First Polyglot portion of Bible, the Genoa Psalterium (Book of Psalms)

1516          Desiderius Erasmus' (1466-1536) first Greek New Testament.  Printed and published by Froben in Basel; said to have had greater influence on Tyndale than either the Vulgate or Luther.

1517        First Biblia Rabbinica (Venice), printed by Daniel Bomberg, and included the Targum and other traditional explanations.

1518        First separate complete Greek Bible, printed and published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, being the Greek text of the Septuagint, translated by Erasmus.

1522        Latin Paraphrase New Testament (Erasmus)

1522        First Dutch New Testament

1522        Wolff's  Bibliorum

1522        First German New Testament of Martin Luther (Wittenberg)

1524        First Danish New Testament - published in Leipzig, Germany. Translated by Hans Mikkelsen (former mayor of Malmo, Denmark) and Dr. Kristian Winther, from the Vulgate and Luther's German translation; both Mikkelsen and Winther were allies of exiled Danish King Christian II. Mikkelsen's preface defends the King and attacks his foes, which caused the book to be banned in Denmark; later copies omitted the preface and were sent to Denmark, becoming popular; critics of this poorly translated work called it "neither German nor Danish."

1525        In Cologne, Germany, William Tyndale completes the New Testament, translated directly from the Greek into English;  Printed by Peter Quentell in 4to (Quarto), and finished in 8vo (Octavo) at Worms office of Schoeffer;  of 6000 copies printed,  3 copies exist of the original octavo edition (one at Baptist College, Bristol; one at St. Paul's, London; and the third ?);  a mere fragment (31 leaves) of the quarto edition survives in the British Museum;  there were 40 reprinted editions before 1566.  This is the first printed book to be officially banned in England.

1526        First complete Dutch Bible

1526       First Edition of the First complete Swedish translation of the New Testament by Olaus Petri, the great reformer of the Church of Sweden, assisted by Archdeacon and fellow-reformer Laurentius Andreae; translation made from the edited Greek text of Erasmus and Luther's German translation of 1522; printed on the King's Royal printing press in Stockholm, bearing the Swedish national coat-of-arms on the last page of text, and dated MDXXVI, with no translator's name given; by the 1930's only six copies were known to exist.

1526       First separate Latin Septuagint (the oldest translation from Hebrew to Greek of the Old Testament)

1528        First Latin Bible of modern times - translated from the original languages by the Dominican, Sanctus Pagninus, under Papal authority

1528        Robert Stephen's First Latin Bible

1529        First Swiss-German Bible.  The Zurich Bible, a collective effort by Leo Juda and Ulrich Zwingli

1530        The English Parliament declares Henry VIII "ecclesiastically supreme" and he becomes "Protector and Supreme Head of the English Church"

LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREADEQ: What were some of the results of Luther’s

ideas?

THE PEASANTS’ REVOLTS

Peasants sought better pay, living conditions, rights

Peasants saw Luther’s challenge as anti-authority and rebelled

Luther condemned these revolts, which were mostly unsuccessful

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-reformations-impact-on-

germany.html#lesson

LUTHER’S IDEAS SPREADRQ: Why did religious division have such a dramatic

political impact?

RELIGIOUS WARS

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V made Luther an outlaw in 1521

Many Lutheran princes waged war on Charles V

Lutheran, Catholic princes signed Peace of Augsburg treaty in 1555

Lived 1500-1558 - Holy Roman emperor (as Charles V,1519–56),

king of Spain (as Charles I, 1516–56), and archduke of

Austria (as Charles I, 1519–21)

Matthäus Schwarz, (1497-1574) accountant from Augsburg, Germany, who recorded his clothes in Book of Clothes, wore this to a reception for Charles V.

THE REFORMATION GROWS

EQ: What were some of the different Protestant movements that developed throughout Europe?

CALVINISM

John Calvin (1509-1564) French lawyer, theologian; wrote Institutes & Commentaries

Established Geneva Switzerland as a center of the Reformation

Geneva Bible (1560 / English) became the Bible of the Reformation and the Bible the pilgrims brought to America

THE REFORMATION GROWS

RQ: How did the Reformation affect England?

THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND

Reformation in England began when King Henry VIII wanted a divorce. Pope Clement VII refused and Henry left the Roman Catholic Church

Henry founded the Church of England (Anglican Church); kept Catholic traditions but rejected power of pope

William Tyndale (1494-1536) First to translate NT into English in 1526; executed

HENRY8th

Tyndale

THE COUNTER REFORMATION

EQ: What was the Counter Reformation?THE COUNCIL OF TRENT

High-level Church officials met (1545-1563) to reform and define Catholic faith

Protestants: truth only in Bible; Council: truth in Church tradition too

THE JESUITS

Jesuits—Society of Jesus; religious order formed in 1530s by St. Ignatius of Loyola (Spain); focus on education; training was military-like

Ἰησοῦς Χριστός

ἸΗΣΟΥ͂cΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΌΣ

THE COUNTER REFORMATION

RQ: What tools did the Catholic Church use against the spread of Protestantism?

THE INQUISITION

Inquisition—court investigated any who “wandered” from Catholicism; being a Protestant was a punishable sin

Tactics? Tell the accused that the stake awaited him if he would not confess; Solitary confinement, possibly emphasized by limiting food; “Friendly” persuasive visits by men who previously confessed; Torture

Church identified and burned forbidden books like Protestant Bible

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAn7baRbhx4&feature=player_embedded

LESSON SUMMARY & SO WHAT

LESSON SUMMARY

Printing in local languages helped spread Luther’s ideas. These ideas sparked revolts and wars.

New faiths emerged during the 16th century, as people began to interpret the Bible in different ways.

The Counter Reformation was a movement of internal renewal as well as a response to the spread of Protestantism.

WHY IT MATTERS NOW . . .

Both Protestant and Catholic churches have widespread influence throughout the world today.