Chapter 16Unit 5Wade Hampton and the BourbonsThe PopulistsBenjamin Tillman and Clemson UniversityTextile MillsPopulation MigrationSpanish-American War

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1. How did Gov. Wade Hamptons supporters earn the following nickname:RedeemersBourbons*

Wade Hampton & the BourbonsThe election of 1876 Governor Wade Hampton III in powerHis supporters were known asThe Redeemers Because they redeemed the state from the Republicans, and placed the antebellum elite back in political powerThe Bourbons From the French royal family that was restored to the throne after the French Revolution. Governor Wade Hampton III*

2.What was the goal of Gov. Wade Hampton & the Bourbons?

3. What was happening to the plantations during this time?*

Wade Hampton & the BourbonsThe Bourbons wanted To restore South Carolinas government and society As close as possible to its prewar state With white elite in control and with limited taxes During this time, the plantations of South Carolina disappeared and were replaced by small farms worked by sharecroppers or tenant farmers.Plantations were abandoned & replaced by small farms*

4.The elite who were back in power did nothing to help the struggling poor farmers. How can this be seen in the crop lien law? *

Wade Hampton & the BourbonsEven though the white elite were back in power, they did nothing to help white small farmers during the continuing economic crisis. Cotton prices were decreasing and farmers couldnt pay their debts. (What they owed bills)The Bourbons passed a crop lien law that allowed creditors to have first claim on a farmers crop. This practice kept the farmers in continual debt.

Small farm at the turn of the century*

5. Governor Wade Hamptons belief about the rights of SCs African Americans:

Other Democrats belief about the rights of SCs African Americans:*

Wade Hampton & the BourbonsGovernor Wade Hampton III Was willing to respect the race relations established during Reconstruction Such as the rights of African Americans to vote and hold officeOther members of the Democratic Party didnt agree with him & soon moved to disfranchise (remove the right to vote) the African American voter.

A Harpers Weekly drawing showing white citizens attempting to intimidate black voters*

6. How did the Democrats try to remove the right of African Americans to vote with the 8 box law?

7. How did the Democrats try to remove the right of African Americans to vote with the Poll tax?

8. What groups of people were affected by these voting laws? *

Wade Hampton & the BourbonsThe Bourbons prevented freedmen from voting by using the Eight Box Law Required a freedmen to be able to read in order to put the ballot in the right box The poll tax Required them to have money to pay the tax These laws kept poor and illiterate whites from voting as wellBut the Conservative elite didnt really care*

What law was created to help poor, illiterate white voters? *

Wade Hampton & the Bourbonsgrandfather clauseLegislation was passed in order to allow the poor, illiterate white voters a chance to voteThis clause allowed males to vote if their grandfathers had been able to vote in 1860, before the Civil War.This law did not include African Americans since they were not allowed to vote prior to the Civil WarSmall illiterate farmers were the ones that were most affected by the grandfather clause.*

10. What was South Carolina trying to do by redrawing Congressional district lines? *

Wade Hampton & the BourbonsThe South Carolina legislature also adopted a plan by which Congressional districts were redrawn. Why?So that only 1 district had an African American majorityLimiting the number of African Americans elected to the US Congress

South Carolina Congressional voting districts*

11. While the rest of the US was profiting from oil and steel industries, what industries were helping South Carolina?

12. How did South Carolina encourage Northern industries to come to the South?

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South Carolina EconomyThe Conservative Democrats were more interested in restoring the state to pre-war times & did little to encourage the growth of industrial development. While the rest of the country was benefiting from the oil and steel industries, the textile industry that had begun prior to the Civil War eventually became very important to South Carolina.

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South Carolina EconomyThe states economy did benefit from the production of cottonseed oilphosphates for fertilizers lumberThe production of these items all increased after Reconstruction Mainly due to the states ability to lure northern mills south by offering a source of cheap and non-union labor.

Phosphates and Cottonseed Oil*

13. Instead of using mechanization, what did South Carolina use to increase crop production?*

South Carolina EconomySouth Carolina farmers picked cotton by hand well into the 20th century.Other regions of the U S were increasing crop production through mechanization (using tractors and harvesters)

South Carolina used phosphate fertilizers to increase cotton yields.

Demonstration of the first cotton picking machine near Selma, Alabama *

14. Why did the price of cotton fall?

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South Carolina EconomyAfter the war Farmers planted more and more land in cotton in an effort to make a profit. This, along with using phosphate fertilizer, created a surplus (extra amount) of cotton in the state. The cotton prices fell when the supply of the cotton exceeded (was more than) the demand for itCotton bales*

15. European buyers affected cottons ability to be a profitable cash crop because

16. The Crop Lien Law affected cottons ability to be a profitable cash crop because

17. Other problems that affected cottons ability to be a profitable cash crop*

South Carolina EconomyEven though cotton was still the main crop, it did not bring the state wealth the way it once had.European buyers had found new sources of supply during the war years, lowering the demand.Farmers were unable to make payments on the loans that they had taken out to purchase land and equipment Farmers were stuck in debt by the Bourbons crop lien lawCotton bales*

South Carolina EconomyIn addition to falling prices of cotton South Carolina farmers felt the impact of Bank foreclosuresLosing their land for non payment of taxesDrought and Pests such as the army worm and the boll weevil that led to periodic crop failures.

Armyworm and Boll Weevil*

18. Why was the Grange organized?

19. What replaced the Grange?*

PopulistsA political movement started in the South & the Midwest as a result of the worsening economic conditionsThe Populist movement started as an organization known as the Grange.Originally a social organization designed to ease the isolation of farm lifeIn the Midwest it evolved into a political organization 2. The Grange was later replaced by Farmers AlliancesFarmers Alliance poster*

20. Why did the Farmers Alliance push for a change in the money supply?

21. How did the Farmers Alliance reflect the social views of the time?*

PopulistsIn SC, the farmers did not yet have political power, Power remained in the hands of the elite ConservativesFarmers did organize regional Farmers Alliances in the 1880s that pushed for a change in the money supply1. Allowing for silver to be coined to help increase the supply of money to help with economic problems. The states Farmers Alliance were 2. segregated into a white Farmers Alliance and a Colored Farmers Alliance. Farmers Alliance poster*

22. Farmers Alliances around the nation united to form what political party?

23. Describe the political beliefs (4) of this party. *

PopulistsIn the 1890s, Farmers Alliances around the country united to form the Populist Party 1. Supported the regulation of railroads & banking2. The free & unlimited coinage of silver3. A system of federal farm loans4. Democratic reforms such as the popular election of Senators, the secret ballot, & a graduated income tax. Populist Party poster*

24. How did farmers try to unite with industry workers?

25. Who was one of the people that the Populist Party was successful in getting elected?*

PopulistsThe farmers attempted to ally with industrial workers by encouraging an eight-hour day, and restrictions on immigration. The Populist Party was successful in electing senators, governors and state legislators in the South & West.One of whom was Ben Tillman.Populist Party poster*

Chapter 16B*

The Populist Party got Ben Tillman elected, but what was his real political goal?*

Ben TillmanBenjamin Ryan Tillman appealed to the farmers because of his great speaking & political skills. He supported the Populists because he appealed to the values and needs of the common people against the Conservative Bourbon elite. However, Tillman was not a true Populist.2. Worked to gain control of the Democratic Party in South Carolina. Benjamin Ryan Tillman*

2. Why didnt Ben Tillman like the attempt to get African American votes?*

Ben TillmanAfrican-American farmers suffered as much, if not more, from the hard economic conditions than the white farmers.Tillman did not support the Southern Populists effort to earn African American votes because he was racist. This Populist effort to earn votes led to increased violence and lynching opposition to the Populist Party in many parts of the South Harpers Weekly illustration showing the violence towards African American voters*

3. Who did Ben Tillman and the other Populists blame for their economic problems?*

Ben TillmanTillman and his followers blamed the Conservatives (Bourbons) for the small farmers economic problems.He pushed to create colleges to educate farmers in the techniques of farmingOpposed the elitism of the University of South CarolinaThis push led to the establishment of Clemson as an agricultural college.Top: Tillman HallBottom: Sikes Hall*

4. What type of education did Tillman want for small farmers?

5. Who was Thomas G. Clemson?

6. What did Clemson do to support a college for small farmers?*

Ben Tillman1. Tillman wanted schools for farmers to teach them better crop management and to develop new crops to increase their economic prosperity. Thomas G Clemson 2. son-in-law of John C. Calhoun 3. Upon his death he left the land to help create such a schoolLater became Clemson Agricultural and Mechanical SchoolTop: John C Calhoun MansionBottom: Barracks at Clemson A&M College*

7. Clemson was created as a land grant college, what does this mean?*

Ben TillmanClemson was a land grant collegeThe federal Morrill Act used money gained from the sale of lands in the west to support agricultural improvements in each of the established states. *

8. Why did Tillman oppose the Conservative Bourbons?A.

B.*

Ben TillmanTillman opposed the Conservative Bourbons They had done little or nothing to address the needs of the states farmers Despite the Eight Box Law & the poll tax, they generally accepted the rights of some African Americans to vote and hold officeBen Tillman in serious recline*

Ben TillmanThe fight between the Tillmanites & the Conservatives (Bourbons) had a devastating impact on the rights of African Americans. Although African American and white farmers shared the same problemsTillman and many of his followers were racists and supported the white farmers only.A small farming family*

9. When Tillman ran for governor, what was his platform?

10. To what did his bigotry and racist speeches lead?*

Ben TillmanTillman ran for governor on a platform of white superiority Later led the movement to further disenfranchise the African-American voter. His bigotry and racist rhetoric led to increased violence and lynchings African Americans who dared to protest were intimidated into silence. Ben Tillman earned the nickname Pitchfork Ben Tillman when he threatened to stab the president with a pitchfork.*

11. During the governors election against Tillman, what did a Conservative opponent cause white voters to do?*

Ben TillmanTillman & the Conservative Bourbon faction of the Democratic Party competed for the nomination for governor in 1890. Tillman won the Democratic nomination and was almost assured of victory since very few people supported the Republican Party after the Reconstruction era.However, a Conservative opponent ran as an independent & openly sought the support of the remaining black voters. Ben Tillman intimidating the cameraman*

What did Tillman do in 1890 when he won the SC governorship?12. Railroads:

13. Textile work week:

14. Prohibition Act:

Next 3 slides*

Ben TillmanWhites united against any chance of African-Americans regaining political power Tillman won the governorship in 1890 & again in 1892 As governor, Tillman did little to enact the platform of the Populist Party. His government did Establish a railroad commission to regulate rates Limited the hours for textile workers to 66 hours and 6 days a week

Ben Tillman was blind in one eye*

Ben TillmanAlthough the Populist Party was no longer effective in South Carolina after Tillmans election in 1892, farmers still had an impact in state government. In the 1890s, many socially conservative farmers supported prohibition making the production and sale of alcohol illegal Voters approved a referendum in favor of prohibitionOfficials disposing of alcohol*

Ben TillmanThe state legislature passed a prohibition bill3. But Governor Tillman amended it Substituted the State Dispensary systemThe state would control the distribution of alcoholThis worked for awhile, but eventually became corrupt. Alcohol bottles from the state dispensary*

15. Why did Tillman want a new constitution when he became a US Senator?*

Ben TillmanIn 1894 Tillman was elected to the U.S. Senate from SC. He urged his followers to call for a new state constitution to replace the Reconstruction constitution of 1868 To cement his control of the Democratic Party He wanted to be sure that the black majority did not provide political support to his Conservative opposition.Sketch by E. R. Johnson of the Philadelphia Press, January 11, 1909. Theodore Roosevelt with Benjamin "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman (1847-1918), Senator from South Carolina. *

What did the new 1895 South Carolina constitution do for.16. schools?

17. Voting rights?

18. Jim Crow Laws*

Ben TillmanThe new 1895 state constitutionRequired that there be separate schools for black and white children. Effectively kept blacks from voting by making voters pay a poll tax six months before the electionEstablished a literacy test for voting Requiring that voters be able to read & interpret the US ConstitutionA segregated schoolhouse in the mid 1900s*

Jim Crow LawsSC further limited the social opportunities of African Americans by passing a series of laws, called Jim Crow Laws 3. Set social segregation into law, not just practice In 1896, the US Supreme Court ruled that such laws were constitutional. The Court ruled that separate-but-equal facilities satisfied the 14th Amendments requirement for equal protection under the law in the case of Plessy v Ferguson. "Jump Jim Crow", a song-and-dance caricature of African Americans performed by white actor Thomas D. Rice in blackface. *

19. What happened to African Americans when they protested these new restrictions? *

Jim Crow LawsThe Jim Crow laws impacted, both directly & indirectly, every aspect of the African-American experience for most of the next sixty years until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Violence, intimidation & lynchings by white terrorists effectively silenced SC African-Americans who protested their exclusion from public lifePoster for the Jim Crow performance*

20. What is womens suffrage?

21. What happened to womens suffrage in South Carolina in 1920?

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Womens SuffrageWomen echoed the voting limitations of African AmericansThe womens suffrage movement continued in South Carolina. Womens Suffrage = 1. Womens Right to VoteThe few womens organizations that formed in SC to support womens suffrage were disappointed when in 1920 the state of 2. SC refused to ratify the 19th amendment to the US Constitution that allowed women to vote.

Women petitioning for votes*

Natural Disasters1886 Charleston EarthquakeThe city was already suffering from economic decline, urban blight and a category 3 hurricane that damaged 90% of the homes in the city the previous year.Measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale, it was the largest earthquake in the U S at that time & was felt by 2/3 of all Americans. Damage from the Charleston earthquake*

22. What happened to the buildings in Charleston when the 6.6 Richter scale earthquake hit Charleston in 1886? *

Natural DisastersThe initial earthquake was felt as far away as Toronto & Cuba Strong aftershocks experienced for days & lesser ones for monthsBecause of building construction that relied on masonry rather than wood frames, which would move better with the earth, over 2,000 buildings were destroyed of the assets of the city and 5 to 6 million dollars in property damage $100.5-121.2 million in 2006 dollars Damage from the Charleston earthquake caused by a sandspout*

Natural DisastersAlthough racism prevented an accurate count of the number of people who were killed, some estimates place the number as high as 500. The city didnt get state and federal assistance, but the people of Charleston were able to form the most rapid, humane and financially responsible recovery from the destruction of a large scale disaster in American history up to that time. Charlestonians were back to work repairing their city in a week and had rebuilt the city in 14 months. Damage from the Charleston earthquake*

23. How did the way that Charleston rebuilt itself affect the way the nation viewed South Carolina?

24. What was the scientific significance of the Charleston earthquake? *

Natural DisastersOutpourings of sympathy and assistance came from all over the country that had recently been divided by the Civil War.As a result of the areas hard work The people of Charleston won the respect & admiration of much of the rest of the country and the city was again seen as one that should be visited. Much of what is generally now known about earthquakes was a result of the scientific study of the Charleston quake. St Michaels Episcopal church is one of the oldest in Charleston and is a popular tourist attraction today.*

25. When the hurricane of 1893 hit South Carolina, what happened to the states cash crops? *

Natural DisastersThe Hurricane of 1893 was one of a series of 7 that struck the SC coast in a 20 year period. Rice fields were wiped out & competition from the Far East brought an end to the production of Carolina Gold. Low Country farmers turned to truck gardening to supply local markets.Tobacco was introduced as a cash crop to the Pee Dee but could not be grown in other parts of the Low Country. Some Upstate farmers started planting peach treesCotton continued to dominate SC 2Hurricane hitting South Carolina.*

26. Describe the migration patterns during this time period. (Prior to the Civil War, why were Southerners moving west? )*

Population MigrationMuch of the white population was pulled from rural areas to urban areas in SC with the establishment of mill villagesPrior to the Civil War, Southerners were moving west In search of new land as their cotton crops depleted (removed nutrients from) the soilAfter the Civil War, many people moved west from other areas in the US, and from overseas. Ariel view of Pickens Mill village*

After the Civil War, what brought people to the west? 1.2.3.

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Population MigrationSettlers were drawn to the West byFree land (the Homestead Act)The transcontinental railroads aggressive advertising & land salesAccess to new markets for farmingNew towns grew along its routes, and older towns were able to specialize in particular products.An advertisement for the transcontinental railroad.*

Population MigrationWhile other people were encouraged to move west by the federal Homestead Act which promised free landSouth Carolinas African-American freedmen & poor whites lacked the money to make such a move. Instead they concentrated on making use of the available land and economic opportunity in their own state. Woman in South Carolina standing near a bee hive circa 1900. *

31. Why did African Americans leave South Carolina? 1.2.3.4.5.

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Population MigrationSome African Americans were 1. Drawn to opportunities for jobs in factories that were not open to them in the mills of SCsuch as weaving or dying fabricMoved from rural areas in SC to urban areas in the Northeast and the Midwest. Many African Americans moved to Northern cities such as this family who were headed to Chicago.*

Population Migration African Americans were also pushed out of the state by 2. The continued agricultural depression3. The ravages of the boll weevil 4. Social discrimination of Jim Crow laws5. Increasing violenceSome African Americans moved to towns in the West such as the Exodusters who moved to Kansas.

Exodusters in Kansas*

Why were immigrants not needed to work in South Carolina textile mills?*

Population MigrationLarge numbers of immigrants stayed away from SC because of the depressed economic conditions in agriculture, the lack of available land, and the lack of industrial jobs. The mills had plenty of transplanted farmers from the rural areas of the state & had little need for immigrant labor. Immigration had a much greater impact on the cities of the Northeast and Midwest. Factory workers in New York*

Population MigrationThe immigrants who did come to the state made significant cultural and economic contributions to South Carolina.Many immigrants established businesses Including the founder & editor of The State newspaperWho was an immigrant from Cuba

Ambrose Gonzales and his brother, William, were the founders and editors of The State newspaper.*

Why did immigrants establish ethnic communities? *

Population MigrationSome immigrants moved to the plains & established farmsMany immigrants were too poor to move beyond the port cities where they landed. Ethnic neighborhoods grew as immigrants looked for the familiar in a strange new land Churches, schools, businesses and newspapers reflected the ethnicity of Little Italy, Greektown or Polonia. South Carolina city neighborhoods were divided by race into black and white sections, not by nationalityLittle Italy, Manhattan NY*

27. How did African American communities reflect those of the immigrants? *

Population MigrationJust as the immigrant communities helped each otherThe African American community in South Carolina developed organizations and churches that supported them as they attempted to protect themselves against the white political machine. Reflecting the pre-Civil War hostilities against the Germans and Irish of the Up Country, racial hostility led to restrictions on immigration. Graph of immigrants country of origin by population.*

How did politicians use immigrants to get votes? *

Population MigrationSome people who helped immigrants had hidden agenda in politics. Immigrants voted for those who found them jobs & helped them through hard timesThey gave their votes to neighborhood & ward bosses in gratitude for the help they had received, not as a result of any direct briberyAlthough many political bosses were corrupt & routinely used bribery in awarding city contracts, they also served an important role in helping new immigrants to adapt to their new country. Immigrants first sight of America.*

Population MigrationEven though some bosses used their power to solve important urban problems, abuses still occurred Such as New Yorks Boss Tweed. The political machine in SCs Tillmanites were also involved in Corruption and graft and controlled the votes of the people through disfranchisement of the African American voter and racist rhetoric. A Harpers Weekly illustration in which Boss Tweed challenges people to oppose him.*

Population MigrationNorthern resentment against the immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe Such as the Italians, Poles, Russians and Eastern European Jews Can be seen as a Northern reflection of the anti-African American prejudices in SC. In an attempt to restrict immigration, literacy tests for immigrants were proposed in Congress in the 1890sImmigration restrictions in the form of a quota system passed in the 1920s An anti-immigration political cartoon showing a hardworking Americans food being stolen by an immigrant gypsy.*

30. Describe the white attitude of Social Darwinism that supported racism. *

Population MigrationWhites felt that their race was better than all the others, so they had a right to rule over the other races. They tried to establish their superiority and felt that competition between races was a form of Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) & gave them an excuse for white supremacy. This political cartoon depicts the prejudices of wealthy Americans against poor immigrants. The shadows of the wealthy men reflect their poor immigrant origins.*

Spanish American WarThe Battle of Desmayo - The Cuban Balaklava by William A Rogers

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What were the causes of the Spanish American War? (4 reasons)*

Spanish American WarReasons for the US to declare war on Spain1. Pressures from domestic tensions - including the rise of the Populist movement2. Economic depression and labor unrest 3. Expanding trade business pushed Americans to find new markets4. The USs desire to support the rights of Cubans against an oppressive Spanish regime

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What did the victory in Cuba do for the US? *

Spanish American WarYellow journalism-propaganda, exacerbated by the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine in Havanas harbor, led to a public outcry for American involvement.President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war in response to all of these pressures. Victory in Cuba came quickly and established the United States as a world power. The New York Journal reported the destruction of the USS Maine.*

Spanish American WarThe war allowed the United States to expand in the South Pacific with the annexation of Hawaii and the capture of Manila harbor in the Philippines. Anti- Imperialists argued against annexation of the Philippines on the grounds that the Filipinos could never be incorporated into the union. McKinley argued that it was an American responsibility to govern the Filipinos who were incapable of governing themselves. *

Spanish American WarSocial Darwinism, the white mans burden ideology and racial prejudices played a role in both the Anti-Imperialists and McKinleys arguments and echoed the passage of the Jim Crow laws. The treaty ending the war recognized United States ownership of the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and United States control of Cuba. Map showing the territories of America after the Spanish American War.*

Although the war had little direct impact on SC, describe its impact on the following:*

Trade MarketsDemocratic Party:Patriotism:Economy:SC Citizens:

Spanish American WarThe war had little direct impact on our state The 2 regiments of soldiers organized in South Carolina never even saw battle. It did create unity in the state Opened up greater worldwide trade and markets for SC goodsThe SC Democratic Party that had been split into the Tillmanites & the Conservatives reconciledRevived a sense of national patriotism, as Americans united against a common enemy Map of Cuba and surrounding islands*

Spanish American WarSouth Carolinians also began to understand that Military installations, such as Camp Jackson, could have a dramatic impact on the economic health of the state The war also made it evident that many South Carolinians suffered from poor health and illiteracyAlmost 1 out of 3 South Carolina volunteers were found to be medically unfit for military service, a trend echoed across the country in World War ICamp Jackson*

Textile Mill Advertisement Project *

Textile MillsThe surplus of cotton in South Carolina drove the prices down, but led to the growth of the textile industry in the Upcountry. Prior to the Civil War and in the immediate postwar period, the planter elite looked down on the development of industry as a less noble calling than their antebellum agricultural society. Cotton ready to be shipped to market.*

When the textile mill industry developed because of the cotton surplus, why were they located near rivers?

Why were textile mills attractive to poor farmers? *

Textile MillsLocal investors soon provided most of the capital ($) for the building of textile mill Located close to the cotton fields & along rivers that would supply power. SC also had a ready supply of workers. 2. Poor farmers who could no longer make a living from the land were attracted to mill villages that provided homes, schools, churches, and stores in addition to jobs. Water powered textile machines*

Textile MillsAlthough the first mills were started in the Upstate, within 15 years there were mills in the Midlands and the Low Country. By 1895, technology created a boom (rapid growth) of mills. They were modeled after New England mills, and produced finished cloth on their many spindles. By 1910, South Carolina was the 2nd largest textile producing state in the nation.

Above: Textile mills would use the latest technology.Below: Housing was provided by the factories to keep their workers close by.*

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Schools for children:Hours: Pay:Disease:Unions:

Textile MillsLife for mill workers was not ideal.The conditions in the mill village depended upon the generosity of the mill owners & the economic conditions of the times. When depression struck, workers were laid off. Some children were able to go to school Many others worked in the mill where their small fingers made them better able to retie broken threadsTheir youth made them more susceptible to workplace accidents. Children would sometimes become seriously injured when a body part would get caught in the moving parts of the machinery.*

Textile MillsMen, women & children worked long hours for low pay Were often looked down upon as lint heads. Workers in SC earned less than half of what mill workers in other parts of the US earned Women & children were paid even less than men. They worked 6 am until 6 pm Until Governor Tillmans law reduced hours to 66 per weekGirls at Bibbs Mill in Georgia with lint in their hair and covering their clothes.*

Textile MillsWorkers often suffered from diseases of the lung including tuberculosis from breathing in the cotton fiber & from the crowded conditions of their workplace. Workplace accidents that could end a workers career were also an ever-present possibility. Workers were unable to organize to improve their lot as union organizers were immediately fired & the organized labor movement consistently crushed by the mill owners.

Many mill workers contracted the lung disease, tuberculosis.*

Work Conditions in early 1900s*