chapter 17: groundwater. distribution of fresh water
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 17: GroundwaterChapter 17: Groundwater
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Distribution of Fresh WaterDistribution of Fresh Water
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IntroductionIntroduction Groundwater: water within the zone of saturation Zone of Saturation: zone where all pore spaces
are filled with water Water Table: upper limit of zone of saturation Zone of Aeration: area above water table that
includes capillary fringe, and belt of soil moisture Capillary Fringe: groundwater is held by surface
tension only Belt of Soil Moisture: zone above the water table
where water is held by molecular attraction
Groundwater: water within the zone of saturation Zone of Saturation: zone where all pore spaces
are filled with water Water Table: upper limit of zone of saturation Zone of Aeration: area above water table that
includes capillary fringe, and belt of soil moisture Capillary Fringe: groundwater is held by surface
tension only Belt of Soil Moisture: zone above the water table
where water is held by molecular attraction
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Water TableWater Table
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Interaction of
Groundwater with Surface Water
Interaction of
Groundwater with Surface Water Gaining
stream Losing
stream
Gaining stream
Losing stream
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Characteristics of MaterialsCharacteristics of Materials
Porosity: % of total volume of rock or sediment what consists of void spaces
Permeability: ability to transmit a fluid Aquifer: layers that transmit
groundwater freely Aquitard: layers that prevent
groundwater movement
Porosity: % of total volume of rock or sediment what consists of void spaces
Permeability: ability to transmit a fluid Aquifer: layers that transmit
groundwater freely Aquitard: layers that prevent
groundwater movement
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Materials & Groundwater Yield
Materials & Groundwater Yield
aquitard
aquitard
aquitard
aquiferaquifer
aquiferaquifer
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Movement of GroundwaterMovement of Groundwater
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Hydraulic GradientHydraulic Gradient Darcy’s Law: Q = K A (h1-h2)
d Q = discharge (m3 / s) K = hydraulic conductivity A = cross-sectional area of aquifer
Darcy’s Law: Q = K A (h1-h2) d
Q = discharge (m3 / s) K = hydraulic conductivity A = cross-sectional area of aquifer
Hydraulic gradient = slope of water table
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SpringsSprings
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Hot Springs & GeysersHot Springs & Geysers
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WellsWells
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Artesian WellsArtesian Wells
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Problems Associated with Groundwater WithdrawalProblems Associated with Groundwater Withdrawal
Subsidence Saltwater Contamination Other Contamination
Septic tanks Agricultural chemicals Acid mine run-off Materials from landfills
Subsidence Saltwater Contamination Other Contamination
Septic tanks Agricultural chemicals Acid mine run-off Materials from landfills
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SubsidenceSubsidence
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Septic ContaminationSeptic Contamination
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Geologic Work of Groundwater
Geologic Work of Groundwater
Caverns Speleothems: dripstone features found in
caverns Stalactites: on ceiling, reaching toward floor Stalagmites: on floor, reaching toward
ceiling Karst Topography
Sinkholes (AKA Sinks): depressions formed from subsidence due to underground cavers
Caverns Speleothems: dripstone features found in
caverns Stalactites: on ceiling, reaching toward floor Stalagmites: on floor, reaching toward
ceiling Karst Topography
Sinkholes (AKA Sinks): depressions formed from subsidence due to underground cavers
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Caverns & SpeleothemsCaverns & Speleothems
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Karst TopographyKarst Topography
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SinkholesSinkholes