CHAPTER 15

State building and the search for order

What economic, social, and political crises did Europe experience in the 17th century?

Inflation fueled prosperity slowed Population increased from 60 million in

1500 to 85 million in 1600 Began to decline in 1650 Dutch, French, English saw only rise in

population War, famine, plague Little Ice Age- average temperatures fell,

harvests failed, famines ensued SOCIAL TENSIONS!

Witchcraft

Trials held all over Came to be viewed as sinister and

dangerous Trails and executions occurred in

16th and 17th 100,000 prosecuted Torture led to confessions

New wealth led to disintegration of “community” and the wealthy feared the growing numbers of poor

Sexism, gender roles, sexual taboos led to women being accused

Take notes during film to answer FRQ Question:“Analyze

two factors that led to the rise of witchcraft trials and

persecution”

Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Militant Catholicism and Militant

Calvinism to blame Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought

German religious wars to an end, but not religious tensions Frederick IV created the “Protestant Union” Duke Maximilian created the “Catholic

League” Holy Roman Empire’s desire to

consolidate authority was resisted by German princes HRE turned to Spain for help (Hapsburg

family) Princes turned to France (Hapsburg

enemies)

Franco Swedish Phase (1635-1648)

Swedes wished to continue French entered the war

under the direction of Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII’s advisor)

Religious issues losing their significance Catholic French supporting

Protestant Swedes and Princes Battle of Rocroi (1643)-

French beat Spanish Brought end to Spanish

military greatness French moved through

southern Germany

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended war in Germany France and Spain continued until

the Peace of Pyrenees (1659) Westphalia ensured all German

states were free to determine own religion

France gained parts of western Germany and Alsace

Hapsburgs lost authority 300 HRE states recognized as

independent Religion and politics were

separate

Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Ruined German economy German population 21 16 million Most destructive European war yet

Collins Type II

How did the Thirty Years War begin as a religious war and transition to a political conflict?

Talk show introduction

Frederick V King Christian

IV Ferdinand II Gustavus

Adolphus Louis XIII LOUIS XIV Cardinal

Richelieu LOUIS XIV Philip III Philip IV Frederick

William the Great Elector

Frederick I Ivan IV Peter I

James I Charles I OLIVER

CROMWELL Charles II JAMES II Mary William of

Orange

Military changes

Military power was essential to ruler’s reputation and power Pressure to build effective military machine Medieval knights and archers battalions with

firearms & bayonets Conscription led to military schools Linear formations offered better flexibility &

mobility Firearms replaced pikes, warships carried

cannons Higher taxes paid for changes!

Royal Theories

Absolutism: A ruler with COMPLETE control Make laws, taxes, administer justice,

control administration, determine foreign policy

Divine Right Monarchy: God hand-picks those who rule and therefore Monarchs should have complete control – because they are God’s choice Bishop Jacques Bossuet - Politics

Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture

French Monarchy

Henry IV (Navarre) dies and son takes throne

Louis XIII (1610-1643) Young, weak leader Cardinal Richelieu

takes controlChief minister and

most trusted adviserDetermined to

strengthen monarchy

To strengthen Monarchy Richelieu…

Created a network of spies Sent out INTENDANTS to execute orders of central

government Increase taille – annual direct tax – in 1643 Cut off Port city of La Rochelle, to take control from

Huguenots 14 months, until starving citizens surrendered Ordered walls to be torn down Turn all churches Catholic

Punished Nobles for Revolts Biggest Move: Sided with Protestants in 30 Years war

to undermine Hapsburg powerLa Rochelle’s defeat was a signal to

all Protestants to GET OUT of France!

FRANCE

Louis XIII died, Cardinal Mazarin dominated government FRONDE (1648-1649) – nobles and

PARLEMENT of Paris (important court) revolted in reaction to taxes to pay for 30 Year War

Parlement of Paris regained power, people looked to King to restore stability

LOUIS XIV (1643-1715) “I am the State” (didn’t need a Cardinal’s help) “Sun King”- source of light for his people Tried to be absolute, but towns and provinces

had much control

How did Louis XIV create absolute power?

Removed Nobles and princes from royal council and invited them to:

Versailles –Louis’ palace and center of government

Influenced dress, dining and gambling to bankrupt nobles

“one king, one law, one faith” EDICT OF FONTAINEBLEAU:

Revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws Protestantism, destruction of churches

200,000 Huguenots flee

Louis XIV creates Financial Issues Building of Versailles and other palaces Maintaining court Pursuing wars

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) Controller general of finances Adhered to MERCANTILISM

Improved quality of French manufacturing to increase exports

Built roads and canals to better transportation for internal goods

Raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods Louis XIV spent the saved money faster than Colbert

could make it Taxes fell to the peasants to pay

Louis’ Wars

Louis XIV developed a professional army War an incessant activity

Waged four wars 1667-1713 1667: invaded Spanish

Netherlands Lost to Dutch, English,

Swedes 1672: Dutch War: invaded

United Provinces Brandenburg, Spain, HRE

ended war

Louis’ Wars

1689: WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF AUGSBURG Annexation of Alsace and

Lorraine, city of Strasbourg led to:

League of Augsburg – Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, England united against Louis

Treaty of Ryswick- made Louis give up most conquests

WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION

1701 Spanish King, Charles II, died, left throne to Louis XIV’s

grandson Other monarchs didn’t want this Bourbon connection

between the two countries, feared they would unite England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire fought France Fought in North America too

TREATY OF UTRECHT: Louis’s Grandson gets throne, but France and Spain

can’t be ruled by same monarchs England got Newfoundland, Hudson Bay Territory, Nova

Scotia; emerged as great naval power

Mini DBQ

“Kingly Advice” pg. 453 Engraving “Palace of Versailles” pg. 454 Picture “Interior of Versailles” pg. 455 “Travels with the King” pg 456 Map: “The Wars of Louis XIV” pg 457 Family Tree: “Bourbon Dynast” pg 458

Maintaining balance of powerUsing Mercantilism to fund MilitariesStruggles between parliaments vs. monarchs

Successes and Failures of Absolutism

How did Spain go from the most populous empire in the world to ruin?

Treasury was empty: Philip II went bankrupt in 1596 Wars, excesses of court

Government was inefficient Armed forces out of date Philip III (1598-1621)

Weaknesses became apparent Philip IV (1621-1665)

Put country in hands of Gaspar de Guzman, count of Olivares

30 Years War caused revolts and civil war Dutch Independence declared in Peace of Westphalia

German States

Treaty of Westphalia left each HRE state autonomous

Brandenburg-Prussia, led by the Hohenzollerns Three disconnected masses

Brandenburg in Western Germany, West Prussia, East Prussia

Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) Came to power during 30 years war Built up army and levied taxes to support it Reinforced serfdom to gain support from nobles Followed mercantilism: construct roads, canals, high tariffs

Frederick III (1688-1713) became Frederick I, King of Prussia

Austria

After the 30 Years War the Austrian Hapsburgs gave up trying to create a German empire and instead looked east Beat the Ottomans in 1687

Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slovenia After the War of Spanish Succession Austria

gained Spanish Netherlands Milan Mantua, Sardinia, Naples in Italy Italy went from Spanish rule to Austrian rule

Never became absolutist because of many national groups- collection of unions

Russia

Ivan IV (1533-1584) Took title “CZAR” (Caesar) Expanded territories east Reduced BOYAR’S,

nobility’s, power

Ivan IV TERRIBLE!

Ivan the Terrible 1560s: Ivan changes

Became suspicious of his closest advisors

Created a private police force to punish opposition

1565: seized land from 12,000 BOYARS

Killed thousands in Novgorod, suspected they wanted to separate from Russia

1581: killed his own son

Russia

“Time of Troubles” many rulers because of lack of heir

1613: Michael Romanov crowned czar

Russia

Russia dominated by landed aristocrats Abundance of land,

shortage of peasants made serfdom ideal for nobles

Bound peasants to the land

Merchants not allowed to move from cities

RUSSIA

Peter I 1682: became czar as child,

sister ruled until he was 17 6’9, coarse and crude 1697-1698: traveled west

in disguise Realized Russia was

backward Introduced reforms and

Western ideals Labored side-by-side with

thousands of carpenters building a navy

Peter the Great’s Reforms

Reorganized the government 1711: creates Senate to supervise

administration while he is away on military campaigns

Creates boards of administrations for specific functions Foreign affairs, war, justice

Divided Russia into fifty provinces 1722: Table of Ranks- creates

opportunities for non-nobles to serve and join nobility Nobility based on merit?!

Tried to adopt mercantilism but large military required raising taxes

Peter the Great’s Reforms

Peter’s main goal at Westernization was to make Russia a military power “window to the West” – port easily

accessible to West Baltic Sea only option – controlled

by Sweden Great Northern War (1701-1721)

Peace of Nystadt- Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, Karelia, Sweden became second rate power

Peter built St. Petersburg on Baltic

Charles XII

Ottoman Empire

After taking much of southeast Europe in the 16th century, Ottomans were treated as another European power in the 17th century Highly effective government

Led by sultans or viziers (Prime Ministers) Constantinople was splendid with thriving population

Periodically degenerated into bloody intrigues Well-organized military

JANISSARIES – Christian boys kidnapped, converted, killing machines

Sleeping Giant tried to take back Austria but pushed back by European

coalition Never again a threat to Europe

Golden Age of Dutch Republic United Provinces of Netherlands became core of

modern Dutch state in 1581 Officially recognized in Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Wealthy thanks to Atlantic trade

With independence came internal dissension Each province had a STADHOLDER (official)

responsible for leading an army and attending States General

States General-weakened during wars with France & England

17th Century wars saw economic decline for Dutch

How did Dutch spend new wealth? Amsterdam made money from fishing and

transporting other countries’ goods FLUYT-SHALLOW draft ship of large capacity

Amsterdam became commercial capital of Europe Built canals Tall, narrow fronted houses along canals Became crossroads

Manufacturers, shipyard owners, merchants became top society Wealthy burghers began to shed Calvinist ways by

end of 17th century

ENGLAND

Elizabeth died with no heir Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s

cousin) was put to death for trying to overthrow Elizabeth

Her son was King of Scotland James I (1603-1625)

First Stuart to rule Believed firmly in DIVINE

RIGHT and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY

Trouble with Parliament Country in debt, viewed as

“outsider” from Scotland

James I

Parliament was used to ruling with a “balanced polity” refused to give money to James

PURITANS: strict Calvinists demanding further reform from Church of England, take power away from Church officials

James I sees Puritans as threat Refuses most requests of

reforms GENTRY: wealthy

landowners, also Puritans and large part of House of Commons

ENGLAND

Charles I (1625-1649) Popular until marrying a Catholic

Princess, Louis XIII’s sister, Henrietta

Requested money from Parliament

Parliament refuses unless Charles I signs: PETITION OF RIGHT: placed

limits on king’s power King can not levy taxes

without consent of Parliament Direct Challenge to Absolutism

Charles I

At first he acquiesced Taxed without permission Dismisses Parliament

when they become outraged

1629-1640: Charles ruled without Parliament Gentry opposed attempts

to raise taxes without parliament

Added MORE ritual to church ceremonies- angering puritans

ENGLAND

1640: Charles I in debt thanks to rebellions in Scotland Has to reconvene

Parliament to ask for money

Long Parliament – didn’t disband for 20 years Limitation on royal

authority Triennial Act- Parliament

must meet at least once every three years

ENGLAND

Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of bishops in Anglican Church

Charles I led troops into House of Commons to arrest Puritan leaders for Treason Already escaped

Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power Parliament rises up against king Charles I supported by people 1642: Civil War began!

English Civil War (1642-1646)

ROYALISTS: nobles who supported king

ROUNDHEADS: supporters of Parliament Puritans (New Model Army) Merchants, some upper

classes Led by: OLIVER

CROMWELL

ENGLAND

Royalist Army outmatched 1646, surrender

Phase Two begins when Charles flees

Oliver Cromwell dismisses all Parliament members who disagree with him “Rump Parliament”

ENGLAND

Rump Parliament tries Charles I for treason

Charles refuses to recognize Parliament’s authority

1649: Found guilty, Executed in front of own palace

Lord Protector Cromwell (1649-1653)

House of Commons outlaws House of Lords and Monarchy

England becomes a Commonwealth

Cromwell: “Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland” Demanded complete

obedience LEVELLERS- demanded

freedom of speech, religious toleration, democratic republic

ENGLAND

RESTORATION Cromwell dies, son weak

leader Parliament reconvenes and

vote to bring back monarchy 1660: Parliament invites

Charles’ son to be king

Restoration & Charles II

Charles II (1660-1685) Supported religious

tolerationHabeas Corpus Act

of 1679 “may you have

body”Guarantees right

to appear in court to see if accused should be held or released

Charles being presented the first pineapple grown in England

Columbian Exchange!

ENGLAND

JAMES II Charles II brother Had two protestant daughters,

Mary and Anne 1688: James and second wife

gave birth to a Catholic son! GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

1688: Nobles invited James’ daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to become King & Queen

Glorious Revolution

William and MaryHad to sign:

ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS: prevents monarchs from levying taxes without Parliament’s consent

Creating a:

CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY: monarchy limited by law

Response to Revolution

Alarmed by revolutionary upheavals

Leviathan (1651) people are guided by

animalistic interests Government’s role is to

be a Leviathan- large sea monster- an absolute, sovereign authority needed to suppress evil

Argued against absolute rule

Two Treatises of Government Humans have inalienable

rights- life, liberty, property Government is meant to

protect rights If government doesn’t live

up to obligations the People have the right o rebel

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

John Locke (1632-1794)

Who are the successes/failures of 17th century – why?

Who would you take in a fantasy-nation league?

France Spain Holy Roman Empire German States Austria Russia Sweden Poland Ottoman Empire Dutch Republic England

Collins Type II

How did relationships with Parliament affect James I, Charles I, James II, Charles II reigns?

How did the Glorious Revolution affect political thinkers of the 17th century?

How did artistic and literary achievements of era reflect economic developments of the period?

Renaissance came to an end with the Mannerist movement

MANNERISM: attempts to break down High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, moderation Distort proportion Elongated figures convey suffering of the era El Greco (the Greek) – church painter in Spain in

1570s Shades of yellow and green against eerie

backgrounds reflect intense emotion

Mannerism was replaced with Baroque period

BAROQUE- began in Italy last quarter of 16th century, sought to bring classical ideals of Renaissance with spiritual feelings of 16th religious revival Dramatic effects to arouse emotions Search for power- richly decorated churches and palaces Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Bodies in violent motion, dramatic light and shadow Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)

Saint Peter’s Basilica Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653)

Judith Beheading Holofernes

Wealthy Dutch patricians and burghers commissioned works for guilds, public and private buildings

DUTCH REALISM: realistic portrayal of secular life, reflects values of Dutch society Portraits Group portraits of military companies,

guilds Interiors of dwellings Judith Leyster (1609-1660)

First female in Guild of Saint Luke of Haarlem Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)

Master of portraits

Syndics of the Cloth Guild

Night Watch of the Militia Company

Rembrandt also painted religious works, making him the great Protestant artist of the 17th century

Consider works from each movement

Think about ideals, goals, attributes of each movement

How does each work reflect the movement it is in

How would you know it is Mannerist, Baroque, Dutch if the labels weren’t there?