Chapter 15Gene Technologies and

Human ApplicationsAdapted from Holt Biology 2008

Genetic Engineering

Imagine the appearance of an organism that has some genetically determined characteristics from two

different species.

Draw a picture of your imaginary organism.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Key Ideas

• For what purposes are genes and proteins manipulated?

• How are cloning and stem cell research related?

• What ethical issues arise with the uses of gene technologies?

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Chapter 15Section 1:

The Human Genome

Key Vocabulary Terms

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Genetic Engineering

The deliberate alteration of the genetic material of an organism.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Recombinant DNA

DNA created in the laboratory by combining DNA from different

sources.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Clone

An organism, cell, or piece of genetic material that is an identical genetic

copy

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Stem Cell

A cell that can divide and

differentiate to form a specialized cell type or tissue.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Chapter 15Section 1:

The Human Genome

Supplementary Vocabulary Words

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Recombinant, Transgenic, or Genetically Modified

Organisms with recombinant genesAdapted from Holt Biology 2008

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs):

In everyday use, a common

reference for organisms with

recombinant genes

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Proteomics (PROH tee OHM iks):

The study of how proteins interact within

cells.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Cloning

Making a clone in a lab.Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Somatic-Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT):

In this process, the nucleus of an egg cell is replaced with the nucleus of an

adult cell. Then, the egg begins to develop into an embryo.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Genomic imprinting:

The effect where chemicals in the

reproductive system turn “on” or “off”

certain genes in the developing gametes.

These genes later affect development

from embryo to adult.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Totipotent cells:

Stem cells that can give rise to any cell or tissue type.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Pluripotent cells:

Stem cells that can give

rise to all types of cells except germ

cells.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Multipotent cells:

Stem cells that can give rise to just a few other cell types.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Ethical

Conforming to moral standards

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Intellectual property (IP):

The ownership of the ideas or

plans that a person creates.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Patent

A specific set of rights that allow an inventor to control and profit from

the uses of his or her idea.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Chapter 15Section 1:

The Human Genome

Notes

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Everyday Applications• Genetic engineering was first applied to

bacteria, viruses, and plants and is now applied to many life-forms, such as:–Food Crops–Livestock–Medical Treatment–Basic Research Tools

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Manipulating Genes

Organisms may be modified to provide us

with:

~a better food supply,

~clean up toxic waste,

~improved healthcare.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Manipulating Cell Interactions

Tissue culture cells can be studied closely and experimentally controlled.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

15-2 Gene Technologies

Organisms with modified genes may be called:

~recombinant,~transgenic, or~genetically

modified organisms (GMO)

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

15-2 Gene TechnologiesManipulating Bodies and

Development - Cloning Dolly 1997

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Manipulating Bodies and Development, continued

Cloning, continued• Although scientists have successfully

cloned many kinds of animals, only a few of the cloned offspring have survived for long.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

4th, 6th, 7th

Manipulating Bodies and Development, continued

Using Stem Cells • Some stem cells have more potential

to differentiate than others.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Manipulating Bodies and Development – Stem Cells

Two main sources:1. Adult – can develop into some types of cells (multipotent)2. Embryonic – can develop into all cells except germ cells (pluripotent)

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

15-2 Gene Technologies

Stem Cells

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

5th

Manipulating Bodies and Development, continued

Using Stem Cells

• The use of embryos for stem cell research poses ethical problems.

• An alternative source of embryonic stem cells is through SCNT.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Ethical and Societal Issues1. Safety – Genes may be transferred to other organisms or cause harm to other organisms.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Ethical and Social IssuesSafety

• GMOs can have unforeseen effects.• Ecologists worry that we do not know

enough to safely manipulate genes on a large scale.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

15-2 Gene Technologies

Ethical and Societal Issues2. Human Rights – Who should have access to our genetic data? Who should be tested?

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

Ethical and Social IssuesHuman Rights

• The DNA of individuals can be tested for risks of genetic disorders.

• This possibility raises many ethical questions.

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008

15-2 Gene Technologies

Ethical and Societal IssuesA patent is a set of rights that allows an inventor to control and profit from his or her idea. Are genes part of nature, or intellectual property?3. Property Laws –

Since the 1980s, genes can be patented!

Adapted from Holt Biology 2008