Chapter 17 - Section 3Luther Leads the Reformation

Martin Luther’s protest over abuses in the Catholic Church lead to the founding

of Protestant churches.

Let’s remember….

What does reform mean? To change something that is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory Why were people losing faith in the church? Black plague, suffering, etc What was the attitude of people during the Renaissance

period? Enjoy life Why did the invention of the printing press lead people to

criticize the church and clergy? They could interpret the bible for themselves

Causes of the Reformation

Church Authority Challenged– Secularism, individualism of

Renaissance challenge Church authority

– Rulers challenge Church’s power– Printing press spreads secular ideas– Northern merchants resent paying

church taxes

Criticisms of the Catholic Church

– Corrupt leaders, extravagant popes– Poorly educated priests

Early Calls for Reform– John Wycliffe and Jan Hus stress

Bible’s authority over clergy’s– Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas

More are vocal critics of the Church– Reading religious works, Europeans

form own opinions about Church

Two Scholar-Priests

Criticize their Church

John Wycliff 1320 – 1384

John Hus1369 – 1415Bay of

Biscay

These two priests planted the seeds for the “Protest” and call for “Reform” in the Church…

that 100 years later would erupt as the official “Protestant Reformation” led by priest Martin Luther…

All three would be excommunicated for their blunt attacks on the Church.

“Love the Truth. Let others have their Truth. And the Truth will prevail.”

-John Hus of Bohemia, -inscribed on his statue today in Old Town Square,

Prague, Czech Republic.

John Wycliff - English priest and professor at Oxford…• preached that Jesus, not the Pope, was the true head of Church• criticized the shameful luxury in which the Pope & priests lived• tried translating the Bible into vernacular English• charged with heresy, was excommunicated

John Wycliff1320 – 1384

John Hus1369 – 1415

John Hus – priest from Bohemia and professor at Prague…• preached that the Bible, not the Pope, was the authority• criticized the shameful luxury in which the Pope & priests lived• began performing the Mass in the people’s vernacular language• charged with heresy, was excommunicated.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Luther Challenges the Church

The 95 Theses– Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s

selling of indulgences– Indulgence – a pardon releasing a person from

penalty for a sin– In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking

“pardon-merchants”– Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany– Reformation rejects pope’s authority

95 Theses

Luther’s Teachings– People can win salvation by faith

alone, not “good works”– Christian teachings must be based

on the Bible, not the pope– All people with faith are equal, can

interpret the Bible without priests

The Response to Luther

The Pope’s Threat– Pope Leo X issues decree threatening

to excommunicate Luther (1520)– Luther’s rights of Church membership

are taken away– Luther refuses to take back his

statements and is excommunicated

The Emperor’s Opposition– Charles V is Holy Roman Emperor– He issues Edict of Worms (1521),

declaring Luther a heretic– Luther and followers begin a

separate religious group-Lutherans

Luther Stands Trial

The Edict of Worms

The Peasants’ Revolt

– Inspired by Reformation, German peasants seek end to serfdom (1524)

– Princes crush revolt; about 100,000 people die

Germany at War– Some princes side with Luther,

become known as Protestants– Charles V fails to return rebellious

princes to Catholic Church– Peace of Augsburg (1555) – each

prince can decide religion of his state

England Becomes Protestant

Henry VIII Wants a Son– Henry has only daughter, needs male

to rule England– Henry wants a divorce– Pope refuses to annul – set aside –

his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon

The Reformation Parliament– Parliament passes laws ending

pope’s power in England– Henry remarries, becomes official

head of England’s Church– Thomas More refuses to go against

Catholic Church and is beheaded

Consequences of Henry’s Changes– Henry has six wives and three children– Religious turmoil follows Henry’s death

(1547)– Protestantism under King Edward, then

Catholicism under Queen Mary

Catherine of Aragon

• Left by Henry when no male heir.

Anne Boleyn

Married 1533 One of Catherine’s servants. In 1536, she’s accused of

adultery and treason. Henry locks her up and has her executed.

Her sister was a mistress of Henry’s.

Henry was nice and got a skilled swordsman to behead her.

Henry married her 11 days after Anne’s execution.

She was one of Anne’s servants.

Finally bears a male heir.

Dies almost two weeks after the birth.

Jane Seymour

Anne of Cleaves

Married in 1540 Was a political

marriage for Henry. Once the political

advantage was gone, Henry has the marriage annulled.

She fares pretty well.

Catherine Howard

16 days later, he married Anne Boleyn’s cousinHenry was 49, and she was 19Henry had gained a lot of weight and was in a lot of pain, while she was a free spiritLess than a year into the marriage, rumors of her infidelity beganShe was beheaded and laid to rest near her cousin, Anne Boleyn

Catherine Parr

Married 1543 She survives Henry

who dies in 1547.

King Henry VIII of England [1491-1547]

He broke England’s ties to the Roman Catholic Church for

political and personal reasons, not religious ones like Luther.

Henry needed a male heir and his Catholic Spanish Queen

Catherine of Aragon was not able to produce one.

Catherine of Aragon1509-1533(divorced)

Anne Boleyn1533-1536(beheaded)

Daughter will be “Bloody” Mary I1553-1558 (Catholic).

Daughter Elizabeth I1558-1603(Protestant).

Jane Seymour1536-1537

(died)

Son Edward VI 1547-1553(sickly)

Anne of Cleves1540

(divorced)

Kathryn Howard1540-1542(beheaded)

Kathrine Parr1543-1548(survived)

Henry’s Six

Wives :

His kids

So out of those six wives, Henry has three kids that make it out of infancy: Mary by Catherine of Aragon, Elizabeth by Anne Boleyn, and Edward by Jane Seymour.– This causes problems.

Edward VI

Becomes king in 1547 at the age of nine.

Dies six years later of tuberculosis, arsenic poisoning, or syphilis.

During his reign, however, English Protestantism was significantly advanced and developed.

Last words: “Oh my Lord God, defend this realm from papistry and maintain Thy true religion.”

Mary I

Queen from 1553-1558. Also known as Bloody Mary. Mary was Catholic and she

didn’t like the whole Protestant direction the country had been going in.

– She turns England back toward Catholicism and has 300 dissenters executed.

She also considered herself the only legitimate child of Henry VIII.

Dies of probably ovarian cancer in 1558 at the age of 42.

Elizabeth I

One of England’s greatest rulers if not THE greatest.

– Kinda ironic considering how desperate Henry was for a male heir.

Reigns from 1558-1603

She had a rough time of it early considering that her mother, Anne Boleyn, was beheaded when Elizabeth was only three.

– The title of ‘princess’ was taken away from her.– Henry dies when she’s 13 and she goes to live with

Catherine Parr.– She becomes fluent in English, Spanish, French, Italian,

Latin, and Greek.– When she’s 21, she spends two months in the Tower of

London (not a pleasant place) because she was implicated in an overthrow plot against Queen Mary.

Elizabeth Restores Protestantism– Henry’s second daughter, Queen

Elizabeth I, forms Anglican Church– Anglican Church is acceptable to

moderate Catholics and Protestants

Elizabeth Faces Other Challenges– Some Protestants and Catholics

oppose Elizabeth– Phillip II, Catholic King of Spain,

threatens England– Elizabeth’s need for money brings

conflict with Parliament

1. In 1517, Luther posts his 95 Theses on the church doors at Wittenberg.

Luther attacks a monk named Tetzel for selling indulgences.

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

Above: The church doors At Luther’s church in Wittenberg. Other pics, Wittenberg, 2002.

Luther’s words are printed and spread all over Germany and attract many followers.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

SAXONY

Luther is sheltered by the prince of Saxony where he translates Bible into German.When he returns to Wittenberg, his followers have become a separate religious group – the Lutherans.

The Pope realizes Luther is a threat to papal authority.The H.R.E., is a devout Catholic, and also feels threatened by the uproar.

2. In 1520, Luther refuses to recant at Worms and is excommunicated. In 1521, he is declared an outlaw and heretic.

Charles VHoly Roman Emperor

Pope Leo X

Martin Luther

Frederick, Prince of Saxonyofferedprotection to Luther

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

3. The German peasants revolt in 1524.

Excited by Luther’s talk about “religious freedom,” peasants revolt hoping for social / economic freedom (an end to serfdom).

When the armies of German princes (at Luther’s request) brutally crush this revolt (killing thousands), previous supporters now turn against Luther.

Religious Wars begin between

Catholics and Protestants.

The peace settlement ended the war and allowed the ruler of each German state to decide his own state’s religious preference.

Charles V fought a 20 year war against the German Protestant princes and defeated them in 1547. But he could not force them to remain in the Catholic Church.

4. The Peace of Augsburg is signed in 1555.

Charles VHoly Roman Emperor

Martin Luther continued his writings and lectures until his death in 1546.

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

In 1525 Luther had married a former nun named Katharine von Bora. She bore him eight children and outlived him by six years.

                       

Even today, unlike Catholic priests who take a vow of celibacy, ministers in Protestant churches can get married.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

Henry closes all English monasteries; seizes their lands and other Catholic holdings in England; thereby increasing his royal power, as well as his own personal wealth.

Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine so he could remarry in order to get a male heir. The Pope would not allow.So Henry calls Parliament into session and passes the Act of Supremacy.

5. English Parliament approves the Act of Supremacy in 1534.

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

The Act of Supremacy made the ruler of England the official head of the Church of England – no longer the Catholic Pope.

Today, the Act of Supremacy remains in effect –Queen Elizabeth II of England is officially the head of the Anglican Church.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

The Anglican church becomes the only legal church in England and people were required to attend. Elizabeth tried to create a church that both moderate Catholics and Protestants could accept.

Henry’s daughter Mary had tried to restore Catholicism in England after her father’s break with the Pope.Elizabeth I restores Protestantism and asks Parliament to create a national Church of England.

6. Parliament establishes the Anglican Church

in 1559.

CAUSES EVENT or SITUATION EFFECTS

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins High School

Elizabeth IThe “Virgin” QueenRuled England for 45 years!

After everything her father went through trying to get a male heir – even executing her own mother – it is ironic then that his daughter

Elizabeth would turn out to be one of the most politically skilled and well-remembered monarchs in England’s history.

She was a master at diplomacy with other European powers and at achieving compromises in her own kingdom

in order to maintain peace among squabbling religious groups.