Chapter 15:

Protestant Reformation

Reformation

• Shift of Power from Church to State

• Catholic Church was excessively powerful and corrupt in the late Middle Ages

Reformation

• Indulgences– Sold indulgences to finance building

projects during the Renaissance.– An indulgences was a piece of paper

that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory

• to reduce time in purgatory

Christian Humanism

• Humanists focused on reason and education to improve oneself

• Christian humanists believed in individual understanding of the Bible and God

• Erasmus, others, criticized aspects of Catholicism such as the sacraments, in favor of a personal piousness

Christian Humanism

• The Praise of Folly humorously criticized aspects of the church written by Erasmus

•Erasmus, others, criticized aspects of Catholicism such as the sacraments, in favor of a personal piousness•The Praise of Folly humorously criticized aspects of the church

Martin Luther• Monk/professor of idea of Justification by Faith as the means to salvation, belief

• Monk/professor of theology at Wittenberg

• Developed idea of Justification by Faith as the means to salvation, belief in the Bible as the only source of religious authority

• n the Bible as the only source of religious authority• Offended by the sale of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses

Indulgences

• Offended by the sale of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses– Excommunicated in 1521, called before

the Diet of Worms by HRE Charles V

– Luther was outlawed, but protected by the elector of Saxony and other German princes

Martin Luther

• State-sanctioned Lutheran churches developed, but dissension occurred among converts

Lutheranism

• Lutheranism allowed for vernacular church services, focusing on the scriptures, allowed marriage of clergy, etc.

• Opposed by H.R.E Charles V, who was Catholic, but was unable to focus on the issue due to external threats and internal dissension

Lutheranism

• Peace of Augsburg (1555) recognized Lutheranism in “Germany”, allowed rulers to decide what religion they wanted to practice

Calvinism

• John Calvin agreed with Luther’s basic ideas, but also believed in Predestination-God had predetermined who was going to heaven.

• Formed theocracy in Geneva

• Followers formed the Huguenot Church in France, Presbyterian in Scotland, Puritans in America

•  •  

•  

• in France, Presburchyterian in Scotland, Puritans in America

Church of England

• Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, but his request was denied by the Pope who did not want to anger her nephew, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor

• Act of Supremacy (1534) made monarch head of Church of England

Church of England

• Henry created Church of England, with few differences from Catholicism

• Act of Supremacy (1534) made monarch head of Church of England

• Act of Supremacy (1534) made monarch head of Church of England

Henry’s Successors

• Son Edward (1547-53) rules briefly• Mary, the daughter of Catherine came

to power (with husband Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V)

• Tried to restore Catholicism, burned 300 Protestant ‘heretics”, earning nickname “Bloody Mary”

Henry’s Successors

Elizabethan Policies• Mary was deposed and replaced by

Elizabeth (I), who was more tolerant and mitigated religious conflict

• Anabaptists arose as group that felt religion was voluntary, believed in adult baptism, lay ministry, separation of church and state.

Elizabethan Policies• Protestantism led to focus on

personal worship and Sunday church services, efforts to curb pubs, etc.

• The Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World, especially after the English fleet destroyed the Spanish Armada in 1588.

Counter-Reformation

• Efforts were made to win back converts & stop people from leaving Catholicism

• Founding of Jesuit society- missionaries, absolutely loyal to Pope, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, schools, etc.

Jesuit society- missionaries, absolutely loyal to Pope, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540, schools, etc.

Counter-Reformation• Reforms of Papacy- Paul III (1534-49) took power back from bishops, etc.

• Reforms of Papacy- Paul III (1534-49) took power back from bishops, etc.

• Council of Trent- 1545-1563, 3 sessions, reformed church, but reaffirmed Catholic practices.

Religious Conflict• French wars of Religion (1562-1598)- Nobility was 40% Huguenot, House of Valois was Catholic, towns and provinces resisted

central authority

• French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)- Nobility was 40% Huguenot, House of Valois was Catholic, towns and provinces resisted central authority

• Eventually Bourbons came to power, Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued Edict of Nantes in 1598 which granted tolerance and toleration to the Huguenots

Religious Conflict30-Years War 1618-1648 in Germany ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which allowed each ruler to choose the religion of his

• 30-Years War 1618-1648 in Germany ended with the Treaty of Westphalia which allowed each ruler to choose the religion of his kingdom/principality, in general northern Germany (e.g. Prussia) became Lutheran, southern (e.g. Bavaria & Austria) remained Catholic.

• ral northern Germany (e.g. Prussia) became Lutheran, southern (e.g. Bavaria & Austria) remained Catholic

Europe After the 30 Years War

Chapter 15

Absolutism

Absolutism• Defined as total authority for the ruler with no checks (e.g. Took over at age 23 upon Mazarin’s death, centralized authority

• Defined as total authority for the ruler with no checks (e.g. Parliament), linked with Divine Right

Louis XIV

• Louis XIV (1643-1715), with Mazarin as a regent, after Louis XIII/Richlieu

• Took over at age 23 upon Mazarin’s death, centralized authority

• Quintessential absolute monarch

Louis XIV

• Built Versailles to control nobility by occupying them with court concerns rather than politics

• Louis XIV Repealed the Edict of Nantes

 

Louis XIV

• Assisted by his finance minister Colbert, who adhered to a mercantilist philosophy

• Fought numerous wars, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, etc.

“Germany”• Prussia and Austria emerged as the dominant powers after 30 Years’ War

• Prussia and Austria emerged as the dominant powers after 30 Years’ War

• Prussia centralized by Hohenzollerns

• Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) built standing army and centralized authority

• Succeeded by Frederick I, made Brandenburg-Prussia into Prussia

• by Hohenzollerns

Austria• Hapsburgs in Austria retained the title Holy Roman Emperors

• Germany still consisted of many disparate territories

• Hapsburgs in Austria retained the title Holy Roman Emperors

• Germany still consisted of many disparate territories

Russia• Russia- Ivan IV (1533-1584) was the first Tsar, expanded Russian territory eastward

• Dynasty ended in 1598 with the Time of Troubles, Zemsky Sobor chose Romanov dynasty

• Russia- Ivan IV (1533-1584) was the first Tsar, expanded Russian territory eastward

• Dynasty ended in 1598 with the Time of Troubles, Zemsky Sobor chose Romanov dynasty

• at (1689-1725) attempts to modernize and westernize

Russia• Peter:

• Peter the Great (1689-1725) attempts to modernize and westernize– Imposed Western fashion & ideas– Reorganized military & government– Claimed state control of the Orthodox church– Increased rights of women increased– fashion & ideas

– & government

– Claimed state control of the Orthodox church

– Increased rights of women increased

Limited Monarch in England• Stuart dynasty under James I (cousin) replaces Tudors after Elizabeth

• Stuart dynasty under James I (cousin) replaces Tudors after Elizabeth

• Petition of Right (1628) limited Charles I’s power to tax

• f Right (1628) limited Charles I’s power to tax

English Civil War• Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions

• Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions

• Charles I wanted one religion – ended up in Civil War when the Scots rebelled

• power– Supporters of Charles I = Royalists or Cavaliers– The opposition supports Parliament = Roundheads

English Civil War

• War cost money, so Charles needed Parliament. Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power– Supporters of Charles I = Royalists or Cavaliers– The opposition supports Parliament = Roundheads

• Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan roundheads finally won (1646)

• Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the public and executed him

Limited monarchy in England

• English Revolution (1642-48) results in temporary Commonwealth, then restoration of the Charles II of the Stuart dynasty in 1660

• lish Revolution (1642-48) results in temporary Commonwealth, then restoration of the Charles II of the Stuart dynasty in 1660

Limited monarchy in England

• Charles succeeded by his brother James II, who was eventually deposed in favor of William and Mary in 1688 in what became known as the Glorious Revolution because it asserted the power of parliament over the monarchs

• Bill of Rights in 1689 protected the rights of individuals and limited the power of monarchs

Philosophical Ideas about Monarchy

• Hobbes (Leviathan) supported strong monarchy in late 1500s

• Locke (Two Treatises on Government) proposed the right to revolution in defense of the Glorious Revolution

• Hobbes (Leviathan) supported strong monarchy in late 1500s

• Locke (Two Treatises on Government) proposed the right to revolution in defense of the Glorious Revolution