chapter 16 the civil war (1861-1865) section 2 early stages of the war
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861-1865)
Section 2 Early Stages of the War
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A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
What do you think is the most important element for the North or South to gain advantage in the early years of the war?
A. a large army
B. strong leaders
C. quick, decisive victories
D. adequate funding and financial support A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
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Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a strong advantage during the early years of the war?
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The Civil War• Fought on sea and land• The Union navy began
a blockade of all Confederate ports
• The Southerners hoped to break the blockade with a secret weapon
• An abandonedabandoned Union warship, the Merrimack
• The Confederates covered the wooden ship with iron and renamed it the Virginia
• The Virginia could withstand Union cannon fire
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Summer of 1861• July 21, about 30,000
inexperienced Union troops under General Irvin McDowell attacked
• The Confederates had a smaller, but also inexperienced force under P.G.T. Beauregard
• Fighting took place in northern Virginia
• 5 miles from Manassas Junction near a small river called Bull Run
• Hundreds of residents from Washington D.C. went to the battle site to watch and have a picnic
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First Battle of Bull Run• The Yankees drove the
Confederates back… at first• The Rebels rallied, inspired
by reinforcements under General Thomas Jackson
• Jackson was seen holding out heroically, “like a stone wall”
• Jackson got the nickname “Stonewall JacksonStonewall Jackson”
• The Confederates counterattacked and forced the Union lines to break
• The retreating Union troops ran into the picnickers
• Civilians fled back to Washington D.C. in panic
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Results of 1st Bull Run• The outcome shocked
Northerners• They began to understand the
war could be long, difficult, and costly
• President Lincoln appointed a new general, George B. McClellan, to head and organize the Union army of the East
• Called the Army of the Potomac
• Lincoln called for more troops• Lincoln signed two bills
requesting a total of 1 million soldiers to serve for three years
• Victories in the West raised Northern spirits and also increased enlistment
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The War in the West• The main goal in the West for the
Union was to control the Mississippi and its tributariestributaries
• Controlling the Mississippi would keep Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas from supplying the rest of the Confederacy
• Union gunboats and troops could also move into the heart of the South
• The battles for the rivers began in February 1862 when the Union captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River
• Led by naval commander Andrew Foote and army general Ulysses S. Ulysses S. GrantGrant
• Foote and Grant moved to take Fort Donelson and told the Confederates…
• “No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted”
• “Unconditional Surrender” Grant became the North’s new hero
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War on the Ironclads• March 8, 1862- The Merrimack (Virginia), attacked Union ships of the coast of Virginia
• The wooden Union ship’s shells bounced off its iron sides
• The Union had its own ironclad warship, the Monitor
• March 9th, the two ironclads met in battle
• Neither could sink the other
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In the West• General Grant and
40,000 troops headed south toward Corinth, Mississippi
• There was an important railroad junction there
• The Union army camped at a church named Shiloh (about 20 miles away)
• More Union troops came from Nashville to join Grant
• Confederate leaders attacked first, before the reinforcements arrived
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The Battle of ShilohBattle of Shiloh• Early morning of April 6th,
Confederate forces led by Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack
• The Battle of Shiloh lasted two days,
• Narrow victory for the Union
• The losses were enormous- Together the two armies suffered 23,000 casualtiescasualties
• The Union gained control of Corinth on May 30th
• Memphis fell to the Union on June 6th
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New Orleans Falls• April 25, 1862- New
Orleans falls to the Union under David Farragut
• Controlling New Orleans (Mouth of Mississippi) meant the Confederacy could no longer use the river to carry goods to sea
• The Union now controlled most of the Mississippi
• Only the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi blocked Union control of the river and the success of the Union’s strategy
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War in the East• Another campaign was
being fought in the East to capture Richmond (Capital of the Confederacy)
• The Confederacy was able to win victories because of General Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson
• Knowledge of the terrain, speed of movement, and ability to inspire their troops
• Confederate forces turned back General George B. McClellan at the Seven Days’ Battle
• Then defeated General John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run
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War in the East Continued• Then General Ambrose
Burnside was defeated at Fredericksburg
• May 1763, Lee’s army defeated a Union army twice its size
• All Confederate victories took place in the Confederacy
• Lee’s two attempts to invade the North failed
• September 1862- Lee’s army was turned back at the Battle of Antietam
• A year later, the Confederate army would get defeated at Gettysburg
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Invasion of the North• Washington D.C. was too well
guarded for Lee to attack• Jefferson Davis instead moved
onto western Maryland- Union Territory
• Davis wanted to move into Pennsylvania and move the war to the Northern states
• In Maryland, Lee split his army in four parts and moved them in different directions
• Lee hoped to confuse McClellan about the size and destination of his army
• A Confederate office lost his copy of the orders and Union soldiers found them
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Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam• McClellan did not attack
immediately, and Lee reassembled his troops
• September 17, 1862- The two sides met in the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland
• About 6,000 were killed and 17,000 wounded
• Deadliest single day of fighting
• Important victory for the Union
• Lee retreated to Virginia
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Reason for the Civil War• Lincoln wanted to save the Union• As the war went on, Lincoln
changed the way he thought about slavery and its role in the war
• Lincoln hated slavery, but didn’t move on it because of the border states
• At the start of the war, abolitionists (Including Frederick Douglass) urged Lincoln to make the war a fight to end slavery
• Some argued that 1. slavery was morally wrong and
• 2. slavery was the root of the division between North and South
• Therefore the nation could never be fully restored if slavery continued
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Make It A War To End Slavery?• Frederick Douglas and
others brought up foreign policy
• Southern leaders were trying to get Britain and France to recognize the Confederacy’s independence
• Public opinion in Britain and France were antislavery
• Douglas pointed out, by making it war for freedom, Britain and France would be less likely to support the South
• This would help the Union
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Lincoln Decides• Lincoln knew the
Constitution did not give him the power to end slavery
• The Constitution did allow him to take property from an enemy in wartime
• By law, enslaved people were property
• September 22, 1862- Lincoln announced he would issue the Emancipation Emancipation ProclamationProclamation
• This freed all enslaved people in rebel territory on January 1, 1863
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Effects of the Proclamation• The Proclamation did not
actually free a single enslaved person
• It was only for enslaved people in the Confederacy
• There, Lincoln had no power to enforce the policy
• It had an important impactimpact on America
• By issuing the Proclamation, the government declared slavery to be wrong
• If the Union won the war, slavery would be banned forever
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Why did neither the Union nor the Confederacy gain a strong advantage during the early years of the war?
-Decisions made by leaders
-Battles won by both sides
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Chapter 16 Section 2 Quiz
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The first major battle of the Civil War was at
Shilo
h.
Antietam Cre
ek.
Bull Run (M
anassas).
Richmond.
25% 25%25%25%A. Shiloh.
B. Antietam Creek.
C. Bull Run (Manassas).
D. Richmond.
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Who said “No terms except and unconditional
and immediate surrender can be accepted”
Ulysse
s S. G
rant
David
Farragu
t
Robert E. L
ee
George B. M
cClella
n
25% 25%25%25%A. Ulysses S. Grant
B. David Farragut
C. Robert E. Lee
D. George B. McClellan
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In the West, the Union goal was to control
Texas.
the Tennesse
e River.
the M
ississ
ippi River.
Miss
ouri.
25% 25%25%25%A. Texas.
B. the Tennessee River.
C. the Mississippi River.
D. Missouri.
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The single bloodiest day of the entire Civil War took place at
Shilo
h.
Antietam.
Bull Run (M
anassas).
Richmond.
25% 25%25%25%A. Shiloh.
B. Antietam.
C. Bull Run (Manassas).
D. Richmond.
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Together the Union and Confederate armies suffered more than 23,000 casualties at
the Battle of B
ull Run.
New O
rleans.
Richmond.
the Battle of S
hiloh.
25% 25%25%25%A. the Battle of Bull Run.
B. New Orleans.
C. Richmond.
D. the Battle of Shiloh.